Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Description of Fervidibacillus gen. nov. with Two Species, Fervidibacillus albus sp. nov., and Fervidibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediments and Emendation of Misclassificed Taxa in the Genus Caldibacillus: Sung&# , Mi&# , Hyun&# , Kae Kyoung Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(2):175-187. Published online February 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00022-y

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Two Gram-stain-positive, motile, endospore-forming, facultatively anaerobic strains, designated MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T, were isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Incheon City on the west coast of Korea. Growth of both novel strains was observed at pH 5–9 (optimum, pH 7–7.5), and in 0–8% NaCl (optimum, 2% for MEBiC13591T and 3% for MEBiC13594T). Strains MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T grew optimally at 50 °C, (37.5–56.1 °C) and 44 °C (20.7–50.7 °C), respectively. The main cellular fatty acids of strain MEBiC13591T were iso-C15: 0, anteiso-C15: 0, iso-C16: 0, iso-C17: 0 and anteiso-C17: 0, while those for strain MEBiC13594T were C14: 0, iso-C14: 0, iso-C15: 0, anteiso-C15: 0 and C16: 0. In both taxa, the major isoprenoid was MK-7. The genomic DNA G + C contents were 34.1 and 37.0 mol% for MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T, respectively. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the novel strains showed high similarity with members of the genera Aeribacillus (95.0%) and Caldibacillus (93.5–94.5%); however, showed lower than 90% with Caldibacillus debilis TfT. Phylogenetic and Phylogenomic analysis revealed that two novel strains comprised distinct phyletic line with members formerly assigned to Caldibacillus. Based on genomic indices, such as AAI and ANI, members formerly affiliated with Caldibacillus and Bacillus as well as the novel strains should be classified into five independent genera. Based on the phenotypic, genomic and biochemical data, strains MEBiC13591T and MEBiC13594T represent two novel species in the novel genus, for which the names Fervidibacillus albus gen. nov., sp. nov. ( MEBiC13591T [= KCCM 43317T = KCTC 43181T = JCM 33662T = MCCC 1K04565T]), and Fervidibacillus halotolerans sp. nov. ( MEBiC13594T [= KCTC 43182T = JCM 34001T]) are proposed. Three additional genera Caldifermentibacillus, Palidibacillus, and Perspicuibacillus are also proposed by reclassification of the several species with valid names that formerly affiliated with the genera Caldibacillus.

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An update on novel taxa and revised taxonomic status of bacteria isolated from domestic companion and agricultural animals described in 2023
Sara D. Lawhon, Claire R. Burbick, Trinity Krueger, Elena Ruiz-Reyes, Erik Munson, Romney M. Humphries
Journal of Clinical Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. Within the OM60/NOR5 Clade, Isolated from Seawater, and Emended Description of the Genus Congregibacter
Hyeonsu Tak, Miri S. Park, Hyerim Cho, Yeonjung Lim, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(9): 739. CrossRef
Validation List no. 213. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Construction of high-density transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus using bacteriophage ϕ11: Wonsik Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1123-1129. Published online November 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2476-2

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Abstract

Transposon mutant libraries are an important resource to study bacterial metabolism and pathogenesis. The fitness analysis of mutants in the libraries under various growth conditions provides important clues to study the physiology and biogenesis of structural components of a bacterial cell. A transposon library in conjunction with next-generation sequencing techniques, collectively named transposon sequencing (Tnseq), enables high-throughput genome profiling and synthetic lethality analysis. Tn-seq has also been used to identify essential genes and to study the mode of action of antibacterials. To construct a high-density transposon mutant library, an efficient delivery system for transposition in a model bacterium is essential. Here, I describe a detailed protocol for generating a high-density phage-based transposon mutant library in a Staphylococcus aureus strain, and this protocol is readily applicable to other S. aureus strains including USA300 and MW2.

