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Revealing genetic variation of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Korean isolates using whole genome sequence analysis
Eun-Seo Lee, Su Min Kyung, Jun Ho Lee, Xi-Rui Xiang, Han Sang Yoo
Received December 16, 2025  Accepted March 3, 2026  Published online April 21, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2512010    [Epub ahead of print]
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumoniae (PP), a high contagious respiratory disease with significant impact on the swine industry in both clinically and economically. Despite of the several attempts to control APP, the emergence of novel serotypes and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) strains highlights the importance of monitoring the genetic characteristics of APP at single nucleotide level. Despite the importance of genomic surveillance of APP to develop effective control strategies, genetic information on the recent Korean isolates of APP is not available at whole genome level. Therefore, in this study, six APP strains were isolated from porcine lungs with characteristic lesions of PP from 2022 to 2024. And their whole genomic sequences, serotypes, virulence factors, and AMR traits were investigated using combined short- and long-read sequencing methods. In silico PCR serotyping identified the isolates as serotype 1, 7, and 15, while one isolate was non-typeable. Multiple AMR genes including Hinf_PBP3_BLA, Ecol_EFTu_PLV, tet(B), tet(O), tetR, sul2, aph(3'')-Ib, aph(6)-Id, and aph(3')-Ia were detected. Also, these genes were located with adjacent to mobile genetic elements, suggesting the possibility of horizontal gene transfer. Phylogenetic comparison with 40 global APP complete genomes, presented that Korean isolates were closely related with China and Switzerland strains. This study provides the whole genome sequences based genetic characterization on the recent Korean isolates of APP, and this study emphasizes that continuous monitoring of APP genomic variation to support effective control of porcine pleuropneumoniae.

Review
Shigellosis
Swapan Kumar Niyogi
J. Microbiol. 2005;43(2):133-143.
DOI: https://doi.org/2172 [pii]
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Shigellosis is a global human health problem. Four species of Shigella i.e. S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii and S. sonnei are able to cause the disease. These species are subdivided into serotypes on the basis of O-specific polysaccharide of the LPS. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 produces severe disease and may be associated with life-threatening complications. The symptoms of shigellosis include diarrhoea and/or dysentery with frequent mucoid bloody stools, abdominal cramps and tenesmus. Shigella spp. cause dysentery by invading the colonic mucosa. Shigella bacteria multiply within colonic epithelial cells, cause cell death and spread laterally to infect and kill adjacent epithelial cells, causing mucosal ulceration, inflammation and bleeding. Transmission usually occurs via contaminated food and water or through person-to-person contact. Laboratory diagnosis is made by culturing the stool samples using selective/differential agar media. Shigella spp. are highly fragile organism and considerable care must be exercised in collecting faecal specimens, transporting them to the laboratories and in using appropriate media for isolation. Antimicrobial agents are the mainstay of therapy of all cases of shigellosis. Due to the global emergence of drug resistance, the choice of antimicrobial agents for treating shigellosis is limited. Although single dose of norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin has been shown to be effective, they are currently less effective against S. dysenteriae type 1 infection. Newer quinolones, cephalosporin derivatives, and azithromycin are the drug of choice. However, fluoroquinolone-resistant S. dysenteriae type 1 infection have been reported. Currently, no vaccines against Shigella infection exist. Both live and subunit parenteral vaccine candidates are under development. Because immunity to Shigella is serotype-specific, the priority is to develop vaccine against S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri type 2a. Shigella species are important pathogens responsible for diarrhoeal diseases and dysentery occurring all over the world. The morbidity and mortality due to shigellosis are especially high among children in developing countries. A recent review of literature (Kotloff et al.,1999) concluded that, of the estimated 165 million cases of Shigella diarrhoea that occur annually, 99% occur in developing countries, and in developing countries 69% of episodes occur in children under five years of age. Moreover, of the ca.1.1 million deaths attributed to Shigella infections in developing countries, 60% of deaths occur in the under-five age group. Travellers from developed to developing regions and soldiers serving under field conditions are also at an increased risk to develop shigellosis.

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