DNA methylation is known as a universal mechanism of epigenetic
regulation in all kingdoms of life. Particularly, given
that prokaryotes lack key elements such as histones and nucleosomes
that can structurally modify DNA, DNA methylation
is considered a major epigenetic regulator in these organisms.
However, because DNA methylation studies have focused
primarily on eukaryotes, the mechanism of prokaryotic
DNA methylation has been less studied than in eukaryotes.
DNA methylation in prokaryotes plays an important role in
regulating not only the host defense system, but also the cell
cycle, gene expression, and virulence that can respond directly
to the environment. Recent advances in sequencing techniques
capable of detecting methylation signals have allowed for the
characterization of prokaryotic genome-wide epigenetic regulation.
In this review, we describe representative examples of
cellular events regulated by DNA methylation in prokaryotes,
from early studies to current applications.
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the current classification of these enzymes. The resultant
data suggest that sortase classes A, B, and D predominate in
Firmicutes and classes E and F are enriched in Actinobacteria,
whereas class C is distributed in both Firmicutes and Actinobacteria
except Streptomyces family. Sortases were also observed
in various Gram-negatives and euryarchaeota, which
should be recognized as novel classes of sortases. Motif analysis
around the catalytic cysteine was also performed and
suggested that the residue at 2nd position from cysteine may
help distinguish various sortase classes. Moreover, the sequence
analysis indicated that the catalytic arginine is highly
conserved in almost all classes except sortase F in which arginine
is replaced by asparagine in Actinobacteria. Additionally,
class A sortases showed higher structural variation as compared
to other sortases, whereas inter-class comparisons suggested
structures of class C and D2 exhibited best similarities.
A better understanding of the residues highlighted in
this study should be helpful in elucidating their roles in substrate
binding and the sortase function, and successively could
help in the development of strong sortase inhibitors.
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