Journal of Microbiology

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Tubulysin Production by the Dead Cells of Archangium gephyra KYC5002: Seohui Park, Chaehyeon Park, Yujin Ka, Kyungyun Cho; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):463-471. Published online June 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00130-3

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Abstract: Archangium gephyra KYC5002 produces tubulysins during the death phase. In this study, we aimed to determine whether dead cells produce tubulysins. Cells were cultured for three days until the verge of the death phase, disrupted via ultrasonication, incubated for 2 h, and examined for tubulysin production. Non-disrupted cells produced 0.14 mg/L of tubulysin A and 0.11 mg/L of tubulysin B. Notably, tubulysin A production was increased by 4.4-fold to 0.62 mg/L and that of tubulysin B was increased by 6.7-fold to 0.74 mg/L in the disrupted cells. The same increase in tubulysin production was observed when the cells were killed by adding hydrogen peroxide. However, when the enzymes were inactivated via heat treatment of the cultures at 65 °C for 30 min, no significant increase in tubulysin production due to cell death was observed. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of tubB mRNA revealed that the expression levels of tubulysin biosynthetic enzyme genes increased during the death phase compared to those during the vegetative growth phase. Our findings suggest that A. gephyra produces biosynthetic enzymes and subsequently uses them for tubulysin production in the cell death phase or during cell lysis by predators.

Isolation and characterization of tick-borne Roseomonas haemaphysalidis sp. nov. and rodent-borne Roseomonas marmotae sp. nov.: Wentao Zhu , Juan Zhou , Shan Lu , Jing Yang , Xin-He Lai , Dong Jin , Ji Pu , Yuyuan Huang , Liyun Liu , Zhenjun Li , Jianguo Xu; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):137-146. Published online November 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1428-1

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Four novel Gram-negative, mesophilic, aerobic, motile, and cocci-shaped strains were isolated from tick samples (strains 546T and 573) and respiratory tracts of marmots (strains 1318T and 1311). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that strains 546T and 573 were 97.8% identical to Roseomonas wenyumeiae Z23T, whereas strains 1311 and 1318T were 98.3% identical to Roseomonas ludipueritiae DSM 14915T. In addition, a 98.0% identity was observed between strains 546T and 1318T. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses revealed that strains 546T and 573 clustered with R. wenyumeiae Z23T, whereas strains 1311 and 1318T grouped with R. ludipueritiae DSM 14915T. The average nucleotide identity between our isolates and members of the genus Roseomonas was below 95%. The genomic G+C content of strains 546T and 1318T was 70.9% and 69.3%, respectively. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the major polar lipids, with Q-10 as the predominant respiratory quinone. According to all genotypic, phenotypic, phylogenetic, and phylogenomic analyses, the four strains represent two novel species of the genus Roseomonas, for which the names Roseomonas haemaphysalidis sp. nov. and Roseomonas marmotae sp. nov. are proposed, with 546T (= GDMCC 1.1780T = JCM 34187T) and 1318T (= GDMCC 1.1781T = JCM 34188T) as type strains, respectively.

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Genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Morganella clinical isolates between 2016 and 2023
Wentao Zhu, Qian Liu, Jinlv Liu, Yaqi Wang, Hong Shen, Ming Wei, Ji Pu, Li Gu, Jing Yang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Roseomonas populi sp. nov., an acetate-degrading bacteria isolated from the stem of Populus tomentosa
Yao Cheng, Wen Zhu, Shuo Han, Jingjing Yang, Guanqi Wu, Guozhu Zhao, Xiangwei He
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Corynebacterium poyangense sp. nov., isolated from the feces of the greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons)
Qian Liu, Guoying Fan, Kui Wu, Xiangning Bai, Xi Yang, Wentao Song, Shengen Chen, Yanwen Xiong, Haiying Chen
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(7): 668. CrossRef
Canibacter zhuwentaonis sp. nov. and Canibacter zhoujuaniae sp. nov., isolated from Marmota himalayana
Xianglian Lv, Yinmei Li, Yanpeng Cheng, Xin-He Lai, Jing Yang, Shan Lu, Gui Zhang, Caixin Yang, Dong Jin, Liyun Liu, Jianguo Xu
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Production and characterization of melanin pigments derived from Amorphotheca resinae: Jeong-Joo Oh , Jee Young Kim , Sun Lul Kwon , Dong-Hyeok Hwang , Yoon-E Choi , Gyu-Hyeok Kim; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):648-656. Published online May 18, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0054-z

