Journal of Microbiology

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Delineating the Acquired Genetic Diversity and Multidrug Resistance in Alcaligenes from Poultry Farms and Nearby Soil: Abhilash Bhattacharjee, Anil Kumar Singh; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(7):511-523. Published online June 21, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00129-w

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Abstract: Alcaligenes faecalis is one of the most important and clinically significant environmental pathogens, increasing in importance due to its isolation from soil and nosocomial environments. The Gram-negative soil bacterium is associated with skin endocarditis, bacteremia, dysentery, meningitis, endophthalmitis, urinary tract infections, and pneumonia in patients. With emerging antibiotic resistance in A. faecalis, it has become crucial to understand the origin of such resistance genes within this clinically significant environmental and gut bacterium. In this research, we studied the impact of antibiotic overuse in poultry and its effect on developing resistance in A. faecalis. We sampled soil and faecal materials from five poultry farms, performed whole genome sequencing & analysis and identified four strains of A. faecalis. Furthermore, we characterized the genes in the genomic islands of A. faecalis isolates. We found four multidrug-resistant A. faecalis strains that showed resistance against vancomycin (MIC >1000 μg/ml), ceftazidime (50 μg/ml), colistin (50 μg/ml) and ciprofloxacin (50 μg/ml). From whole genome comparative analysis, we found more than 180 resistance genes compared to the reference sequence. Parts of our assembled contigs were found to be similar to different bacteria which included pbp1A and pbp2 imparting resistance to amoxicillin originally a part of Helicobacter and Bordetella pertussis. We also found the Mycobacterial insertion element IS6110 in the genomic islands of all four genomes. This prominent insertion element can be transferred and induce resistance to other bacterial genomes. The results thus are crucial in understanding the transfer of resistance genes in the environment and can help in developing regimes for antibiotic use in the food and poultry industry.

Kurthia ruminicola sp. nov., isolated from the rumen contents of a Holstein cow: Myung Kyum Kim , Eun Tae Kim , Sang Bum Kim , Ha Yeon Jeong , Beom Young Park , Sathiyaraj Srinivasan; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(1):36-41. Published online January 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7285-2

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Gram-staining-positive, motile, rod-shaped bacteria, designated as H31022T and H31024 was isolated from rumen contents of a Holstein cow. Optimum growth occurred at 25°C and pH 7.0 on R2A agar medium. Oxidase and catalase activities are positive. The 16S rRNA gene sequence (1,452 bp) of the new isolates revealed they belong to the genus Kurthia of the phylum Firmicutes. Highest gene sequence similarities were assessed to be with Kurthia massiliensis JC30T (98.4%), Kurthia senegalensis JC8ET (97.5%), and Kurthia populi 10y- 14T (97.4%). Kurthia sibirica DSM 4747T (97.3%), Kurthia zopfii NBRC 101529T (97.0%), and Kurthia gibsonii NCIMB 9758T (96.7%). DNA G + C content of strains H31022T and H31024 were 34.4% and 39.7%. Strains H31022T and H31024 has the following chemotaxonomic characteristics; the major fatty acids are iso-C15:0, iso-C14:0 and anteiso-C15; polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), unknown aminophospholipids (APL), unknown glycolipids (GL), unknown phospholipids (PL), and unknown polar lipids (L); the major quinone is MK-7. Based on polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strains H31022T (= KCTC 33923T = JCM 19640T) and H31024 (= KCTC 33924T = JCM 19641T) identified a novel species in the genus Kurthia for which the name Kurthia ruminicola sp. nov. is proposed.

