Brassica rapa (Chinese cabbage) is an essential component
of traditional Korean food. However, the crop is often subject
to zinc (Zn+) toxicity from contaminated irrigation water,
which, as a result, compromises plant growth and production,
as well as the health of human consumers. The present study
investigated the bioaccumulation of Zn+ by Burkholderia cepacia
CS2-1 and its effect on the heavy metal tolerance of
Chinese cabbage. Strain CS2-1 was identified and characterized
on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences and phylogenetic
analysis. The strain actively produced indole-3-acetic acid
(3.08 ± 0.21 μg/ml) and was also able to produce siderophore,
solubilize minerals, and tolerate various concentrations of Zn+.
The heavy metal tolerance of B. rapa plants was enhanced
by CS2-1 inoculation, as indicated by growth attributes, Zn+
uptake, amino acid synthesis, antioxidant levels, and endogenous
hormone (ABA and SA) synthesis. Without inoculation,
the application of Zn+ negatively affected the growth and
physiology of B. rapa plants. However, CS2-1 inoculation
improved plant growth, lowered Zn+ uptake, altered both
amino acid regulation and levels of flavonoids and phenolics,
and significantly decreased levels of superoxide dismutase,
endogenous abscisic acid, and salicylic acid. These findings
indicate that B. cepacia CS2-1 is suitable for bioremediation
against Zn+-induced oxidative stress.
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Hydroxybenzoic acids are the most important intermediates in the degradative pathways of various aromatic compounds. Microorganisms catabolize aromatic compounds by converting them to hydroxylated intermediates and then cleave the benzene nucleus with ring dioxygenases. Hydroxylation of the benzene nucleus of an aromatic compound is an essential step for the initiation and subsequent disintegration of the benzene ring. The incorporation of two hydroxyl groups is essential for the labilization of the benzene nucleus. Monohydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid through hydroxylation yield terminal aromatic intermediates like catechol, protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, or pyrocatechuic acid that are susceptible for subsequent oxygenative cleavage of the benzene ring. These terminal aromatic intermediates are further degraded to cellular components through ortho-and /or meta-cleavage pathways and finally lead to the formation of constituents of the TCA cycle. Many groups of microorganisms have been isolated as degraders of hydroxybenzoic acids with diverse degradative routes and specific enzymes involved in their metabolic pathways. Various microorganisms carry out unusual non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids and convert them to respective phenols which have been documented. Further, Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. are the most ubiquitous microorganisms, being the principal components of microflora of most soil and water environments.