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Abstract

As melanin has emerged as functional pigment with cosmetic, health and food applications, the demand for the pigments is expected to increase. However, the conventional sources (e.g. mushroom, hair, and wool) of melanin production entail pigments inside the substrates which requires the costly extraction procedures, leading to inappropriate scalable production. In this study, we screened 102 of fungal isolates for their ability to produce melanin in the supernatant and selected the only Amorphotheca resinae as a promising candidate. In the peptone yeast extract glucose broth, A. resinae produced the melanin rapidly during the autolysis phase of growth, reaching up 4.5 g/L within 14 days. Structural characterization of the purified melanin from A. resinae was carried out by using elemental analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance, 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with the standard melanins. The results indicate that the structural properties of A. resinae melanin is similar to the eumelanin which has a wide range of industrial uses. For example, the purified melanin from A. resinae has the potent antioxidant activities as a result of free radical scavenging assays. Consequently, A. resinae KUC3009 can be a promising candidate for scalable production of industrially applicable melanin.

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The Enigmatic World of Fungal Melanin: A Comprehensive Review
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William Beeson, Kyle Gabriel, Christopher Cornelison
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Helan Soundra Rani Michael, Shri Ranjani Subiramanian, Divyavaahini Thyagarajan, Nazneen Bobby Mohammed, Venkatesh Kumar Saravanakumar, Mageswari Govindaraj, Kalpanadevi Murugasamy Maheswari, Naresh Karthikeyan, Charu Ramesh Kumar
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Nazli Pinar Arslan, Pranav Dawar, Seyda Albayrak, Meryem Doymus, Fakhrul Azad, Nevzat Esim, Mesut Taskin
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Iara Bastos de Andrade, Glauber Ribeiro de Sousa Araújo, Fábio Brito-Santos, Maria Helena Galdino Figueiredo-Carvalho, Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira, Susana Frases, Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
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Noura El-Ahmady El-Naggar, WesamEldin I. A. Saber
Polymers.2022; 14(7): 1339. CrossRef
Eco-evolutionary impact of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure on microorganisms, with a special focus on our skin microbiome
Sandhya Rai, Gunjan Rai, Amod Kumar
Microbiological Research.2022; 260: 127044. CrossRef
An Evaluation of Different Types of Peptone as Partial Substitutes for Animal-derived Serum in Vero Cell Culture
Chloe Lezin, Philippe Mauduit, Georges Uzan, Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
Alternatives to Laboratory Animals.2022; 50(5): 339. CrossRef
Analytical Pyrolysis of the Fungal Melanins from Ochroconis spp. Isolated from Lascaux Cave, France
Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, Pedro M. Martin-Sanchez, Jose A. Gonzalez-Perez, Bernardo Hermosin
Applied Sciences.2021; 11(3): 1198. CrossRef
Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation
Kwon-Young Choi
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Genomic Analysis and Assessment of Melanin Synthesis in Amorphotheca resinae KUC3009
Jeong-Joo Oh, Young Jun Kim, Jee Young Kim, Sun Lul Kwon, Changsu Lee, Myeong-Eun Lee, Jung Woo Kim, Gyu-Hyeok Kim
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(4): 289. CrossRef
Fungal melanin as a biocompatible broad-spectrum sunscreen with high antioxidant activity
Jeong-Joo Oh, Jee Young Kim, Seung Han Son, Won-Jo Jung, Da Hee Kim, Jin-Woo Seo, Gyu-Hyeok Kim
RSC Advances.2021; 11(32): 19682. CrossRef

Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., a flexirubin-type pigment producing bacterium, isolated from soil: Inhyup Kim , Jiyoun Kim , Geeta Chhetri , Taegun Seo; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1079-1085. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9350-x

