Journal Articles
- Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk‑Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes
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Abirami Arasu , Nagaram Prabha , Durga Devi , Praveen Kumar Issac , Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Reem A. Aljeidi , Dina S. Hussein , Magesh Mohan , Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb , Ajay Guru , Jesu Arockiaraj
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):993-1011. Published online December 4, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00086-w
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Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite
its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances,
serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants,
Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained
from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed
through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary
metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical
tests, FTIR, and GC–MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested
against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A.
cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular
docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds
displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results,
it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly
targeting its virulence.
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- Cultural Perspectives on the Sustainable Use and Added Value of Plant-Based Food Dyes—A Case Study from Bulgaria
Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Dessislava Dimitrova
Sustainability.2024; 16(20): 9049. CrossRef
- Tubulysins are Essential for the Preying of Ciliates by Myxobacteria
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Uisang Yu , Jiha Kim , Seohui Park , Kyungyun Cho
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J. Microbiol. 2023;61(6):627-632. Published online June 14, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00056-2
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Abstract
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Tubulysins are bioactive secondary metabolites produced by myxobacteria that promote microtubule disassembly. Microtubules
are required for protozoa such as Tetrahymena to form cilia and flagella. To study the role of tubulysins in myxobacteria,
we co-cultured myxobacteria and Tetrahymena. When 4000 Tetrahymena thermophila and 5.0 × 108
myxobacteria were
added to 1 ml of CYSE medium and co-cultured for 48 h, the population of T. thermophila increased to more than 75,000.
However, co-culturing tubulysin-producing myxobacteria, including Archangium gephyra KYC5002, with T. thermophila
caused the population of T. thermophila to decrease from 4000 to less than 83 within 48 h. Almost no dead bodies of T.
thermophila were observed in the culture medium. Co-culturing of T. thermophila and the A. gephyra KYC5002 strain with
inactivation of the tubulysin biosynthesis gene led to the population of T. thermophila increasing to 46,667. These results
show that in nature, most myxobacteria are preyed upon by T. thermophila, but some myxobacteria prey on and kill T. thermophila
using tubulysins. Adding purified tubulysin A to T. thermophila changed the cell shape from ovoid to spherical and
caused cell surface cilia to disappear.
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- Tubulysin Production by the Dead Cells of Archangium gephyra KYC5002
Seohui Park, Chaehyeon Park, Yujin Ka, Kyungyun Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(6): 463. CrossRef - Two reasons to kill: predation and kin discrimination in myxobacteria
Christine Kaimer, Michael L. Weltzer, Daniel Wall
Microbiology
.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
- Biofilm characterization of Fusarium solani keratitis isolate: increased resistance to antifungals and UV light
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Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara , Diana Laura Venegas-Cortés , María Ángeles Martínez-Rivera , Néstor Octavio Pérez , Aida Verónica Rodriguez-Tovar
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):485-497. Published online May 27, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8637-2
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Abstract
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Fusarium solani has drawn phytopathogenic, biotechnological,
and medical interest. In humans, it is associated with
localized infections, such as onychomycosis and keratomycosis,
as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised
patients. One pathogenicity factor of filamentous fungi is biofilm
formation. There is still only scarce information about
the in vitro mechanism of the formation and composition of
F. solani biofilm. In this work, we describe the biofilm formed
by a clinical keratomycosis isolate in terms of its development,
composition and susceptibility to different antifungals and
ultraviolet light (UV) at different biofilm formation stages.
We found five biofilm formation stages using scanning electron
microscopy: adherence, germination, hyphal development,
maturation, and cell detachment. Using epifluorescence
microscopy with specific fluorochromes, it was elucidated
that the extracellular matrix consists of carbohydrates, proteins,
and extracellular DNA. Specific inhibitors for these
molecules showed significant biofilm reductions. The antifungal
susceptibility against natamycin, voriconazole, caspofungin,
and amphotericin B was evaluated by metabolic activity
and crystal violet assay, with the F. solani biofilm preformation
to 24 h increased in resistance to natamycin, voriconazole,
and caspofungin, while the biofilm preformation
to 48 h increased in resistance to amphotericin B. The preformed
biofilm at 24 h protected and reduced UV light
mortality. F. solani isolate could produce a highly structured
extra biofilm; its cellular matrix consists of carbohydrate polymers,
proteins, and eDNA. Biofilm confers antifungal resistance
and decreases its susceptibility to UV light. The fungal
biofilm functions as a survival strategy against antifungals
and environmental factors.