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Optimizing phage-based mutant recovery and minimizing heat effect in the construction of transposon libraries in Staphylococcus aureus
Sally W. Yousief, Nader Abdelmalek, Bianca Paglietti
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Whole genome analysis of Aspergillus sojae SMF 134 supports its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation: Kang Uk Kim , Kyung Min Kim , Yong-Ho Choi , Byung-Serk Hurh , Inhyung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(10):874-883. Published online June 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9152-1

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Abstract

Aspergillus sojae is a koji (starter) mold that has been applied for food fermentation in Asia. The whole genome of A. sojae SMF 134, which was isolated from meju (Korean soybean fermented brick), was analyzed at the genomic level to evaluate its potential as a starter for soybean fermentation. The genome size was 40.1 Mbp, which was expected to be composed of eight chromosomes with 13,748 ORFs. Strain SMF 134 had a total of 151 protease genes, among which two more leucine aminopeptidase (lap) genes were found in addition to the previously known lap1, and three γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) genes were newly identified. Such genomic characteristics of SMF 134 with many protease and flavor-related (lap and ggt) genes support its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation. In addition, this first complete genome of A. sojae will allow for further genetic studies to better understand the production of various enzymes, including proteases, LAPs, and GGTs, as well as other characteristics as a starter mold for soybean fermentation.

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Starter molds and multi-enzyme catalysis in koji fermentation of soy sauce brewing: A review
Yihao Liu, Guangru Sun, Jingyao Li, Peng Cheng, Qian Song, Wen Lv, Chunling Wang
Food Research International.2024; 184: 114273. CrossRef
Phenotypic, Genomic, and Transcriptomic Comparison of Industrial Aspergillus oryzae Used in Chinese and Japanese Soy Sauce: Analysis of Key Proteolytic Enzymes Produced by Koji Molds
Lijie Zhang, Le Kang, Yan Xu, Yanbin Yin
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Characteristics of the soy sauce taste and koji enzyme profiles as affected by soybean traits
Yimin Chen, Mouming Zhao, Yunzi Feng
Food Bioscience.2023; 53: 102776. CrossRef
Comparative proteome and volatile metabolome analysis of Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 and Aspergillus sojae 3.495 during koji fermentation
Jingyao Li, Bin Liu, Xiaojuan Feng, Mengli Zhang, Tingting Ding, Yue Zhao, Chunling Wang
Food Research International.2023; 165: 112527. CrossRef
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for comparative genetic analysis related to soy sauce brewing in Aspergillus sojae industrial strains
Takayuki Igarashi, Takuya Katayama, Jun-ichi Maruyama
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2023; 87(10): 1236. CrossRef
Untargeted metabolomic profiling of Aspergillus sojae 3.495 and Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 fermented soy sauce koji and effect on moromi fermentation flavor
Jingyao Li, Chengguo Sun, Zhanyu Shen, Yutong Tian, Fanghua Mo, Binghui Wang, Bin Liu, Chunling Wang
LWT.2023; 184: 115027. CrossRef
Identification of Virulence Factors in Entomopathogenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Naturally Infected Rhipicephalus microplus
Cesar A. Arreguin-Perez, Estefan Miranda-Miranda, Jorge Luis Folch-Mallol, Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
Microorganisms.2023; 11(8): 2107. CrossRef
Are Current Aspergillus sojae Strains Originated from a Native Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species Population Also Present in California?
Perng-Kuang Chang, Sui Sheng T. Hua
Mycobiology.2023; 51(3): 139. CrossRef
Investigating the origin of subtelomeric and centromeric AT-rich elements in Aspergillus flavus
Arthur J. Lustig, Cecile Fairhead
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0279148. CrossRef
Whole-genome sequence of an Aspergillus parasiticus strain isolated from Kenyan soil
Alexandra Schamann, Rolf Geisen, Markus Schmidt-Heydt, Antonis Rokas
Microbiology Resource Announcements.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ethno-microbiology of Tempe, an Indonesian fungal-fermented soybean food and Koji, a Japanese fungal starter culture
Jyoti P Tamang, Anu Anupma, Headstar Nakibapher Jones Shangpliang
Current Opinion in Food Science.2022; 48: 100912. CrossRef
Regulation of Conidiogenesis in Aspergillus flavus
He-Jin Cho, Sung-Hun Son, Wanping Chen, Ye-Eun Son, Inhyung Lee, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
Cells.2022; 11(18): 2796. CrossRef
High molecular weight DNA extraction methods lead to high quality filamentous ascomycete fungal genome assemblies using Oxford Nanopore sequencing
Celine Petersen, Trine Sørensen, Klaus R. Westphal, Lavinia I. Fechete, Teis E. Sondergaard, Jens L. Sørensen, Kåre L. Nielsen
Microbial Genomics .2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Koji Molds for Japanese Soy Sauce Brewing: Characteristics and Key Enzymes
Kotaro Ito, Asahi Matsuyama
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(8): 658. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Role of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor CarQ in oxidative response of Bradyrhizobium japonicum: Anchana Thaweethawakorn , Dylan Parks , Jae-Seong So , Woo-Suk Chang; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):526-534. Published online July 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5308-9

