Naturally occurring reoviruses are live replication-proficient
viruses specifically infecting human cancer cells while sparing
the normal counterparts. Stem cells can be highly susceptible
to viral infection due to their innate high proliferation potential
and other active signaling pathways of cells that might be
involved in viral tropism. In the previous study, we showed
that reoviruses could adversely affect murine embryonic stem
cells’ integrity in vitro and in vivo. Oncolytic viruses, delivered
systemically face many hurdles that also impede their
localization and infection of, metastatic tumors, due to a variety
of immune and physical barriers. To overcome such hurdles
to systemic delivery, several studies supported the idea
that certain types of cells, including mesenchymal stem cells,
might play a role as cell carriers for oncolytic viruses. Thus, it
would be interesting to examine whether human adult stem
cells such as human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells
could be saved by the reoviral challenge. In this study, we report
that biological activities such as proliferation and multipotency
of human adipose-derived stem cells are not affected
by wild-type reovirus challenge as evidenced by survival, osteogenic
and adipogenic differentiation potential assays following
treatment with reoviruses. Therefore, unlike murine
embryonic stem cells, our study strongly suggests that human
adipose-derived adult stem cells could be spared in vivo during
wild-type reoviral anti-cancer therapeutics in a clinical setting.
Furthermore, the results support the possible clinical use
of human adipose-derived stem cells as an effective cell carrier
of oncolytic reovirus to maximize their tumor tropism
and anti-tumor activity.
Mesenchymal stem cell carriers enhance antitumor efficacy induced by oncolytic reovirus in acute myeloid leukemia Xianyao Wang, Yichen Yang, Nianxue Wang, Xijun Wu, Jianwei Xu, Yanhua Zhou, Xing Zhao, Zhixu He International Immunopharmacology.2021; 94: 107437. CrossRef
Mesenchymal stem cells support delivery and boost the efficacy of oncolytic reoviruses in TC‐1 tumor cells Razieh S. Banijamali, Hoorieh Soleimanjahi, Sara Soudi, Hesam Karimi Journal of Cellular Biochemistry.2021; 122(10): 1360. CrossRef
Mesenchymal stem cells as carriers for systemic delivery of oncolytic viruses Agata Hadryś, Aleksander Sochanik, Grant McFadden, Joanna Jazowiecka-Rakus European Journal of Pharmacology.2020; 874: 172991. CrossRef
Recent advances in targeting cancer stem cells using oncolytic viruses You-Ni Zhang, Shi-Bing Wang, Shu-Shu Song, Pei-Yang Hu, Yu-Cheng Zhou, Yi-Ping Mou, Xiao-Zhou Mou Biotechnology Letters.2020; 42(6): 865. CrossRef
The oncolytic efficacy and safety of avian reovirus and its dynamic distribution in infected mice Ruimin Cai, Guangyuan Meng, Yi Li, Wenyang Wang, Youxiang Diao, Shuping Zhao, Qiang Feng, Yi Tang Experimental Biology and Medicine.2019; 244(12): 983. CrossRef
Primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas Sangmin Kang, Jinjong Myoung Journal of Microbiology.2017; 55(5): 319. CrossRef
Naturally occurring oncolytic viruses are live, replicationproficient
viruses that specifically infect human cancer cells
while sparing normal cell counterparts. Since the eradication
of smallpox in the 1970s with the aid of vaccinia viruses,
the vaccinia viruses and other genera of poxviruses have
shown various degrees of safety and efficacy in pre-clinical
or clinical application for human anti-cancer therapeutics.
Furthermore, we have recently discovered that cellular tumor
suppressor genes are important in determining poxviral
oncolytic tropism. Since carcinogenesis is a multi-step
process involving accumulation of both oncogene and tumor
suppressor gene abnormalities, it is interesting that poxvirus
can exploit abnormal cellular tumor suppressor signaling
for its oncolytic specificity and efficacy. Many tumor suppressor
genes such as p53, ATM, and RB are known to play
important roles in genomic fidelity/maintenance. Thus, tumor
suppressor gene abnormality could affect host genomic
integrity and likely disrupt intact antiviral networks due to
accumulation of genetic defects, which would in turn result
in oncolytic virus susceptibility. This review outlines the characteristics
of oncolytic poxvirus strains, including vaccinia,
myxoma, and squirrelpox virus, recent progress in elucidating
the molecular connection between oncogene/tumor
suppressor gene abnormalities and poxviral oncolytic tropism,
and the associated preclinical/clinical implications. I would
also like to propose future directions in the utility of poxviruses
for oncolytic virotherapy.
Citations
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