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Citations
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- Increased susceptibility against Cryptococcus neoformans of lupus mouse models (pristane-induction and FcGRIIb deficiency) is associated with activated macrophage, regardless of genetic background
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Saowapha Surawut , Jiradej Makjaroen , Arthid Thim-uam , Jutamas Wongphoom , Tanapat Palaga , Prapaporn Pisitkun , Ariya Chindamporn , Asada Leelahavanichkul
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J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):45-53. Published online November 19, 2018
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8311-8
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Abstract
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The severity of cryptococcosis in lupus from varying geneticbackgrounds
might be different due to the heterogeneity of
lupus-pathogenesis. This study explored cryptococcosis in
lupus mouse models of pristane-induction (normal geneticbackground)
and FcGRIIb deficiency (genetic defect). Because
the severity of lupus nephritis, as determined by proteinuria
and serum creatinine, between pristane and FcGRIIb-/- mice
were similar at 6-month-old, Cryptococcus neoformans was
intravenously administered in 6-month-old mice and were
age-matched with wild-type. Indeed, the cryptococcosis disease
severity, as evaluated by mortality rate, internal-organ
fungal burdens and serum cytokines, between pristane and
FcGRIIb-/- mice was not different. However, the severity of
cryptococcosis in wild-type was less severe than the lupus
mice. On the other hand, phagocytosis activity of peritoneal
macrophages from lupus mice (pristane and FcGRIIb-/-)
was more predominant than the wild-type without the difference
in macrophage killing-activity among these groups.
In addition, the number of active T helper cells (Th-cell) in
the spleen, including Th-cells with intracellular IFN-γ, from
lupus mice (pristane and FcGRIIb-/-) was higher than wildtype.
Moreover, these active Th-cells were even higher after
2 weeks of cryptococcal infection. These data support enhanced
macrophage activation through prominent Th-cells
in both lupus models. In conclusion, an increased susceptibility
of cryptococcosis in both lupus models was independent
to genetic background. This might due to Th-cell enhanced
macrophage phagocytosis with the interference of macrophage
killing activity from Cryptococcal immune-evasion
properties.
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Dharmendra Kumar Soni , Durg Vijai Singh , Suresh Kumar Dubey
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J. Microbiol. 2015;53(9):653-660. Published online August 1, 2015
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5243-9
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70
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22
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Abstract
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Listeria monocytogenes, a life-threatening pathogen, poses
severe risk during pregnancy, may cause abortion, fetal death
or neonatal morbidity in terms of septicemia and meningitis.
The present study aimed at characterizing L. monocytogenes
isolated from pregnant women based on serotyping, antibiotic
susceptibility, virulence genes, in vivo pathogenicity test and
ERIC- and REP-PCR fingerprint analyses. The results revealed
that out of 3700 human clinical samples, a total of 30 (0.81%)
isolates [12 (0.80%) from placental bit (1500), 18 (0.81%) from
vaginal swab (2200)] were positive for L. monocytogenes. All
the isolates belonged to serogroup 4b, and were + ve for
virulence genes tested i.e. inlA, inlC, inlJ, plcA, prfA, actA,
hlyA, and iap. Based on the mice inoculation tests, 20 isolates
showed 100% and 4 isolates 60% relative virulence while
6 isolates were non-pathogenic. Moreover, 2 and 10 isolates
were resistant to ciprofloxacin and cefoxitin, respectively,
while the rest susceptible to other antibiotics used in this
study. ERIC- and REP-PCR collectively depicted that the isolates
from placental bit and vaginal swab had distinct PCR
fingerprints except a few isolates with identical patterns. This
study demonstrates prevalence of pathogenic strains mostly
resistant to cefoxitin and/or ciprofloxacin. The results indicate
the importance of isolating and characterizing the pathogen
from human clinical samples as the pre-requisite for accurate
epidemiological investigations.
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Review
- Minireview] The molecular mechanism of azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: from bedside to bench and back
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Xiaolei Wei , Yuanwei Zhang Zhang , Ling Lu
-
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):91-99. Published online January 28, 2015
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5014-7
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80
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25
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Abstract
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The growing use of immunosuppressive therapies has resulted
in a dramatic increased incidence of invasive fungal
infections (IFIs) caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, a common
pathogen, and is also associated with a high mortality rate.