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Abstract

As a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum can establish a symbiotic relationship with the soybean plant (Glycine max). To be a successful symbiont, B. japonicum must deal with plant defense responses, such as an oxidative burst. Our previous functional genomics study showed that carQ (bll1028) encoding extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor was highly expressed (107.8-fold induction) under oxidative stress. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of how CarQ responds to oxidative stress. In this study, a carQ knock-out mutant was constructed using site-specific mutagenesis to identify the role of carQ in the oxidative response of B. japonicum. The carQ mutant showed a longer generation time than the wild type and exhibited significantly decreased survival at 10 mM H2O2 for 10 min of exposure. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes such as katG and sod between the wild type and carQ mutant. The mutant also showed a significant increase in susceptibility to H2O2 compared to the wild type in the zone inhibition assay. Nodulation phenotypes of the carQ mutant were distinguishable compared to those of the wild type, including lower numbers of nodules, decreased nodule dry weight, decreased plant dry weight, and a lower nitrogen fixation capability. Moreover, desiccation of mutant cells also resulted in significantly lower percent of survival in both early (after 4 h) and late (after 24 h) desiccation periods. Taken together, this information will provide an insight into the role of the ECF sigma factor in B. japonicum to deal with a plant-derived oxidative burst.

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Implication of the σ E Regulon Members OmpO and σ N in the Δ ompA 299–356 -Mediated Decrease of Oxidative Stress Tolerance in St
Ren-Hsuan Ku, Li-Hua Li, Yi-Fu Liu, En-Wei Hu, Yi-Tsung Lin, Hsu-Feng Lu, Tsuey-Ching Yang, Silvia T. Cardona
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Identification and Validation of Reference Genes for Expression Analysis in Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria under Environmental Stress
Dylan Parks, Christian Peterson, Woo-Suk Chang
Life.2022; 12(9): 1379. CrossRef
MostSinorhizobium melilotiExtracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factors Control Accessory Functions
Claus Lang, Melanie J. Barnett, Robert F. Fisher, Lucinda S. Smith, Michelle E. Diodati, Sharon R. Long, Craig D. Ellermeier, Claude Bruand, Sarah Ades, Hans-Martin Fischer
mSphere.2018;[Epub] CrossRef

Endophytic Fungal Pre-treatments of Seeds Alleviates Salinity Stress ffects in Soybean Plants: Ramalingam Radhakrishnan , Abdul Latif Khan , In-Jung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(6):850-857. Published online December 19, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3168-8

