Journal of Microbiology

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Safety evaluation and hypolipidemic ability of water-soluble blue pigment extracted by HPD-400 resin from Quambalaria cyanescens: Ruobing Shi, Chengzhong Wang, Nianping Xue, Zhiguo Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(11):e2412011. Published online November 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2412011

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Abstract PDF: The oral administration of synthetic drugs can effectively reduce blood lipid levels, but adverse reactions may occur. Because of this, the hypolipidemic ability of natural products has been increasingly investigated. We evaluate the safety and hypolipidemic characteristics of a water-soluble blue pigment extracted using HPD-400 resin from the fungus Quambalaria cyanescens. Hypolipidemic ability was examined by constructing a hyperlipidemia model with different doses of blue pigment (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg. mouse body weight) for 28 d. Blue pigment purity increased from 20.32% to 70.70% following treatment with HPD-400 resin. Acute toxicity tests revealed blue pigment sourced from Q. cyanescens to have no toxic effects on mouse body weight, mortality, or behavioral characteristics. Subacute toxicity tests revealed no significant differences in food intake, body weight, or organ weights between treatment groups and controls. Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney tissues of mice administered blue pigment were normal, and serum enzyme activities and blood constituents were also within normal ranges. Blue pigment can significantly reduce the weight of mice, reduce liver and kidney damage and fat accumulation. It can also reduce total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum and liver tissue, and increase the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Reduce the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea and uric acid in serum. Increase the activities of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in serum and liver tissue, reduce the content of malondialdehyde, and up-regulate liver lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Our work proves that blue pigment is nontoxic, has the function of reducing blood lipid, and can alleviate obesity-related symptoms by regulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.

Journal Articles

Tubulysin Production by the Dead Cells of Archangium gephyra KYC5002: Seohui Park, Chaehyeon Park, Yujin Ka, Kyungyun Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):463-471. Published online June 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00130-3

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Abstract PDF: Archangium gephyra KYC5002 produces tubulysins during the death phase. In this study, we aimed to determine whether dead cells produce tubulysins. Cells were cultured for three days until the verge of the death phase, disrupted via ultrasonication, incubated for 2 h, and examined for tubulysin production. Non-disrupted cells produced 0.14 mg/L of tubulysin A and 0.11 mg/L of tubulysin B. Notably, tubulysin A production was increased by 4.4-fold to 0.62 mg/L and that of tubulysin B was increased by 6.7-fold to 0.74 mg/L in the disrupted cells. The same increase in tubulysin production was observed when the cells were killed by adding hydrogen peroxide. However, when the enzymes were inactivated via heat treatment of the cultures at 65 °C for 30 min, no significant increase in tubulysin production due to cell death was observed. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of tubB mRNA revealed that the expression levels of tubulysin biosynthetic enzyme genes increased during the death phase compared to those during the vegetative growth phase. Our findings suggest that A. gephyra produces biosynthetic enzymes and subsequently uses them for tubulysin production in the cell death phase or during cell lysis by predators.

Isolation and characterization of tick-borne Roseomonas haemaphysalidis sp. nov. and rodent-borne Roseomonas marmotae sp. nov.: Wentao Zhu , Juan Zhou , Shan Lu , Jing Yang , Xin-He Lai , Dong Jin , Ji Pu , Yuyuan Huang , Liyun Liu , Zhenjun Li , Jianguo Xu; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):137-146. Published online November 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1428-1

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Four novel Gram-negative, mesophilic, aerobic, motile, and cocci-shaped strains were isolated from tick samples (strains 546T and 573) and respiratory tracts of marmots (strains 1318T and 1311). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strains 546T and 573 were 97.8% identical to Roseomonas wenyumeiae Z23T, whereas strains 1311 and 1318T were 98.3% identical to Roseomonas ludipueritiae DSM 14915T. In addition, a 98.0% identity was observed between strains 546T and 1318T. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses revealed that strains 546T and 573 clustered with R. wenyumeiae Z23T, whereas strains 1311 and 1318T grouped with R. ludipueritiae DSM 14915T. The average nucleotide identity between our isolates and members of the genus Roseomonas was below 95%. The genomic G+C content of strains 546T and 1318T was 70.9% and 69.3%, respectively. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major polar lipids, with Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone. According to all genotypic, phenotypic, phylogenetic, and phylogenomic analyses, the four strains represent two novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the names Roseomonas haemaphysalidis sp. nov. and Roseomonas marmotae sp. nov. are proposed, with 546T (= GDMCC 1.1780T = JCM 34187T) and 1318T (= GDMCC 1.1781T = JCM 34188T) as type strains, respectively.