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Effects of plastic aging on biodegradation of polystyrene by Tenebrio molitor larvae: Insights into gut microbiome and bacterial metabolism
Meng-Qi Ding, Jie Ding, Shan-Shan Yang, Xin-Ran Ren, Shao-Nan Shi, Lu-Yan Zhang, De-Feng Xing, Nan-Qi Ren, Wei-Min Wu
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 953: 176130. CrossRef
Effect of different dosages of sodium butyrate and niacin on growth, faecal microbiota and Vitamin B metabolism in weaned piglets
Rui Zhen, Chunyan Liu, Chongwan Wei, Yunyan Luo, Xuxu Hu, Gangyi Liu, Hongbo Yi, Yanna Huang
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2022; 132(6): 4466. CrossRef
Kurthia gibsonii, a novel opportunistic pathogen in poultry
Liča Lozica, Maja Maurić Maljković, Marin Mazić, Željko Gottstein
Avian Pathology.2022; 51(1): 26. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

NOTE] Anaerobic Cellulolytic Rumen Fungal Populations in Goats Fed with and without Leucaena leucocephala Hybrid, as Determined by Real-Time PCR: Ching Mun Kok , Chin Chin Sieo , Hui Yin Tan , Wan Zuhainis Saad , Juan Boo Liang , Yin Wan Ho; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(5):700-703. Published online October 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2540-z

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Abstract: The effect of Leucaena leucocephala hybrid-Bahru (LLB), which contains a high concentration of condensed tannins, on cellulolytic rumen fungal population in goats was investigated using real-time PCR. The fungal population in goats fed LLB was inhibited during the first 10 days of feeding, but after 15 days of feeding, there was a tremendous increase of fungal population (157.0 μg/ml), which was about fourfold more than that in control goats (39.7 μg/ml). However, after this period, the fungal population decreased continuously, and at 30 days of feeding, the fungal population (50.6 μg/ml) was not significantly different from that in control goats (55.4 μg/ml).

Diversity of Bovine Rumen Methanogens In Vitro in the Presence of Condensed Tannins, as Determined by Sequence Analysis of 16S rRNA Gene Library: Hui Yin Tan , Chin Chin Sieo , Chin Mei Lee , Norhani Abdullah , Juan Boo Liang , Yin Wan Ho; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):492-498. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0319-7

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Abstract: Molecular diversity of rumen archaeal populations from bovine rumen fluid incubated with or without condensed tannins was investigated using 16S rRNA gene libraries. The predominant order of rumen archaea in the 16S rRNA gene libraries of the control and condensed tannins treatment was found to belong to a novel group of rumen archaea that is distantly related to the order Thermoplasmatales, with 59.5% (15 phylotypes) and 81.43% (21 phylotypes) of the total clones from the control and treatment clone libraries, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene library of the control was found to have higher proportions of methanogens from the orders Methanomicrobiales (32%) and Methanobacteriales (8.5%) as compared to those found in the condensed tannins treatment clone library in both orders (16.88% and 1.68% respectively). The phylotype distributed in the order Methanosarcinales was only found in the control clone library. The study indicated that condensed tannins could alter the diversity of bovine rumen methanogens.

Factors Influencing Biohydrogenation and Conjugated Linoleic Acid Production by Mixed Rumen Fungi: In Sik Nam , Philip C. Garnsworthy; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(3):199-204.; DOI: https://doi.org/2542 [pii]

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Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soluble carbohydrates (glucose, cellobiose), pH (6.0, 6.5, 7.0), and rumen microbial growth factors (VFA, vitamins) on biohydrogenation of linoleic acid (LA) by mixed rumen fungi. Addition of glucose or cellobiose to culture media slowed the rate of biohydrogenation;only 35-40% of LA was converted to conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or vaccenic acid (VA) within 24 h of incubation, whereas in the control treatment, 100% of LA was converted within 24 h. Addition of VFA or vitamins did not affect biohydrogenation activity or CLA production. Culturing rumen fungi at pH 6.0 slowed biohydrogenation compared with pH 6.5 or 7.0. CLA production was reduced by pH 6.0 compared with control (pH 6.5), but was higher with pH 7.0. Biohydrogenation of LA to VA was complete within 72 h at pH 6.0, 24 h at pH 6.5, and 48 h at pH 7.0. It is concluded that optimum conditions for biohydrogenation of LA and for CLA production by rumen fungi were provided without addition of soluble carbohydrates, VFA or vitamins to the culture medium; optimum pH was 6.5 for biohydrogenation and 7.0 for CLA production.

