Probiotics effectively prevent and improve metabolic diseases
such as diabetes by regulating the intestinal microenvironment
and gut microbiota. However, the effects of probiotics
in gestational diabetes mellitus are not clear. Here, we
showed that probiotic supplements significantly improved
fasting blood glucose in a gestational diabetes mellitus rat
model. To further understand the mechanisms of probiotics
in gestational diabetes mellitus, the gut microbiota were analyzed
via 16S rRNA sequencing. We found that compared
with the normal pregnant group, the gestational diabetes mellitus
rats had decreased diversity of gut microbiota. Moreover,
probiotic supplementation restored the diversity of the
gut microbiota in gestational diabetes mellitus rats, and the
gut microbiota structure tended to be similar to that of normal
pregnant rats. In particular, compared with gestational
diabetes mellitus rats, the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria
was higher after probiotic supplementation. Furthermore,
activating carbohydrate metabolism and membrane
transport pathways may be involved in the potential mechanisms
by which probiotic supplements alleviate gestational
diabetes mellitus. Overall, our results suggested that probiotic
supplementation might be a novel approach to restore the gut
microbiota of gestational diabetes mellitus rats and provided
an experimental evidence for the use of probiotic supplements
to treat gestational diabetes melitus.
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Gene expression changes in response to diverse environmental
stimuli to regulate numerous cellular functions. Genes are expressed
into their functional products with the help of messenger
RNA (mRNA). Thus, measuring levels of mRNA in
cells is important to understand cellular functions. With advances
in next-generation sequencing (NGS), the abundance
of cellular mRNA has been elucidated via transcriptome sequencing.
However, several studies have found a discrepancy
between mRNA abundance and protein levels induced by
translational regulation, including different rates of ribosome
entry and translational pausing. As such, the levels of mRNA
are not necessarily a direct representation of the protein levels
found in a cell. To determine a more precise way to measure
protein expression in cells, the analysis of the levels of mRNA
associated with ribosomes is being adopted. With an aid of
NGS techniques, a single nucleotide resolution footprint of
the ribosome was determined using a method known as Ribo-
Seq or ribosome profiling. This method allows for the highthroughput
measurement of translation in vivo, which was
further analyzed to determine the protein synthesis rate, translational
pausing, and cellular responses toward a variety of
environmental changes. Here, we describe a simple analysis
pipeline for Ribo-Seq in bacteria, so-called simple translatome
analysis tool for Ribo-Seq (STATR). STATR can be
used to carry out the primary processing of Ribo-Seq data,
subsequently allowing for multiple levels of translatome study,
from experimental validation to in-depth analyses. A command-
by-command explanation is provided here to allow a
broad spectrum of biologists to easily reproduce the analysis.
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