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Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Morganella clinical isolates between 2016 and 2023
Wentao Zhu, Qian Liu, Jinlv Liu, Yaqi Wang, Hong Shen, Ming Wei, Ji Pu, Li Gu, Jing Yang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Roseomonas populi sp. nov., an acetate-degrading bacteria isolated from the stem of Populus tomentosa
Yao Cheng, Wen Zhu, Shuo Han, Jingjing Yang, Guanqi Wu, Guozhu Zhao, Xiangwei He
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Corynebacterium poyangense sp. nov., isolated from the feces of the greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons)
Qian Liu, Guoying Fan, Kui Wu, Xiangning Bai, Xi Yang, Wentao Song, Shengen Chen, Yanwen Xiong, Haiying Chen
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(7): 668. CrossRef
Canibacter zhuwentaonis sp. nov. and Canibacter zhoujuaniae sp. nov., isolated from Marmota himalayana
Xianglian Lv, Yinmei Li, Yanpeng Cheng, Xin-He Lai, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Gui Zhang, Caixin Yang, Dong Jin, Liyun Liu, Jianguo Xu
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Effects of multi-species probiotic supplementation on alcohol metabolism in rats: Tae-Joong Lim , Sanghyun Lim , Jong Hyun Yoon , Myung Jun Chung; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(4):417-425. Published online March 29, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0573-2

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Probiotics are known to protect against liver damage induced by the alcohol and acetaldehyde accumulation associated with alcohol intake. However, there have been few studies of the direct effect of probiotics on alcohol metabolism, and the types of probiotics that were previously analyzed were few in number. Here, we investigated the effects of 19 probiotic species on alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism. Four probiotic species that had a relatively high tolerance to alcohol and metabolized alcohol and acetaldehyde effectively were identified: Lactobacillus gasseri CBT LGA1, Lactobacillus casei CBT LC5, Bifidobacterium lactis CBT BL3, and Bifidobacterium breve CBT BR3. These species also demonstrated high mRNA expression of alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases. Pro- AP4, a mixture of these four probiotics species and excipient, was then administered to rats for 2 weeks in advance of acute alcohol administration. The serum alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were significantly lower in the ProAP4-administered group than in the control and excipient groups. Thus, the administration of ProAP4, containing four probiotic species, quickly lowers blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations in an alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenasedependent manner. Furthermore, the serum alanine aminotransferase activity, which is indicative of liver damage, was significantly lower in the ProAP4 group than in the control group. The present findings suggest that ProAP4 may be an effective means of limiting alcohol-induced liver damage.

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Yixuan Wang, Wenhao Li, Xiaojun Wang, Qi Hu, Junkai Kong, Xiu wang, Zhenghui Lan, Chenxi Wang, Yan Zhang
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Alex E. Mohr, Mary M. Ahern, Dorothy D. Sears, Meg Bruening, Corrie M. Whisner
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Qingqing Liu, Hao Yang, Xing Kang, Haixia Tian, Yongbo Kang, Lin Li, Xiaodan Yang, Haixia Liu, Peng Ren, Xiaoyu Kuang, Mingwei Tong, Weiping Fan
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Probiotic cheese improves alcohol metabolism and alleviates alcohol-induced liver injury via the SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway
Jong-Hwa Kim, Dohyun Woo, YoHan Nam, Jihye Baek, Ji-Yeon Lee, Wonyong Kim
Journal of Functional Foods.2023; 108: 105736. CrossRef
Harnessing the potential of probiotics in the treatment of alcoholic liver disorders
Garima Mishra, Pradeep Singh, Mulugeta Molla, Yohannes Shumet Yimer, Subas Chandra Dinda, Phool Chandra, Bhuvnesh Kumar Singh, Samuel Berihun Dagnew, Abraham Nigussie Assefa, Amien Ewunetie
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Jiajun Yang, Shunyi Qin, Hao Zhang
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Dong-Jin Kim, Tai Yeub Kim, Yeo-Sang Yoon, Yongku Ryu, Myung Jun Chung
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Su-Jin Jung, Ji-Hyun Hwang, Eun-Ock Park, Seung-Ok Lee, Yun-Jo Chung, Myung-Jun Chung, Sanghyun Lim, Tae-Joong Lim, Yunhi Ha, Byung-Hyun Park, Soo-Wan Chae
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Production and characterization of melanin pigments derived from Amorphotheca resinae: Jeong-Joo Oh , Jee Young Kim , Sun Lul Kwon , Dong-Hyeok Hwang , Yoon-E Choi , Gyu-Hyeok Kim; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):648-656. Published online May 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0054-z

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Abstract PDF

As melanin has emerged as functional pigment with cosmetic, health and food applications, the demand for the pigments is expected to increase. However, the conventional sources (e.g. mushroom, hair, and wool) of melanin production entail pigments inside the substrates which requires the costly extraction procedures, leading to inappropriate scalable production. In this study, we screened 102 of fungal isolates for their ability to produce melanin in the supernatant and selected the only Amorphotheca resinae as a promising candidate. In the peptone yeast extract glucose broth, A. resinae produced the melanin rapidly during the autolysis phase of growth, reaching up 4.5 g/L within 14 days. Structural characterization of the purified melanin from A. resinae was carried out by using elemental analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with the standard melanins. The results indicate that the structural properties of A. resinae melanin is similar to the eumelanin which has a wide range of industrial uses. For example, the purified melanin from A. resinae has the potent antioxidant activities as a result of free radical scavenging assays. Consequently, A. resinae KUC3009 can be a promising candidate for scalable production of industrially applicable melanin.