Azoles are the primary guideline-recommended therapy agents
for first-line treatment and prevention of IFIs. However,
increased azole usage in medicinal and agricultural settings
has caused azole-resistant isolates to repeatedly emerge in
the environment, resulting in a significant threat to human
health. In this review, we present and summarize current
research on the resistance mechanisms of azoles in A. fumigatus
as well as efficient susceptibility testing methods. Moreover,
we analyze and discuss the putative clinical (bedside)
indication of these findings from bench work.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus- comprehensive review
Mthokozisi Dladla, Marieka Gyzenhout, Gert Marias, Soumya Ghosh
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef -
Unveiling environmental transmission risks: comparative analysis of azole resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
clinical and environmental isolates from Yunnan, China
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Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef -
The mitochondrial protein Bcs1A regulates antifungal drug tolerance by affecting efflux pump expression in the filamentous pathogenic fungus
Aspergillus fumigatus
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Microbiology Spectrum.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The expression pattern, subcellular localization and function of three sterol 14α-demethylases in Aspergillus oryzae
Qi Jin, Ganghua Li, Kunhai Qin, Yitong Shang, Huanhuan Yan, Hongliang Liu, Bin Zeng, Zhihong Hu
Frontiers in Genetics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Mitochondrial Membrane-Associated Protein Mba1 Confers Antifungal Resistance by Affecting the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Aspergillus fumigatus
Guoxing Zhu, Shu Chen, Yuanwei Zhang, Ling Lu
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Drug-Resistant Aspergillus spp.: A Literature Review of Its Resistance Mechanisms and Its Prevalence in Europe
Maria Antonia De Francesco
Pathogens.2023; 12(11): 1305. CrossRef -
Deletion of
cox7c
Results in Pan-Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus
Mingcong Chen, Guowei Zhong, Sha Wang, Peiying Chen, Lei Li
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Cannabis and the Cancer Patient
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Pathogens.2021; 10(6): 701. CrossRef - Analysis of the prochloraz‐Mn resistance risk and its molecular basis in Mycogone rosea from Agaricus bisporus
Yixin Du, Niuniu Shi, Hongchun Ruan, Jianqiang Miao, He Yan, Chunxi Shi, Furu Chen, Xili Liu
Pest Management Science.2021; 77(10): 4680. CrossRef -
Electron Donor Cytochrome
b
5
Is Required for Hyphal Tip Accumulation of Sterol-Rich Plasma Membrane Domains and Membrane Fluidity in Aspergillus fumigatus
Chi Zhang, Yiran Ren, Lu Gao, Huiyu Gu, Ling Lu, Rebecca E. Parales
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Examining Signatures of Natural Selection in Antifungal Resistance Genes Across Aspergillus Fungi
Renato Augusto Corrêa dos Santos, Matthew E. Mead, Jacob L. Steenwyk, Olga Rivero-Menéndez, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Gustavo Henrique Goldman, Antonis Rokas
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Yi Sun, Lujuan Gao, Youwen Zhang, Ji Yang, Tongxiang Zeng
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Renato A. C. dos Santos, Jacob L. Steenwyk, Olga Rivero-Menendez, Matthew E. Mead, Lilian P. Silva, Rafael W. Bastos, Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo, Gustavo H. Goldman, Antonis Rokas
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Alba Pérez-Cantero, Loida López-Fernández, Josep Guarro, Javier Capilla
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Yeqi Li, Yuanwei Zhang, Ling Lu
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Jinxing Song, Shizhu Zhang, Ling Lu
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Zhongyi Lu, Xiaodong Jia, Yong Chen, Xuelin Han, Fangyan Chen, Shuguang Tian, Xueting Su, Zongwei Li, Jingya Zhao, Xi Zhang, Mandong Hu, Liuyu Huang, Li Han
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2018;[Epub] CrossRef -
Aspergillus fumigatus
Afssn3-Afssn8
Pair Reverse Regulates Azole Resistance by Conferring Extracellular Polysaccharide, Sphingolipid Pathway Intermediates, and Efflux Pumps to Biofilm
Nanbiao Long, Liping Zeng, Shanlei Qiao, Lei Li, Guowei Zhong
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2018;[Epub] CrossRef -
Screening and Characterization of a Non-
cyp51A
Mutation in an
Aspergillus fumigatus cox10
Strain Conferring Azole Resistance
Xiaolei Wei, Peiying Chen, Rongsui Gao, Yeqi Li, Anxue Zhang, Feifei Liu, Ling Lu
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - A Putative Mitochondrial Iron Transporter MrsA in Aspergillus fumigatus Plays Important Roles in Azole-, Oxidative Stress Responses and Virulence
Nanbiao Long, Xiaoling Xu, Hui Qian, Shizhu Zhang, Ling Lu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Highly efficient CRISPR mutagenesis by microhomology-mediated end joining in Aspergillus fumigatus
Chi Zhang, Xiuhua Meng, Xiaolei Wei, Ling Lu
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2016; 86: 47. CrossRef - Triazole Susceptibilities in Thermotolerant Fungal Isolates from Outdoor Air in the Seoul Capital Area in South Korea
Seungeun Lee, Siyu Xu, Chemmeri Padasseri Bivila, Hyeyoung Lee, Myung Soo Park, Young Woon Lim, Naomichi Yamamoto, Kap-Hoon Han
