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- Bacterial Crosstalk via Antimicrobial Peptides on the Human Skin: Therapeutics from a Sustainable Perspective
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Seon Mi Lee , Hye Lim Keum , Woo Jun Sul
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(1):1-11. Published online January 31, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-00002-8
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Abstract
- The skin’s epidermis is an essential barrier as the first guard against invading pathogens, and physical protector from external
injury. The skin microbiome, which consists of numerous bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea on the epidermis, play a key
role in skin homeostasis. Antibiotics are a fast-acting and effective treatment method, however, antibiotic use is a nuisance
that can disrupt skin homeostasis by eradicating beneficial bacteria along with the intended pathogens and cause antibioticresistant
bacteria spread. Increased numbers of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) derived from humans and bacteria have been
reported, and their roles have been well defined. Recently, modulation of the skin microbiome with AMPs rather than artificially
synthesized antibiotics has attracted the attention of researchers as many antibiotic-resistant strains make treatment
mediation difficult in the context of ecological problems. Herein, we discuss the overall insights into the skin microbiome,
including its regulation by different AMPs, as well as their composition and role in health and disease.
Journal Article
- Soft sweep development of resistance in Escherichia coli under fluoroquinolone stress
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Xianxing Xie , Ruichen Lv , Chao Yang , Yajun Song , Yanfeng Yan , Yujun Cui , Ruifu Yang
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1056-1064. Published online September 25, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9177-5
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Abstract
- We employed a stepwise selection model for investigating the
dynamics of antibiotic-resistant variants in Escherichia coli
K-12 treated with increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin
(CIP). Firstly, we used Sanger sequencing to screen the variations
in the fluoquinolone target genes, then, employed Illumina
NGS sequencing for amplicons targeted regions with
variations. The results demonstrated that variations G81C in
gyrA and K276N and K277L in parC are standing resistance
variations (SRVs), while S83A and S83L in gyrA and G78C
in parC were emerging resistance variations (ERVs). The variants
containing SRVs and/or ERVs were selected successively
based on their sensitivities to CIP. Variant strain 1, containing
substitution G81C in gyrA, was immediately selected
following ciprofloxacin exposure, with obvious increases in
the parC SRV, and parC and gyrA ERV allele frequencies.
Variant strain 2, containing the SRVs, then dominated the
population following a 20× increase in ciprofloxacin concentration,
with other associated allele frequencies also elevated.
Variant strains 3 and 4, containing ERVs in gyrA and parC,
respectively, were then selected at 40× and 160× antibiotic
concentrations. Two variants, strains 5 and 6, generated in
the selection procedure, were lost because of higher fitness
costs or a lower level of resistance compared with variants 3
and 4. For the second induction, all variations/indels were
already present as SRVs and selected out step by step at different
passages. Whatever the first induction or second induction,
our results confirmed the soft selective sweep hypothesis
and provided critical information for guiding clinical
treatment of pathogens containing SRVs.
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