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- Whole genome analysis of Aspergillus sojae SMF 134 supports its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation
- Kang Uk Kim , Kyung Min Kim , Yong-Ho Choi , Byung-Serk Hurh , Inhyung Lee
- J. Microbiol. 2019;57(10):874-883. Published online June 27, 2019
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9152-1
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- 14 Citations
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Abstract
- Aspergillus sojae is a koji (starter) mold that has been applied for food fermentation in Asia. The whole genome of A. sojae SMF 134, which was isolated from meju (Korean soybean fermented brick), was analyzed at the genomic level to evaluate its potential as a starter for soybean fermentation. The genome size was 40.1 Mbp, which was expected to be composed of eight chromosomes with 13,748 ORFs. Strain SMF 134 had a total of 151 protease genes, among which two more leucine aminopeptidase (lap) genes were found in addition to the previously known lap1, and three γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) genes were newly identified. Such genomic characteristics of SMF 134 with many protease and flavor-related (lap and ggt) genes support its merits as a starter for soybean fermentation. In addition, this first complete genome of A. sojae will allow for further genetic studies to better understand the production of various enzymes, including proteases, LAPs, and GGTs, as well as other characteristics as a starter mold for soybean fermentation.
- Mixed starter of Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citreum for extending kimchi shelf-life
- Mi-Ju Kim , Hae-Won Lee , Mo-Eun Lee , Seong Woon Roh , Tae-Woon Kim
- J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):479-484. Published online May 27, 2019
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9048-0
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- 25 Citations
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Abstract
- To develop a starter culture system for improving the shelflife and quality of kimchi, we prepared a mixed starter composed of Lactococcus lactis and Leuconostoc citreum. Two strains, L. lactis WiKim0098 and Leu. citreum WiKim0096, showed high antimicrobial activity and mannitol productivity, respectively. These lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were introduced as a starter into kimchi following cultivation in foodgrade liquid medium. Two kimchi samples, with and without starter, were fermented for 12 days at 10°C. Compared to the control kimchi without starter, a lower initial pH and higher number of LAB were observed in kimchi with starter at 0 day. However, the starter in kimchi prolonged the period taken by kimchi to reach to pH 4.2 by approximately 1.5-fold compared to that in the control kimchi. To estimate the effect of the starter on the flavor of kimchi, metabolite changes were evaluated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In starter fermented kimchi, the levels of mannitol and amino acid, which are associated with the flavor of kimchi, were increased following fermentation. The amount of mannitol was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, showing concentrations of 3.4 and 5.1 mg/ml for the control and starter fermented kimchi, respectively. Thus, mixed starter inoculated with L. lactis WiKim0098 and Leu. citreum WiKim0096 may extend the shelf-life of kimchi and improve its sensory characteristics.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Bacterial and Fungal Diversity in the Starter Production Process of Fen Liquor, a Traditional Chinese Liquor
- Xiao-Ran Li , En-Bo Ma , Liang-Zhen Yan , Han Meng , Xiao-Wei Du , Zhe-Xue Quan
- J. Microbiol. 2013;51(4):430-438. Published online August 30, 2013
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2640-9
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- 55 Citations
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Abstract
- Fermented foods and beverages are important parts of human diet. Fen liquor, a Chinese liquor is a fermented beverage that uses a traditional fermentation process. Starters are the main microbial source and also provide nutrients for microorganisms during fermentation. In this study, starters of Fen liquor were produced through a complex traditional fermentation process. To investigate the community structure and the composition of microorganisms in the starter production process, bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were sequenced using clone libraries and pyrosequencing, respectively. There was much higher diversity among the bacteria than among the fungi in the starter production process. Bacteria on the surface of the starters belonged mostly to the Lactobacillaceae family, while members of the Bacillacae family were dominant in the interior of the samples that lacked access to air and water. In the fungi population, diversity was high only in the raw material. In all other samples, nearly all of the fungal sequences were from Pichia kudriavzevii, a member of the Saccharomycetaceae family. Nearly all samples showed similar fungal community structures, indicating that there was little change in the fungal community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to reveal the whole process of the starter production of Chinese traditional liquor. The findings obtained in this study provide new insights into understanding the composition of the microbial community during the traditional Chinese liquor starter production process and information about the production process control and monitoring.
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