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Abstract

A yellow pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of gliding, catalase and oxidase positive bacterium, designated strain DS2-AT, was isolated from soil. Growth was observed at 4–32°C (optimum, 28°C), pH 6–9 (optimum, 7.0), and with 0–0.25% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain DS2-AT belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and was most closely related to Flavobacterium aquatile LMG 4008T (96.4%), Flavobacterium terrae DSM 18829T (95.6%), Flavobacterium vireti THG-SM1T (95.5%), Flavobacterium inkyongense IMCC27201T (95.4%), Flavobacterium brevivitae TTM-43T (95.2%), and Flavobacterium cucumis DSM 18830T (95.2%). Strain DS2-AT produces flexirubin- type pigments. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was identified as menaquinone-6. The major polar lipid was found to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The average nucleotide identity values between strain DS2-AT and selected taxa, F. aquatile LMG 4008T, F. terrae DSM 18829T, and F. cucumis DSM 18830T, were 72, 72.7, and 71.6%, respectively. The draft genome of strain DS2-AT has a number of 14 contigs, scaffold N50 of 476,310 bp and a total size of 3,563,867 bp. Additionally, strain DS2-AT contains 3,127 of gene, 41 of tRNA, 6 of rRNA, and 3 of ncRNA. The DNA G + C content of stain DS2-AT was 40.7 mol%. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses, strain DS2-AT is considered as a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humi sp. nov., (type strain DS2-AT = KACC 19715T = JCM 32786T) has been proposed.

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Paenibacillus suaedae sp. nov. and Paenibacillus violae sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Suaeda japonica Makino and Viola mandshurica W. Becker with plant growth-promoting potential
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Comprehensive genome analysis of five novel flavobacteria: Flavobacterium piscisymbiosum sp. nov., Flavobacterium pisciphilum sp. nov., Flavobacterium flavipigmentatum sp. nov., Flavobacterium lipolyticum sp. nov. and Flavobacterium cupriresistens sp. nov
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Gilvirhabdus luticola gen. nov., sp. nov., a mesophilic and halophilic bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment
Jaincy N. Jayan, Hee-Su Kim, Sathiyaraj Srinivasan, Hyung-Seop Kim, Jae-Yon Yu, Sang-Seob Lee
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Planobacterium oryzisoli sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from roots of rice plant
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Taegun Seo
Archives of Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides Produced by Lysobacter soyae sp. nov Isolated from the Root of Glycine max L.
Inhyup Kim, Geeta Chhetri, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Yonghee Jung, Haejin Woo, Taegun Seo
Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 1900. CrossRef
Devosia oryzisoli sp. nov., a novel moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from the roots of rice plants and genome mining revealed the biosynthesis potential as plant growth promoter
Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Taegun Seo
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Chryseobacterium edaphi sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium gilvum sp. nov., isolated from soil
Yonghee Jung, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Haejin Woo, Ki-Ho Lee, Taegun Seo
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Marixanthotalea marina gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium in the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater
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Ideonella oryzae sp. nov., isolated from soil, and Spirosoma liriopis sp. nov., isolated from fruits of Liriope platyphylla
Yonghee Jung, Geeta Chhetri, Inhyup Kim, Yoonseop So, Sunho Park, Taegun Seo
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Neoroseomonas alba sp. nov., Neoroseomonas nitratireducens sp. nov., Paraoseomonas indoligenes sp. nov and Paraoseomonas baculiformis sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of paddy soil
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Halomonas antri sp. nov., a carotenoid-producing bacterium isolated from surface seawater
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Devosia rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., novel plant growth promoting members of the genus Devosia, isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants
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Chryseobacterium tagetis sp. nov., a plant growth promoting bacterium with an antimicrobial activity isolated from the roots of medicinal plant (Tagetes patula)
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Fuscibacter oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plant
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Nocardioides donggukensis sp. nov. and Hyunsoonleella aquatilis sp. nov., isolated from Jeongbang Waterfall on Jeju Island
Inhyup Kim, Geeta Chhetri, Jiyoun Kim, Minchung Kang, Yoonseop So, Byungjo Lee, Wonhee Jang, Taegun Seo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Adhaeribacter rhizoryzae sp. nov., a fibrillar matrix-producing bacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plant
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Photosynthetic and biochemical responses of the freshwater green algae Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini (Conjugatophyceae) exposed to the metal coppers and its implication for toxicity testing: Hui Wang , Vinitha Ebenezer , Jang-Seu Ki; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(6):426-434. Published online June 1, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8081-8