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Retracted Publication

Cryptic prophages in a blaNDM-1-bearing plasmid increase bacterial survival against high NaCl concentration, high and low temperatures, and oxidative and immunological stressors: So Yeon Kim , Kwan Soo Ko; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(6):483-488. Published online March 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9605-6

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In this study, we investigated the effect of cryptic prophage regions in a blaNDM-1-bearing plasmid, which was identified in a patient from South Korea, on the survival of bacteria against adverse environmental conditions. First, we conjugated the intact plasmid and plasmids with deleted cryptic prophages into Escherichia coli DH5α. The E. coli transconjugants carrying the plasmid with intact cryptic prophages showed increased survival during treatment with a high concentration of NaCl, high and low temperatures, an oxidative stressor (H2O2), and an immunological stressor (human serum). By contrast, the transconjugants carrying the plasmid with a single-cryptic prophage knockout did not show any change in survival rates. mRNA expression analyses revealed that the genes encoding sigma factor proteins were highly upregulated by the tested stressors and affected the expression of various proteins (antioxidant, cell osmosis-related, heat shock, cold shock, and universal stress proteins) associated with the specific defense against each stress. These findings indicate that a bacterial strain carrying a plasmid with intact carbapenemase gene and cryptic prophage regions exhibited an increased resistance against simulated environmental stresses, and cryptic prophages in the plasmid might contribute to this enhanced stress resistance. Our study indicated that the coselection of antibiotic resistance and resistance to other stresses may help bacteria to increase survival rates against adverse environments and disseminate.

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Journal Articles

Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., a flexirubin-type pigment producing bacterium, isolated from soil: Inhyup Kim , Jiyoun Kim , Geeta Chhetri , Taegun Seo; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1079-1085. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9350-x

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A yellow pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of gliding, catalase and oxidase positive bacterium, designated strain DS2-AT, was isolated from soil. Growth was observed at 4–32°C (optimum, 28°C), pH 6–9 (optimum, 7.0), and with 0–0.25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain DS2-AT belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium aquatile LMG 4008T (96.4%), Flavobacterium terrae DSM 18829T (95.6%), Flavobacterium vireti THG-SM1T (95.5%), Flavobacterium inkyongense IMCC27201T (95.4%), Flavobacterium brevivitae TTM-43T (95.2%), and Flavobacterium cucumis DSM 18830T (95.2%). Strain DS2-AT produces flexirubin- type pigments. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6. The major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The average nucleotide identity values between strain DS2-AT and selected taxa, F. aquatile LMG 4008T, F. terrae DSM 18829T, and F. cucumis DSM 18830T, were 72, 72.7, and 71.6%, respectively. The draft genome of strain DS2-AT has a number of 14 contigs, scaffold N50 of 476,310 bp and a total size of 3,563,867 bp. Additionally, strain DS2-AT contains 3,127 of gene, 41 of tRNA, 6 of rRNA, and 3 of ncRNA. The DNA G + C content of stain DS2-AT was 40.7 mol%. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain DS2-AT is considered as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., (type strain DS2-AT = KACC 19715T = JCM 32786T) has been proposed.

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Muhammad Ramziuddin Zakaria, Maša Vodovnik, Maša Zorec, Kok Jun Liew, Lili Tokiman, Chun Shiong Chong
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Paenibacillus suaedae sp. nov. and Paenibacillus violae sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Suaeda japonica Makino and Viola mandshurica W. Becker with plant growth-promoting potential
Inhyup Kim, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Haejin Woo, Hyunji Lee, Subin Yook, Taegun Seo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Gayathri Devi Kandasamy, Preethi Kathirvel
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Comprehensive genome analysis of five novel flavobacteria: Flavobacterium piscisymbiosum sp. nov., Flavobacterium pisciphilum sp. nov., Flavobacterium flavipigmentatum sp. nov., Flavobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium cupriresistens sp. nov
Izzet Burcin Saticioglu, Hilal Ay, Soner Altun, Nihed Ajmi, Enes Said Gunduz, Huban Gocmen, Muhammed Duman
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Geeta Chhetri, Hyun-Joong Kim, Jong-Min Jeon, Jeong-Jun Yoon
Chemosphere.2024; 368: 143776. CrossRef
Gilvirhabdus luticola gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic and halophilic bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment
Jaincy N. Jayan, Hee-Su Kim, Sathiyaraj Srinivasan, Hyung-Seop Kim, Jae-Yon Yu, Sang-Seob Lee
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Planobacterium oryzisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from roots of rice plant
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Taegun Seo
Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lysobacter soyae sp. nov Isolated from the Root of Glycine max L.
Inhyup Kim, Geeta Chhetri, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Haejin Woo, Taegun Seo
Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 1900. CrossRef
Devosia oryzisoli sp. nov., a novel moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from the roots of rice plants and genome mining revealed the biosynthesis potential as plant growth promoter
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Taegun Seo
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Chryseobacterium edaphi sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from soil
Yonghee Jung, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Haejin Woo, Ki-Ho Lee, Taegun Seo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Marixanthotalea marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater
Zi-Yue Fu, Hua-Peng Xue, Wei He, Guang-Yuan Ma, Ai Hua Zhang, Dao-Feng Zhang, Wen-Jun Li
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ideonella oryzae sp. nov., isolated from soil, and Spirosoma liriopis sp. nov., isolated from fruits of Liriope platyphylla
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Characteristics of the gut microbiota colonization, inflammatory profile, and plasma metabolome in intrauterine growth restricted piglets during the first 12 hours after birth: Shimeng Huang , Na Li , Cong Liu , Tiantian Li , Wei Wang , Lili Jiang , Zhen Li , Dandan Han , Shiyu Tao , Junjun Wang; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(9):748-758. Published online June 11, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8690-x

