Journal of Microbiology

Review

Minireview] The molecular mechanism of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: from bedside to bench and back: Xiaolei Wei , Yuanwei Zhang Zhang , Ling Lu; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):91-99. Published online January 28, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5014-7

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The growing use of immunosuppressive therapies has resulted in a dramatic increased incidence of invasive fungal infections (IFIs) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, a common pathogen, and is also associated with a high mortality rate. Azoles are the primary guideline-recommended therapy agents for first-line treatment and prevention of IFIs. However, increased azole usage in medicinal and agricultural settings has caused azole-resistant isolates to repeatedly emerge in the environment, resulting in a significant threat to human health. In this review, we present and summarize current research on the resistance mechanisms of azoles in A. fumigatus as well as efficient susceptibility testing methods. Moreover, we analyze and discuss the putative clinical (bedside) indication of these findings from bench work.

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Molecular Screening of Streptomyces Isolates for Antifungal Activity and Family 19 Chitinase Enzymes: Youssuf Gherbawy , Hesham Elhariry , Abdulla Altalhi , Bahig El-Deeb , Ghada Khiralla; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):459-468. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2095-4

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Abstract: Thirty soil-isolates of Streptomyces were analyzed to determine their antagonism against plant-pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aristosporum, Colletotrichum gossypii, and Rhizoctonia solani. Seven isolates showed antifungal activity against one or more strain of the tested fungi. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these isolates were identified as Streptomyces tendae (YH3), S. griseus (YH8), S. variabilis (YH21), S. endus (YH24), S. violaceusniger (YH27A), S. endus (YH27B), and S. griseus (YH27C). The identity percentages ranged from 98 to 100%. Although some isolates belonged to the same species, there were many differences in their cultural and morphological characteristics. Six isolates out of seven showed chitinase activity according to a chitinolytic activity test and on colloidal chitin agar plates. Based on the conserved regions among the family 19 chitinase genes of Streptomyces sp. two primers were used for detection of the chitinase (chiC) gene in the six isolates. A DNA fragment of 1.4 kb was observed only for the isolates YH8, YH27A, and YH27C. In conclusion, six Streptomyces strains with potential chitinolytic activity were identified from the local environment in Taif City, Saudi Arabia. Of these isolates, three belong to family 19 chitinases. To our knowledge, this is the first reported presence of a chiC gene in S. violaceusniger YH27A.

Endophytic Fungus Trichothecium roseum LZ93 Antagonizing Pathogenic Fungi In Vitro and Its Secondary Metabolites: XiaoMei Zhang , GuoHong Li , Juan Ma , Ying Zeng , WeiGuang Ma , PeiJi Zhao; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(6):784-790. Published online January 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0173-z

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Abstract: The endophytic fungus Trichothecium roseum LZ93 from Maytenus hookeri was found to antagonize other pathogenic fungi in vitro. To identify which compound contributed substantially to the antagonism, we fermented the strain and purified its fermentation products. Eleven compounds were obtained, including two trichothecenes, five rosenonolactones, two cardiotonic cyclodepsipeptides, and two sterols. Compound 11β-hydroxyrosenonolactone (1) was assigned according to 1D and 2D-NMR data for the first time. At the same time, the 1H and 13C-NMR assignments for 6β-hydroxyrosenonolactone (2) were revised. Of all of them, only trichothecin (6) showed strong antifungal activity. Based on our observations of the antagonistic activity and the other experimental results, we suggest that the antifungal compound trichothecin was the main contributor to the antagonistic action of T. roseum LZ93.

Diversity of Actinomycetes Antagonistic to Plant pathogenic Fungi in Cave and Sea-Mud Soils of Korea: Kim, Beom Seok , Lee, Jung Yeop , Hwang, Byung Kook; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(2):86-92.

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Abstract: To isolate actinomycetes antagonistic to plant pathogenic fungi, soil samples were collected from caves and sea-shores in Korea. The 481 actinomycetes were isolated from the soil samples examined, representing more than 50% of total counts. Nocardioform actinomycetes were rare actinomycete genera. Saccharomonospora could be isolated only in 3 cave soil samples from Cheondong, Kosoo, and Nodong, but was not present in all the sea-mud soils examined. Dactylosporangium, Saccharomonospora, and Streptosporangium were very rare in both cave and sea-mud soils. The 311 of 481 actinomycete isolates inhibited the mycelial growth of at least one of the tested fungi. The isolation rates of antagonistic actinomycetes from cave soils ranged from 45.7% to 78%, and those of sea-mud soils were from 59.1% to 66.0%. The 96 of 136 Streptomyces isolates from cave soils, and 93 of 133 isolates from sea-mud soils showed antifungal activity. The proportion of antagonistic isolates of Nocardioform actinomycetes (13.6%) was lower than that of other genera. Among the actinomycetes from sea-mud soils, Dactylosporangium and Streptosporangium had highest proportions of actinomycete antagonists of 85.7% and 80%, respectively. The isolation rate of Nocardioform antagonist from sea-mud soils was 11.1% similar in the cabve soils. Streptomyces strains showed higher antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi than did other rare actinomycete antagonists.

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