Response of sheep rumen fermentation and microbial communities to feed infected with the endophyte Epichloë gansuensis as evaluated with rumen-simulating technology: Yaling Ma , Hucheng Wang , Chunjie Li; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):719-728.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1113-9

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Abstract

Achnatherum inebrians, a perennial grass, is widely distributed in China. When infected by the endophyte Epichloë gansuensis, A. inebrians produces an abundance of alkaloids that enhance plant survival but are toxic to animals. Here we used in vitro fermentation to study the impact of endophyte- infected A. inebrians (E+) addition on rumen fermentation characteristics and on microbial community and diversity as assessed with amplicon sequencing technology. We examined E+ addition at five levels, E0, E25, E50, E75, and E100, corresponding to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the fermentation substrate, respectively. Both the fermentation characteristics and rumen microbial community structure differed significantly among treatments. E100 resulted in the highest values for pH, the Shannon index, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Lentisphaerae levels relative to the other treatments. In contrast, E25 was associated with higher levels of ammonia nitrogen, total volatile fatty acid, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, and of the genus Prevotella_1, Succiniclasticum, Family_XIII_AD3011_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, and Pyramidobacter as compared with other treatments. E50 resulted in the greatest values for the abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and the Chao1 index as compared with other treatments. E0 resulted in the greatest values for digestibility of dry matter, gas production, acetate, and Ruminobacter as compared with other treatments. This approach avoided animal toxicity experiments and confirmed that rumen fermentation characteristics and rumen microbiota were affected by E+ toxin. Therefore, E25 showed higher abundance in Prevotella_1, Prevotellaceae_ UCG-001, and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group that implied they should play significant roles in E+ alkaloids degradation. And then, we can infer that rumen microorganisms should function as an antidote with respect to this poisoning reaction at moderate dietary percentages of E+.

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Effect of Potato Vine and Leaf Mixed Silage to Whole Corn Crops on Rumen Fermentation and the Microbe of Fatten Angus Bulls
Siyu Zhang, Jiajie Deng, Yafang Cui, Lina Wang, Yingqi Li, Xianli Wang, Shengnan Min, Huili Wang, Qianzi Zhang, Peiqi Li, Yawen Luo, Xinjun Qiu, Yang He, Binghai Cao, Huawei Su
Fermentation.2023; 9(8): 704. CrossRef
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Culture Promotes the Performance of Fattening Sheep by Enhancing Nutrients Digestibility and Rumen Development
Jie Wang, Guohong Zhao, Yimin Zhuang, Jianmin Chai, Naifeng Zhang
Fermentation.2022; 8(12): 719. CrossRef
The effects of fermented pineapple residue on growth performance, meat quality, and rumen microbiota of fattening Simmental bull
Ming Deng, Zupeng Xiao, Guangbin Liu, Baoli Sun, Yongqing Guo, Xian Zou, Dewu Liu, Zhenwei Yang, Yaokun Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Potential Use of Endophyte-Free inebrians as Sheep Feed Evaluated with In Vitro Fermentation
Yaling Ma, Hucheng Wang, Chunjie Li, Kamran Malik
Fermentation.2022; 8(9): 419. CrossRef

Editorial

EDITORIAL] Gut microbiomes and their metabolites shape human and animal health: Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(3):151-153.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-0577-8

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Abstract

The host genetic background, complex surrounding environments, and gut microbiome are very closely linked to human and animal health and disease. Although significant correlations between gut microbiota and human and animal health have been revealed, the specific roles of each gut bacterium in shaping human and animal health and disease remain unclear. However, recent omics-based studies using experimental animals and surveys of gut microbiota from unhealthy humans have provided insights into the relationships among microbial community, their metabolites, and human and animal health. This editorial introduces six review papers that provide new discoveries of disease-associated microbiomes and suggest possible microbiome-based therapeutic approaches to human disease.

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