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Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes newborns to inflammatory and metabolic disturbance. Disequilibrium of gut microbiota in early life has been implicated in the incidence of inflammation and metabolic diseases in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate the difference in gut microbiota colonization, cytokines and plasma metabolome between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets in early life. At birth, reduced (P < 0.05) body, jejunum, and ileum weights, as well as decreased (P < 0.05) small intestinal villi and increased (P < 0.05) ileal crypt depth were observed in IUGR piglets compared with their NBW counterparts. Imbalanced inflammatory and plasma metabolome profile was observed in IUGR piglets. Furthermore, altered metabolites were mainly involved in fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory response. At 12 h after birth and after suckling colostrum, reduced (P < 0.05) postnatal growth and the small intestinal maturation retardation (P < 0.05) continued in IUGR piglets in comparison with those in NBW littermates. Besides, the gut microbiota structure was significantly altered by IUGR. Importantly, the disruption of the inflammatory profile and metabolic status mainly involved the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) and amino acid metabolism. Moreover, spearman correlation analysis showed that the increased abundance of Escherichia-Shigella and decreased abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 in IUGR piglets was closely associated with the alterations of slaughter weight, intestinal morphology, inflammatory cytokines, and plasma metabolites. Collectively, IUGR significantly impairs small intestine structure, modifies gut microbiota colonization, and disturbs inflammatory and metabolic profiles during the first 12 h after birth. The unbalanced gut microbiota mediated by IUGR contributes to the development of inflammation and metabolic diseases.

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Photosynthetic and biochemical responses of the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) exposed to the metal coppers and its implication for toxicity testing: Hui Wang , Vinitha Ebenezer , Jang-Seu Ki; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(6):426-434. Published online June 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8081-8

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Abstract PDF

The freshwater green algae Closterium is sensitive to water quality, and hence has been suggested as ideal organisms for toxicity testing. In the present study, we evaluated the photosynthetic and biochemical responses of C. ehrenbergii to the common contaminants, coppers. The 72 h median effective concentrations (EC50) of CuSO4 and CuCl2 on the test organism were calculated to be 0.202 mg/L and 0.245 mg/L, respectively. Exposure to both coppers considerably decreased pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency, while inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells with increased exposure time. Moreover, the coppers significantly increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, even at relatively lower concentrations. These suggest that copper contaminants may exert deleterious effects on the photosynthesis and cellular oxidative stress of C. ehrenbergii, representing its powerful potential in aquatic toxicity assessments.

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Core gut microbiota in Jinhua pigs and its correlation with strain, farm and weaning age: Hua Yang , Yingping Xiao , Junjun Wang , Yun Xiang , Yujie Gong , Xueting Wen , Defa Li; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(5):346-355. Published online May 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7486-8

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Gut microbial diversity and the core microbiota of the Jinhua pig, which is a traditional, slow-growing Chinese breed with a high body-fat content, were examined from a total of 105 fecal samples collected from 6 groups of pigs at 3 weaning ages that originated from 2 strains and were raised on 3 different pig farms. The bacterial community was analyzed following high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, and the fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by gas chromatograph. Our results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla, and Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, SMB53, and Bifidobacterium were the most abundant genera. Fifteen predominant genera present in every Jinhua pig sample constituted a phylogenetic core microbiota and included the probiotics Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, and the SCFAproducing bacteria Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus. Comparisons of the microbiota compositions and SCFA concentrations across the 6 groups of pigs demonstrated that genetic background and weaning age affected the structure of the gut microbiota more significantly than the farm. The relative abundance of the core genera in the pigs, including Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Prevotella, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Blautia, and Butyricicoccus varied dramatically in pigs among the 2 origins and 3 weaning ages, while Oscillospira, Megasphaera, Parabacteroides, and Corynebacterium differed among pigs from different farms. Interestingly, there was a more significant influence of strain and weaning age than of rearing farm on the SCFA concentrations. Therefore, strain and weaning age appear to be the more important factors shaping the intestinal microbiome of pigs.