PLOS ONE.2015; 10(9): e0138725. CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- Candida albicans ENO1 Null Mutants Exhibit Altered Drug Susceptibility, Hyphal Formation, and Virulence
-
Hui-Ching Ko , Ting-Yin Hsiao , Chiung-Tong Chen , Yun-Liang Yang
-
J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):345-351. Published online June 28, 2013
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2577-z
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52
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40
Scopus
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Abstract
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We previously showed that the expression of ENO1 (enolase) in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is critical for cell growth. In this study, we investigate the contribution of the ENO1 gene to virulence. We conducted our functional study of ENO1 in C. albicans by constructing an eno1/eno1 null mutant strain in which both ENO1 alleles in the genome were knockouted with the SAT1 flipper cassette that contains the nourseothricin-resistance marker. Although the null mutant failed to grow on synthetic media containing glucose, it was capable of growth on media containing yeast extract, peptone, and non-fermentable carbon sources. The null mutant was more susceptible to certain antifungal drugs. It also exhibited defective hyphal formation, and was avirulent in BALB/c mice.
- A New Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor Attenuates Virulence and Decreases Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
Yu-Xiang Yang , Zhen-Hua Xu , Yu-Qian Zhang , Jing Tian , Li-Xing Weng , Lian-Hui Wang
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J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):987-993. Published online December 30, 2012
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2149-7
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50
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0
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66
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Abstract
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Quorum sensing (QS) has been a novel target for the treatment of infectious diseases. Here structural analogs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) were investigated for QS inhibitor (QSI) activity
and a novel QSI was discovered, N-decanoyl-L-homoserine benzyl ester (C2). Virulence assays showed that C2 downregulated total protease and elastase activities, as well as the production of rhamnolipid, that are controlled by QS in P.
aeruginosa wild-type strain PAO1 without affecting growth. C2 was also shown to inhibit swarming motility of PAO1. Using a microdilution checkerboard method, we identified synergistic interactions between C2 and several antibiotics, tobramycin, gentamycin, cefepime, and meropenem. Data from real-time RT-PCR suggested that C2 inhibited the expression of lasR (29.67%), lasI (21.57%), rhlR (28.20%), and
rhlI (29.03%).
Journal Article
- Epidemiological Features and Resistance Pattern in Uropathogens Isolated from Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
-
Tommaso Cai , Sandra Mazzoli , Francesca Meacci , Vieri Boddi , Nicola Mondaini , Gianni Malossini , Riccardo Bartoletti
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J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):448-454. Published online June 30, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0391-z
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44
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32
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Abstract
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Chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) is, usually, caused by uropathogens, especially gram-negative bacilli, although infection is sometimes due to Gram-positive and atypical microorganisms. A recent increasing in prevalence of Gram-positive strains has been reported. The aim of this study was to explore the epidemiological features and resistance rates in uropathogens isolated from CBP outpatients in last 10 years. All consecutive outpatients with demonstrated CBP attending a single Sexually Transmitted Disease centre from January 1997 and December 2008, were enrolled and underwent microbiological cultures in first void early morning urine, midstream urine, expressed prostatic secretion, and post prostate massage urine. Prevalence of different bacterial strains was stratified in four different periods: 1997-1999, 2000-2002, 2003-2005, 2006-2008. Any changes observed in epidemiological features and resistance rates in uropathogens over the whole study period have been analyzed. The present study has been planned, thus, as in vitro study. From 6,221 patients, 4,601 Gram-positive and 1,620 Gram-negative bacterial strains have been isolated. Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli strains are the first and second frequent pathogens found, respectively. Significant differences between E. faecalis prevalence in the 1997-1999 and 2006-2008 periods were found. E. coli showed a significant difference between prevalence in 1997-1999 and 2006-2008 periods. Gram-positive organisms showed a decreasing of susceptibility to ciprofloxacin as well as Gram-negative strains, while a good susceptibility to the levofloxacin was evidenced. E. faecalis prevalence seemed to be raised in 2006-2008 periods. Moreover, a decreasing of activity of ciprofloxacin and a good activity profile of levofloxacin have been reported.