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Abstract

The freshwater green algae Closterium is sensitive to water quality, and hence has been suggested as ideal organisms for toxicity testing. In the present study, we evaluated the photosynthetic and biochemical responses of C. ehrenbergii to the common contaminants, coppers. The 72 h median effective concentrations (EC50) of CuSO4 and CuCl2 on the test organism were calculated to be 0.202 mg/L and 0.245 mg/L, respectively. Exposure to both coppers considerably decreased pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency, while inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells with increased exposure time. Moreover, the coppers significantly increased the levels of lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, even at relatively lower concentrations. These suggest that copper contaminants may exert deleterious effects on the photosynthesis and cellular oxidative stress of C. ehrenbergii, representing its powerful potential in aquatic toxicity assessments.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Effects of blue light on pigment biosynthesis of Monascus: Di Chen , Chunmao Xue , Mianhua Chen , Shufen Wu , Zhenjing Li , Changlu Wang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):305-310. Published online April 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6011-1

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Abstract

The influence of different illumination levels of blue light on the growth and intracellular pigment yields of Monascus strain M9 was investigated. Compared with darkness, constant exposure to blue light of 100 lux reduced the yields of six pigments, namely, rubropunctatamine (RUM), monascorubramine (MOM), rubropunctatin (RUN), monascorubrin (MON), monascin (MS), and ankaflavin (AK). However, exposure to varying levels of blue light had different effects on pigment production. Exposure to 100 lux of blue light once for 30 min/day and to 100 lux of blue light once and twice for 15 min/day could enhance RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production and reduce RUN and MON compared with non-exposure. Exposure to 100 lux twice for 30 min/day and to 200 lux once for 45 min/day decreased the RUM, MOM, MS, and AK yields and increased the RUN and MON. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pigment biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that gene MpPKS5, mppR1, mppA, mppB, mmpC, mppD , MpFasA, MpFasB, and mppF were positively correlated with the yields of RUN and MON, whereas mppE and mppR2 were associated with RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production.

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Effects of blue light on pigment and citrinin production in Monascus ruber M7 via MrcreD, encoding an arrestin-like protein
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Ruly Terán Hilares, Rebeca Andrade de Souza, Paulo Franco Marcelino, Silvio Silvério da Silva, Giuliano Dragone, Solange I. Mussatto, Júlio César Santos
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Zi-Rui Huang, Wen-Bin Zhou, Xue-Ling Yang, Ai-Jun Tong, Jia-Li Hong, Wei-Ling Guo, Tian-Tian Li, Rui-Bo Jia, Yu-Yang Pan, Jun Lin, Xu-Cong Lv, Bin Liu
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Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Gβ Gene Mgb1 and the Gγ Gene Mgg1 in Monascus ruber: Li Li , Lu He , Yong Lai , Yanchun Shao , Fusheng Chen; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(1):35-43. Published online January 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3072-x

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Abstract

The ascomycetous fungus Monascus ruber is one of the most well-known species widely used to produce Monascus-fermentation products for natural food colorants and medicine. Our previous research on the Gα subunit Mga1 and the regulator of G protein signaling MrflbA indicated that heterotrimeric G protein signaling pathways were involved in aspects of growth, sporulation and secondary metabolite production in M. ruber. To better understand the G protein signaling pathways in this fungus, a Gβ subunit gene (Mgb1) and a Gγ subunit gene (Mgg1) were cloned and investigated in the current study. The predicted Mgb1 protein consisted of 353 amino acids and Mgg1 consisted of 94 amino acids, sharing marked similarity with Aspergillus Gβ and Gγ subunits, respectively. Targeted deletion (Δ) of Mgb1 or Mgg1
result
ed in phenotypic alterations similar to those resulting from ΔMga1, i.e., restricted vegetative growth, lowered asexual sporulation, impaired cleistothecial formation, and enhanced citrinin and pigment production. Moreover, deletion of Mgg1 suppressed the defects in asexual development and in biosynthesis of citrinin and pigment caused by the absence of MrflbA function. These results provide evidence that Mgb1 and Mgg1 form a functional Gβγ dimer and the dimer interacts with Mga1 to mediate signaling pathways, which are negatively controlled by MrflbA, for growth, reproduction and citrinin and pigment biosynthesis in M. ruber.