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Guinea pig complement potently measures vibriocidal activity of human antibodies in response to cholera vaccines: Kyoung Whun Kim , Soyoung Jeong , Ki Bum Ahn , Jae Seung Yang , Cheol-Heui Yun , Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):973-978. Published online December 7, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7478-0

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The vibriocidal assay using guinea pig complement is widely used for the evaluation of immune responses to cholera vaccines in human clinical trials. However, it is unclear why guinea pig complement has been used over human complement in the measurement of vibriocidal activity of human sera and there have not been comparison studies for the use of guinea pig complement over those from other species. Therefore, we comparatively investigated the effects of complements derived from human, guinea pig, rabbit, and sheep on vibriocidal activity. Complements from guinea pig, rabbit, and human showed concentration-dependent vibriocidal activity in the presence of quality control serum antibodies. Of these complements, guinea pig complement was the most sensitive and effective over a wide concentration range. When the vibriocidal activity of complements was measured in the absence of serum antibodies, human, sheep, and guinea pig complements showed vibriocidal activity up to 40-fold, 20- fold, and 1-fold dilution, respectively. For human pre- and post-vaccination sera, the most potent vibriocidal activity was observed when guinea pig complement was used. In addition, the highest fold-increases between pre- and post- vaccinated sera were obtained with guinea pig complement. Furthermore, human complement contained a higher amount of V. cholerae- and its lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies than guinea pig complement. Collectively, these results suggest that guinea pig complements are suitable for vibriocidal assays due to their high sensitivity and effectiveness to human sera.

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Tew Hui Xian, Kurunathan Sinniah, Chan Yean Yean, Venkateskumar Krishnamoorthy, Mohd Baidi Bahari, Manickam Ravichandran, Guruswamy Prabhakaran
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Nocardioides suum sp. nov. isolated from the air environment in an indoor pig farm: Siwon Lee , Wonseok Lee , Hyen-Mi Chung , Sangjung Park; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(6):417-420. Published online April 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6313-y

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A bacterial strain PBT33-2T was isolated from the air environ-ment in an indoor pig farm. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PBT33-2T be-longed to the genus Nocardioides in the phylum Actinobac-teria, and was most closely related to Nocardioides daphnia D287T in a maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining phy-logenetic trees. Strain PBT33-2T shared 95.3% sequence iden-tity with N. daphnia D287T. However, the highest sequence similarity was shown with N. sediminis MSL-01T (96.0%). It had less than 96.0% sequence identities with other type spe-cies of the genus Nocardioides. Strain PBT-33-2T grew at 15–45°C (optimum 20–35°C), pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and 0–4.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0%). The major fatty acid and quinone were iso-C16:0 and MK-8, and the DNA G+C content of strain PBT33-2T was 69.3 mol%. On the basis of poly-phasic results, strain PBT33-2T represents a novel spe-cies of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocar-dioides suum sp. nov. is proposed. Its type strain is PBT33-2T (=KCTC 39558T =DSM 102833T).

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Effects of blue light on pigment biosynthesis of Monascus: Di Chen , Chunmao Xue , Mianhua Chen , Shufen Wu , Zhenjing Li , Changlu Wang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):305-310. Published online April 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6011-1

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The influence of different illumination levels of blue light on the growth and intracellular pigment yields of Monascus strain M9 was investigated. Compared with darkness, constant exposure to blue light of 100 lux reduced the yields of six pigments, namely, rubropunctatamine (RUM), monascorubramine (MOM), rubropunctatin (RUN), monascorubrin (MON), monascin (MS), and ankaflavin (AK). However, exposure to varying levels of blue light had different effects on pigment production. Exposure to 100 lux of blue light once for 30 min/day and to 100 lux of blue light once and twice for 15 min/day could enhance RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production and reduce RUN and MON compared with non-exposure. Exposure to 100 lux twice for 30 min/day and to 200 lux once for 45 min/day decreased the RUM, MOM, MS, and AK yields and increased the RUN and MON. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pigment biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that gene MpPKS5, mppR1, mppA, mppB, mmpC, mppD , MpFasA, MpFasB, and mppF were positively correlated with the yields of RUN and MON, whereas mppE and mppR2 were associated with RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production.

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Journal Article

Description of a novel pectin-degrading bacterial species Prevotella pectinovora sp. nov., based on its phenotypic and genomic traits: Brigita Nograsek , Tomaz Accetto , Lijana Fanedl , Gorazd Avgustin; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):503-510. Published online July 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5142-0

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Abstract

Five strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacterial strains, P4-65, P4-76T, P5-60, P5-119, and P5-125, presumably belonging to the genus Prevotella were isolated from pig fecal samples. Strains were tested for various phenotypic traits and nearcomplete genome sequences were obtained and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and multilocus sequence analysis based on five conserved genes confirmed that the strains belong to the genus Prevotella, revealing that they represent a novel and discrete lineage distinct from other known species of this genus. The size of the genome of the isolated strains is 3?.3 Mbp, and the DNA G+C content is 47.5?8.1 mol%. The isolates are strictly anaerobic, rod-shaped with rounded ends, non-motile and non-spore-forming. The main fermentation products are succinate and acetate, with minor concentrations of isovalerate, propionate and isobutyrate. Hydrogen is also produced. Major cellular fatty acids consist of anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C15:0, and a number of additional acids are present in lower concentrations. A substantial portion of genes involved in carbohydrate utilization is devoted to pectin degradation and utilization, while those supporting growth on xylan in ruminal Prevotella could not have been revealed. On the basis of the presented results, a novel species, Prevotella pectinovora sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P4-76T (=DSM 29996T =ZIM B1020T).