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- A Simple Colorimetric Method for Testing Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Biofilmed Bacteria
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Shukho Kim , Mi Jin Kim , Hee Young Kang , Sung Yong Seol , Dong Taek Cho , Jungmin Kim
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J. Microbiol. 2010;48(5):709-711. Published online November 3, 2010
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0299-z
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41
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Abstract
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This study introduces a simple colorimetric method which can measure the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria in biofilms using trimethyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as an indicator of viable bacteria. The new method was utilized for the evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
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Adalgisa Ribeiro Torres , Welington Luiz Araujo , Luciana Cursino , Mariangela Hungria , Fabio Plotegher , Fabio Luis Mostasso , Joao Lucio Azevedo
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J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):373-379. Published online August 31, 2008
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0165-9
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55
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Abstract
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Fifty-three endophytic enterobacteria isolates from citrus, cocoa, eucalyptus, soybean, and sugar cane were evaluated for susceptibility to the antibiotics ampicillin and kanamycin, and cellulase production. Susceptibility was found on both tested antibiotics. However, in the case of ampicillin susceptibility changed according to the host plant, while all isolates were susceptible to kanamycin. Cellulase production also changed according to host plants. The diversity of these isolates was estimated by employing BOX-PCR genomic fingerprints and 16S rDNA sequencing. In total, twenty-three distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified by employing a criterion of 60% fingerprint similarity as a surrogate for an OTU. The 23 OTUs belong to the Pantoea and Enterobacter genera, while their high diversity could be an indication of paraphyletic classification. Isolates representing nine different OTUs belong to Pantoea agglomerans, P. ananatis, P. stewartii, Enterobacter sp., and E. homaechei. The results of this study suggest that plant species may select endophytic bacterial genotypes. It has also become apparent that a review of the Pantoea/Enterobacter genera may be necessary.
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- Propagation of Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus in Nonpermissive Insect Cell Lines
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Soo-Dong Woo , Jong Yul Roh , Jae Young Choi , Byung Rae Jin
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J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):133-138.
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DOI: https://doi.org/2522 [pii]
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Abstract
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This study addresses the susceptibility of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9 and Sf21), Trichoplusia ni (Hi5), and S. exigua (Se301) cells to the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Although these cells have classically been considered nonpermissive to BmNPV, the cytopathic effect, an increase in viral yield, and viral DNA synthesis by BmNPV were observed in Sf9, Sf21, and Hi5 cells, but not in Se301 cells. Very late gene expression by BmNPV in these cell lines was also detected via β-galactosidase expression under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. Sf9 cells were most susceptible to BmNPV in all respects, followed by Sf21 and Hi5 cells in decreasing order, while the Se301 cells evidenced no distinct viral replication. This particular difference in viral susceptibility in each of the cell lines can be utilized for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the host specificity of NPVs.
- Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in Chicken Intestines and Fecal Samples from Healthy Young Children and Intensive Care Unit Patients
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Shin Moo Kim , Eun Sook Shim , Chi Nam Seong
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J. Microbiol. 2001;39(2):116-120.
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Abstract
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The prevalence, resistance genotype and antibiotic susceptibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were determined. Prevalence of VRE in chickens, healthy children and intensive care unit (ICU) patients was 43.0%, 12.7% and 24.1%, respectively. Forty out of 56 isolates from chicken intestines were identified as Enterococcus faecium, and 12 were E. faecalis. All the isolates contained the vanA gene. Nine out of 13 VRE isolates from patients and two out of 21 from healthy young children were identified as E. faecium. The resistance types of E. faecium, E. gallinarium and E. casseliflavus were VanA, VanC1, and VanC2, respectively. The mimimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of E. faecium, E. gallinarium, and E. casseliflavus to vancomycin were 512, 8 and 4 g/ml, respectively. Specifically, E. faecium isolates were resistant to most of antibiotics except ampicillin and gentamicin. This is the first report of high VanA type VRE prevalence in nonhospitalized young children in Korea.