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Abstract

In the present study, four endophytic fungi (GM-1, GM-2, GM-3, and GM-4) were tested for their ability to improve soybean plant growth under salinity stress conditions. The seed germination and plant growth were higher in seeds pretreated with endophytic fungal cultures than their controls. The positive influence of fungi on plant growth was supported by gibberellins analysis of culture filtrate (CF), which showed wide diversity and various concentrations of GAs. Specifically, GA4, GA7, GA8, GA9, GA12, and GA20 were found in fungal CFs. Under salinity stress conditions, GM-1 significantly enhanced the length and fresh weight of soybean plants relative to other fungal treatments. GM-1 effectively mitigated the adverse effects of salinity by limiting lipid peroxidation and accumulating protein content. GM-2, GM-3, and GM-4 also counteracted the salinity induced oxidative stress in soybean plants through reduction of lipid peroxidation and enhancement of protein content, maintaining the length and fresh weight of shoots. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were inhibited in salinity exposed plants, while GM-1 significantly enhanced these antioxidant enzyme activities in plants under salt stress. GM-1 treatment also showed lower levels of abscisic acid and elevated levels of salicylic acid in plants under salinity stress. Hence, GM-1 was identified as Fusarium verticillioides (teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis) isolate RK01 based on its DNA sequence homology. These results suggest that endophytic fungal (F. verticillioides) pre-treatment of soybean seeds would be an effective method to promote soybean plant growth under salinity stress conditions.

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Umaimah Nuzhat Iqbal, Abdul Moin, Masrure Alam
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Alulutho Nombamba, Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji, Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
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Hourfane Sohaib, Morgan Fays, Abderrezzak Khatib, John Rivière, Noureddine El Aouad, Nicolas Desoignies
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Hamed Azarbad, Robert R Junker
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Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(2): 116. CrossRef
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Yong-Lan Wang, Han-Bo Zhang
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023; 33(9): 1119. CrossRef
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Vineet Meshram, Meirav Elazar, Marcel Maymon, Gunjan Sharma, Raneen Shawahna, Eduard Belausov, Dana Charuvi, Stanley Freeman
Environmental and Experimental Botany.2023; 206: 105153. CrossRef
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Vladimir Vujanovic, James Germida
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Analyses of Bacterial Communities in Meju, a Korean Traditional Fermented Soybean Bricks, by Cultivation-Based and Pyrosequencing Methods: Yi-Seul Kim , Min-Cheol Kim , Soon-Wo Kwon , Soo-Jin Kim , In-Cheol Park , Jong-Ok Ka , Hang-Yeon Weon; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):340-348. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0302-3

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Abstract: Despite the importance of meju as a raw material used to make Korean soy sauce (ganjang) and soybean paste (doenjang), little is known about the bacterial diversity of Korean meju. In this study, the bacterial communities in meju were examined using both culture-dependent and independent methods in order to evaluate the diversity of the bacterial population. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the bacterial strains isolated from meju samples showed that the dominant species were related to members of the genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pediococcus. The community DNAs extracted from nine different meju samples were analyzed by barcoded pyrosequencing method targeting of the V1 to V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. In total, 132,374 sequences, with an average read length of 468 bp, were assigned to several phyla, with Firmicutes (93.6%) representing the predominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria (4.5%) and Bacteroidetes (0.8%). Other phyla accounted for less than 1% of the total bacterial sequences. Most of the Firmicutes were Bacillus and lactic acid bacteria, mainly represented by members of the genera Enterococcus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc, whose ratio varied among different samples. In conclusion, this study indicated that the bacterial communities in meju were very diverse and a complex microbial consortium containing various microorganisms got involved in meju fermentation than we expected before.

Chrysosporium pseudomerdarium Produces Gibberellins and Promotes Plant Growth: Muhammad Hamayun , Sumera Afzal Khan , Ilyas Iqbal , Chae-In Na , Abdul Latif Khan , Young-Hyun Hwang , In-Jung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(4):425-430. Published online September 9, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0268-6