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Two Rhizobacterial Strains, Individually and in Interactions with Rhizobium sp., Enhance Fusarial Wilt Control, Growth, and Yield in Pigeon Pea: Swarnalee Dutta , Pranjal Morang , Nishanth Kumar S , B.S. Dileep Kumar; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):778-784. Published online September 2, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3496-3

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A Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, RRLJ 04, and a Bacillus cereus strain, BS 03, were tested both individually and in combination with a Rhizobium strain, RH 2, for their ability to enhance plant growth and nodulation in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) under gnotobiotic, greenhouse and field conditions. Both of the rhizobacterial strains exhibited a positive effect on growth in terms of shoot height, root length, fresh and dry weight, nodulation and yield over the non-treated control. Co-inoculation of seeds with these strains and Rhizobium RH 2 also reduced the number of wilted plants, when grown in soil infested with Fusarium udum. Gnotobiotic studies confirmed that the suppression of wilt disease was due to the presence of the respective PGPR strains. Seed bacterization with drug-marked mutants of RRLJ 04 and BS 03 confirmed their ability to colonize and multiply along the roots. The results suggest that co-inoculation of these strains with Rhizobium strain RH 2 can be further exploited for enhanced growth, nodulation and yield in addition to control of fusarial wilt in pigeon pea.

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Preliminary Study about Sublingual Administration of Bacteria-expressed Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Vaccine in Miniature Pigs: Hyekwon Kim , Jeong-Ki Kim , Hohyun Song , Jungah Choi , Byoungshik Shim , Bokyu Kang , Hyoungjoon Moon , Minjoo Yeom , Sang-Hyun Kim , Daesub Song , Manki Song; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(9):794-800. Published online July 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4289-4

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Sublingual (SL) administration of influenza vaccine would be non-invasive and effective way to give human populations protective immunity against the virus, especially when pandemic influenza outbreaks. In this study, the efficacy of pandemic influenza virus-based subunit vaccines was tested after sublingual (SL) adjuvant administration in pigs. Eight specific pathogen-free Yucatan pigs were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated but challenged (A) and vaccinated and challenged (B, C, and D). The vaccinated groups were subdivided by vaccine type and inoculation route: SL subunit vaccine (hemagglutinin antigen 1 [HA1] + wild-type cholera toxin [wtCT], B); IM subunit vaccine (HA1 + aluminum hydroxide, C); and IM inactivated vaccine (+ aluminum hydroxide, D). The vaccines were administered twice at a 2-week interval. All pigs were challenged with pandemic influenza virus (A/swine/ GCVP-KS01/2009 [H1N1]) and monitored for clinical signs, serology, viral shedding, and histopathology. After vaccination, hemagglutination inhibition titre was higher in group D (320) than in the other vaccinated groups (40–80) at the time of challenge. The mobility and feed intake were reduced in group C. Both viral shedding and histopathological lesions were reduced in groups B and D. Although this study has limitation due to the limited number of pigs (2 pigs per a group), the preliminary data in this study provided the protective potential of SL administration of bacteria-expressed pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in pigs. There should be additional animal studies about effective adjuvant system and vaccine types for the use of SL influenza vaccination.

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Pyrosequencing-based Analysis of Fecal Microbial Communities in Three Purebred Pig Lines: Edward Alain B. Pajarillo , Jong Pyo Chae , Marilen P. Balolong , Hyeun Bum Kim , Kang-Seok Seo , Dae-Kyung Kang; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(8):646-651. Published online July 18, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4270-2

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This study examined the fecal bacterial diversity of 15-week-old pigs from three purebred lines: Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire. Taxon-dependent and -independent analyses were performed to evaluate differences in the fecal bacterial communities and to identify bacterial genera that can be used to discriminate breeds, following high-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Among the breeds evaluated, Landrace had the most diverse bacterial community composition. Prevotella, Blautia, Oscillibacter, and Clostridium were detected in all samples regardless of breed. On the other hand, Catenibacterium, Blautia, Dialister, and Sphaerochaeta were differentially detected among breeds, as demonstrated by the canonical loading plot. The discriminant analysis of principal components plot also showed clear separation of the three purebred pig lines, with a certain degree of similarity between Landrace and Yorkshire pigs and a distinct separation between Duroc pigs and the other two breeds. Other factors not related to breed, such as season or time of sampling and pen effects, may contribute to shaping the gut microbiota of pigs.