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Influence of Culture Conditions and Medium Composition on the Production of Antibacterial Compounds by Marine Serratia sp. WPRA3: Mahtab Jafarzade , Nur Ain Yahya , Fatemeh Shayesteh , Gires Usup , Asmat Ahmad; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):373-379. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2440-2

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Abstract: This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of culture conditions and medium components on production of antibacterial compounds by Serratia sp. WPRA3 (JX020764) which was isolated from marine water of Port Dickson, Malaysia. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular characteristics suggested that the isolate is a new candidate of the Serratia sp. The isolate showed strong antimicrobial activity against fungi, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. This bacterium exhibited optimum antibacterial compounds production at 28°C, pH 7 and 200 rev/min aeration during 72 h of incubation period. Highest antibacterial activity was obtained when sodium chloride (2%), yeast extract (0.5%), and glucose concentration (0.75%) were used as salt, nitrogen, and carbon sources respectively. Different active fractions were obtained by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Flash Column Chromatography (FCC) from ethyl acetate crude extracts namely OCE and RCE in different culture conditions, OCE (pH 5, 200 rev/min) and RCE (pH 7/without aeration). In conclusion, the results suggested different culture conditions have a significant impact on the types of secondary metabolites produced by the bacterium.

Antioxidant Capacity of Novel Pigments from an Antarctic Bacterium: Daniela N. Correa-Llantén , Maximiliano J. Amenábar , Jenny M. Blamey; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):374-379. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2029-1

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Abstract: In Antarctica microorganisms are exposed to several conditions that trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species, such as high UV radiation. Under these conditions they must have an important antioxidant defense system in order to prevent oxidative damage. One of these defenses are pigments which are part of the non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. In this work we focused on the antioxidant capacity of pigments from an Antarctic microorganism belonging to Pedobacter genus. This microorganism produces different types of pigments which belong to the carotenoids group. The antioxidant capacity of a mix of pigments was analyzed by three different methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ROS detection and oxygen electrode. The results obtained from these approaches indicate that the mix of pigments has a strong antioxidant capacity. The oxidative damage induced by UVB exposure to liposomes was also analyzed. Intercalated pigments within the liposomes improved its resistance to lipid peroxidation. Based on the analysis carried out along this research we conclude that the antioxidant properties of the mix of pigments protect this bacterium against oxidative damage. These properties make this mix of pigments a powerful antioxidant mixture with potential biotechnological applications.

NOTE] Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Soil: Jae-Jin Lee , Sathiyaraj Srinivasan , Myung Kyum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):857-861. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1375-8

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Abstract: Strain BS12T, a Gram-negative motile bacterium, was isolated from soil in South Korea and characterized to determine its taxonomic position. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain belonged to the family Alcaligenaceae in the class Betaproteobacteria. The highest degree of sequence similarities of strain BS12T were found with Pigmentiphaga litoralis JSM 061001T (98.3%), Pigmentiphaga daeguensis K110T (98.2%), and Pigmentiphaga kullae K24T (98.1%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain BS12T possessed ubiquinone-8, which is common in the family Alcaligenaceae, and the predominant fatty acids were C16:0, C17:0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/ω7c), and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω6c/ω7c). The major polar lipids of strain BS12T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Based on these data, BS12T (=KCTC 23577T =JCM 17666T =KEMB 9004-082T) should be classified as a type strain of a novel species, for which the name Pigmentiphaga soli sp. nov. is proposed.

Isolation and Characterization of Marine Pigmented Bacteria from Norwegian Coastal Waters and Screening for Carotenoids with UVA-Blue Light Absorbing Properties: Marit H. Stafsnes , Kjell D Josefsen , Geir Kildahl-Andersen , Svein Valla , Trond E. Ellingsen , Per Bruheim; J. Microbiol. 2010;48(1):16-23. Published online March 11, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0118-6