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Abstract: We isolated 10 endophytic fungi from the roots of drought stressed soybean cultivar Hwangkeumkong and bioassyed on waito-c rice and soybean seedlings, in order to identify plant growth-promoting fungi. The fungal isolate D-2-1 provided the best result for plant height and biomass promotion as compared to wild type Gibberella fujikuroi. The D-2-1 culture filtrate (CF) was analyzed for the presence of gibberellins (GAs) and it was observed that all physiologically active GAs, especially gibberellic acid, were present in higher amounts (GA1, 0.24 ng/ml; GA3, 8.99 ng/ml; GA4, 2.58 ng/ml and GA7, 1.39 ng/ml) in conjunction with physiologically inactive GA5, GA9, GA15, GA19, and GA24. The fungal isolate D-2-1 was identified as a new strain of Chrysosporium pseudomerdarium through phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence. Plant growth promotion and GAs production capacity of genus Chrysosporium have been reported for the first time in this study.

Journal Article

Ethanol Extract of Fermented Soybean, Chungkookjang, Inhibits the Apoptosis of Mouse Spleen, and Thymus Cells: Han Bok Kim , Hye Sung Lee , Sook Jin Kim , Hyung Jae Yoo , Jae Sung Hwang , Gang Chen , Hyun Joo Youn; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(3):256-261.; DOI: https://doi.org/2534 [pii]

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Abstract: Apoptosis is a step of the cell cycle which is important in the regulation of immune cell populations. Chungkookjang is a Korean traditional fermented soybean containing microorganisms, enzymes, and bioactive compounds which was used in the treatment of mouse spleen as well as thymus cells (CH1-fermented soybean containing barley, wormwood, and sea tangle; CH2-fermented soybean) and was found to exhibit substantially reduced small DNA fragmentation. An MTT assay showed that the treatment of CH1 and CH2 into the mouse splenocytes and thymocytes sharply increased their survival. Moreover, a FACS analysis also showed that CH1 and CH2 are effective at suppressing the apoptosis of splenocytes and thymocytes. The fermented soybean isoflavone concentrations, which are implicated in lowering breast and prostate cancers, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and improving bone health, were determined using Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrochemical Detection (CE-ED). The amount of Daidzein in fermented soybean significantly increased by 44-fold dramatically, compared with those in unfermented soybean. In this study, we demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Chungkookjang promote the survival of the mouse spleen and thymus cells in culture by suppressing their apoptotic death. Future studies should investigate which genes are related to apoptosis of the immune cells.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Differential Symbiotic Response of Phage-typed Strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with Soybean Cultivars: Chinnaswamy Appunu , Banshi Dhar; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(3):363-368.; DOI: https://doi.org/2374 [pii]

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Abstract: In this study, native Bradyrhizobium strains were isolated from the host plant, Glycine max, harvested from fields in Madhya Pradesh, India, and were typed by lytic rhizobiophages.Eight indigenous (Soy2, ASR011, ASR031, ASR032, MSR091, ISR050, ISR076 and ISR078) and two exotic strains (USDA123 and CB1809), all of which evidenced a distinct reaction with six phages, were employed in this study. The symbiotic interaction of these strains was studied initially using soybean cultivar JS335 in a sand culture in a controlled environment, and the efficiency was assessed based on the nodule number, nodule dry weight, plant dry weight, nitrogenase activity, and total accumulation of N per plant. Symbiotic effectiveness was found to be highest with the native phage-sensitive isolate ASR011, whereas it was at a minimum with the phage-resistant isolates, ISR050 and ISR078. Additionally, the effectiveness of these strains was evaluated using six soybean cultivars belonging to different maturity groups; namely, Bragg, Lee, Pusa20, PK416, JS335 and NRC37. Analysis of variance data evidenced significant differences due to both symbionts, for the majority of the tested parameters. The CB1809, USDA123, and ASR011 strains evidenced relatively superior symbiotic effectiveness with soybean cultivars Bragg, Lee and JS335. Strain ISR078 evidenced no significant responses with any of the cultivars. The ASR031 strain performed moderately well with all tested cultivars. The symbiotic response of all the strains was quite poor with cultivar PK416. Our studies showed that a significant relationship existed between the phage sensitivity and symbiotic efficiency of the bacterial strains with the host-cultivars.

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