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Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Gβ Gene Mgb1 and the Gγ Gene Mgg1 in Monascus ruber: Li Li , Lu He , Yong Lai , Yanchun Shao , Fusheng Chen; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(1):35-43. Published online January 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3072-x

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Abstract PDF

The ascomycetous fungus Monascus ruber is one of the most well-known species widely used to produce Monascus-fermentation products for natural food colorants and medicine. Our previous research on the Gα subunit Mga1 and the regulator of G protein signaling MrflbA indicated that heterotrimeric G protein signaling pathways were involved in aspects of growth, sporulation and secondary metabolite production in M. ruber. To better understand the G protein signaling pathways in this fungus, a Gβ subunit gene (Mgb1) and a Gγ subunit gene (Mgg1) were cloned and investigated in the current study. The predicted Mgb1 protein consisted of 353 amino acids and Mgg1 consisted of 94 amino acids, sharing marked similarity with Aspergillus Gβ and Gγ subunits, respectively. Targeted deletion (Δ) of Mgb1 or Mgg1
result
ed in phenotypic alterations similar to those resulting from ΔMga1, i.e., restricted vegetative growth, lowered asexual sporulation, impaired cleistothecial formation, and enhanced citrinin and pigment production. Moreover, deletion of Mgg1 suppressed the defects in asexual development and in biosynthesis of citrinin and pigment caused by the absence of MrflbA function. These results provide evidence that Mgb1 and Mgg1 form a functional Gβγ dimer and the dimer interacts with Mga1 to mediate signaling pathways, which are negatively controlled by MrflbA, for growth, reproduction and citrinin and pigment biosynthesis in M. ruber.

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Influence of Culture Conditions and Medium Composition on the Production of Antibacterial Compounds by Marine Serratia sp. WPRA3: Mahtab Jafarzade , Nur Ain Yahya , Fatemeh Shayesteh , Gires Usup , Asmat Ahmad; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):373-379. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2440-2

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Abstract PDF

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of culture conditions and medium components on production of antibacterial compounds by Serratia sp. WPRA3 (JX020764) which was isolated from marine water of Port Dickson, Malaysia. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular characteristics suggested that the isolate is a new candidate of the Serratia sp. The isolate showed strong antimicrobial activity against fungi, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium exhibited optimum antibacterial compounds production at 28°C, pH 7 and 200 rev/min aeration during 72 h of incubation period. Highest antibacterial activity was obtained when sodium chloride (2%), yeast extract (0.5%), and glucose concentration (0.75%) were used as salt, nitrogen, and carbon sources respectively. Different active fractions were obtained by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Flash Column Chromatography (FCC) from ethyl acetate crude extracts namely OCE and RCE in different culture conditions, OCE (pH 5, 200 rev/min) and RCE (pH 7/without aeration). In conclusion, the results suggested different culture conditions have a significant impact on the types of secondary metabolites produced by the bacterium.

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Antioxidant Capacity of Novel Pigments from an Antarctic Bacterium: Daniela N. Correa-Llantén , Maximiliano J. Amenábar , Jenny M. Blamey; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):374-379. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2029-1

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Abstract PDF: In Antarctica microorganisms are exposed to several conditions that trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as high UV radiation. Under these conditions they must have an important antioxidant defense system in order to prevent oxidative damage. One of these defenses are pigments which are part of the non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. In this work we focused on the antioxidant capacity of pigments from an Antarctic microorganism belonging to Pedobacter genus. This microorganism produces different types of pigments which belong to the carotenoids group. The antioxidant capacity of a mix of pigments was analyzed by three different methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ROS detection and oxygen electrode. The results obtained from these approaches indicate that the mix of pigments has a strong antioxidant capacity. The oxidative damage induced by UVB exposure to liposomes was also analyzed. Intercalated pigments within the liposomes improved its resistance to lipid peroxidation. Based on the analysis carried out along this research we conclude that the antioxidant properties of the mix of pigments protect this bacterium against oxidative damage. These properties make this mix of pigments a powerful antioxidant mixture with potential biotechnological applications.

NOTE] Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Soil: Jae-Jin Lee , Sathiyaraj Srinivasan , Myung Kyum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):857-861. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1375-8

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Abstract PDF: Strain BS12T, a Gram-negative motile bacterium, was isolated from soil in South Korea and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain belonged to the family Alcaligenaceae in the class Betaproteobacteria. The highest degree of sequence similarities of strain BS12T were found with Pigmentiphaga litoralis JSM 061001T (98.3%), Pigmentiphaga daeguensis K110T (98.2%), and Pigmentiphaga kullae K24T (98.1%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain BS12T possessed ubiquinone-8, which is common in the family Alcaligenaceae, and the predominant fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/ω7c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The major polar lipids of strain BS12T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on these data, BS12T (=KCTC 23577T =JCM 17666T =KEMB 9004-082T) should be classified as a type strain of a novel species, for which the name Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov. is proposed.