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Abstract: Microbial culture collections are important resources for isolation of natural compounds with novel properties. In this study, a culture collection of around 1,500 pigmented heterotrophic bacteria was established. The bacteria were isolated from the sea surface microlayer at different sampling sites along the mid-part of the Norwegian coast. The bacterial isolates produced pigments of various coloration (e.g. golden, yellow, red, pink and orange). Methanol extracts of sixteen isolates were characterized with LC-Diodearray-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The number of pigments per isolate varied considerably, and a tentative identification of the pigments was performed based on UV-absorbance profile and molecular formula assignation based on the accurate mass determination. The LC-MS analyses evealed that most of the pigments probably were carotenoids. Furthermore, we developed a high throughput LC-MS method for characterization and screening of a larger sub-fraction (300 isolates) of the culture collection. The aim was to screen and identify bacterial isolates producing carotenoids that absorb light in the UVA-Blue light. Six of the bacterial strains were selected for detailed investigation, including 16s rRNA sequencing, preparative HPLC for purification of major carotenoids and subsequent structural elucidation with NMR. Among the identified carotenoids were zeaxanthin, nostoxanthin and sarcinaxanthin, some with novel glycosylation patterns.

Characterization of azomonas agilis PY101, a cadmium-resistant strain isolated from anyang stream: You, Kyung Man , Lee, Ji Hyun , Kim, Jeong Kook , Hah, Nam Ju , Lee, Yung Nok , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1996;34(3):289-293.

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Abstract: A cadimium-resistant strain isolated from Anyang stream, Azomonas agilis PY101 exhibited strong resistance to 1000 ppm of cadmium ion (Cd^2+). A agilis PY101 also exhibited resistance to various antibiotics, such as amoxicillin, amplicilin, bacitracin, cefazolin, erythromycin, penicilin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. In the presence of Cd^2+, the growth of A. aglis PY101 started after an extended lag phase and produced a green-fluorescent pigment induced by cadmium. The dramatic decrease (approximately 400ppm) of concentration of cd^2+ in the culture medium during the growth phase of A. agilis PY101 was confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrophotometer. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that A. agilis PY 101 actively accumulated Cd^2+ in the cytoplasm.

Adaptaion of Azomonas agilis PY101 Exposed to Cadmium vua Production of Cadmium-Binding Pigment Promoted by Cd^2+: You, Kyung Man , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1998;36(3):159-163.

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Abstract: Azomonas agilis PY101 produced a fluorescent yellow-green pigment promoted by cadmium. The amount of extracellular pigment produced during the growth of A. agilis PY101 increased to approximately 6 times its initial value after the addition to 1.0 mg/ml of CdCl_2. The pigment peak(peak II) was observed when the supernatant solution acquired from the cells cultivated in the presence of cadmium was fractionated on a column of Superdex 75. Peak II contained about 70% of extracellular cadmium in the supernatant solution. This cadmium-binding pigment contained several sulfur-containing groups. The dramatic decrease (97%) of sulfate ion (SO_4^-2)concentration in the cytoplasm from 9.60 to 0.25 ㎍/ml during the growth of A. agilis PY101 under cadmium stress was confirmed by ion chromatography. Moreover, transmission electron microscopic analysis showed that Z. agilis PY101 actively accumulated cadmium in the interior of the cells. It appears that the cadmium adaptation of A. agilis PY101 is achieved by the microbial binding of the sulfur-containing pigment to cadmium.

Isolation and Characterization of Pigment-deficient Mutants from Azomonas agilis PY101: You, Kyung Man , Lee, Sang Hyeon , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1999;37(1):45-49.

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Abstract: To investigate the mechanism of cadmium tolerance in a cadmium-resistant Azomonas agilis PY101 that produces a specific fluorescent pigment promoted by cadmium, we carried out Tn5 mutagenesis and isolated four pigment-deficient mutants. In these mutants, Ppg1, Ppg2, and Ppg3 remarkably reduced the pigment production to 15.3%, 11.2%, and 13.9%, respectively. Especially, Ppg4 mutant did not produce the pigment at all. None of the mutants grew in the presence of 1500 ppm of CdCl₂in growth medium, and they exhibited differential sensitivities to cadmium. Ppg1, Ppg2, Ppg3, and Ppg4 mutants were sensitive to 900 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 800 ppm of CdCl2, respectively. These mutants also showed noticeable increase, from 8.8-fold to 13.2-fold, in the size of growth inhibition zone compared with that of the will type after treatment with cadmium. Therefore, the pigment production of A. agilis PY101 was found to decrease the toxic effects of cadmium to the bacterium.

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