Isolation and Characterization of Marine Pigmented Bacteria from Norwegian Coastal Waters and Screening for Carotenoids with UVA-Blue Light Absorbing Properties: Marit H. Stafsnes , Kjell D Josefsen , Geir Kildahl-Andersen , Svein Valla , Trond E. Ellingsen , Per Bruheim; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(1):16-23. Published online March 11, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0118-6

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Microbial culture collections are important resources for isolation of natural compounds with novel properties. In this study, a culture collection of around 1,500 pigmented heterotrophic bacteria was established. The bacteria were isolated from the sea surface microlayer at different sampling sites along the mid-part of the Norwegian coast. The bacterial isolates produced pigments of various coloration (e.g. golden, yellow, red, pink and orange). Methanol extracts of sixteen isolates were characterized with LC-Diodearray-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The number of pigments per isolate varied considerably, and a tentative identification of the pigments was performed based on UV-absorbance profile and molecular formula assignation based on the accurate mass determination. The LC-MS analyses evealed that most of the pigments probably were carotenoids. Furthermore, we developed a high throughput LC-MS method for characterization and screening of a larger sub-fraction (300 isolates) of the culture collection. The aim was to screen and identify bacterial isolates producing carotenoids that absorb light in the UVA-Blue light. Six of the bacterial strains were selected for detailed investigation, including 16s rRNA sequencing, preparative HPLC for purification of major carotenoids and subsequent structural elucidation with NMR. Among the identified carotenoids were zeaxanthin, nostoxanthin and sarcinaxanthin, some with novel glycosylation patterns.

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Journal Article

Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) from Pigeon Droppings in Seoul, Korea: Hee Youn Chee , Kyung Bok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):469-472.; DOI: https://doi.org/2273 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Seventy-two pigeon dropping samples were collected from 26 different localities in Seoul and investigated for the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Seventeen samples from 8 different localities were found to be positive for C. neoformans. All isolates were obtained from withered pigeon droppings. Identification and serotyping of the isolates were determined by means of serological testing and DNA fingerprinting. All isolates belonged to C. neoformans var. grubbi (serotype A).

Characterization of azomonas agilis PY101, a cadmium-resistant strain isolated from anyang stream: You, Kyung Man , Lee, Ji Hyun , Kim, Jeong Kook , Hah, Nam Ju , Lee, Yung Nok , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):289-293.

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Abstract PDF: A cadimium-resistant strain isolated from Anyang stream, Azomonas agilis PY101 exhibited strong resistance to 1000 ppm of cadmium ion (Cd^2+). A agilis PY101 also exhibited resistance to various antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, amplicilin, bacitracin, cefazolin, erythromycin, penicilin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. In the presence of Cd^2+, the growth of A. aglis PY101 started after an extended lag phase and produced a green-fluorescent pigment induced by cadmium. The dramatic decrease (approximately 400ppm) of concentration of cd^2+ in the culture medium during the growth phase of A. agilis PY101 was confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that A. agilis PY 101 actively accumulated Cd^2+ in the cytoplasm.

Adaptaion of Azomonas agilis PY101 Exposed to Cadmium vua Production of Cadmium-Binding Pigment Promoted by Cd^2+: You, Kyung Man , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(3):159-163.

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Abstract PDF: Azomonas agilis PY101 produced a fluorescent yellow-green pigment promoted by cadmium. The amount of extracellular pigment produced during the growth of A. agilis PY101 increased to approximately 6 times its initial value after the addition to 1.0 mg/ml of CdCl_2. The pigment peak(peak II) was observed when the supernatant solution acquired from the cells cultivated in the presence of cadmium was fractionated on a column of Superdex 75. Peak II contained about 70% of extracellular cadmium in the supernatant solution. This cadmium-binding pigment contained several sulfur-containing groups. The dramatic decrease (97%) of sulfate ion (SO_4^-2)concentration in the cytoplasm from 9.60 to 0.25 ㎍/ml during the growth of A. agilis PY101 under cadmium stress was confirmed by ion chromatography. Moreover, transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that Z. agilis PY101 actively accumulated cadmium in the interior of the cells. It appears that the cadmium adaptation of A. agilis PY101 is achieved by the microbial binding of the sulfur-containing pigment to cadmium.

Isolation and Characterization of Pigment-deficient Mutants from Azomonas agilis PY101: You, Kyung Man , Lee, Sang Hyeon , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1999;37(1):45-49.

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Abstract PDF: To investigate the mechanism of cadmium tolerance in a cadmium-resistant Azomonas agilis PY101 that produces a specific fluorescent pigment promoted by cadmium, we carried out Tn5 mutagenesis and isolated four pigment-deficient mutants. In these mutants, Ppg1, Ppg2, and Ppg3 remarkably reduced the pigment production to 15.3%, 11.2%, and 13.9%, respectively. Especially, Ppg4 mutant did not produce the pigment at all. None of the mutants grew in the presence of 1500 ppm of CdCl₂in growth medium, and they exhibited differential sensitivities to cadmium. Ppg1, Ppg2, Ppg3, and Ppg4 mutants were sensitive to 900 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 800 ppm of CdCl2, respectively. These mutants also showed noticeable increase, from 8.8-fold to 13.2-fold, in the size of growth inhibition zone compared with that of the will type after treatment with cadmium. Therefore, the pigment production of A. agilis PY101 was found to decrease the toxic effects of cadmium to the bacterium.

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