Many freshwater cyanobacteria, including Microcystis aeruginosa, lack several known antibiotic resistance genes; however,
both axenic and xenic M. aeruginosa strains exhibited high antibiotic resistance against many antibiotics under our tested
concentrations, including colistin, trimethoprim, and kanamycin. Interestingly, axenic PCC7806, although not the xenic
NIBR18 and NIBR452 strains, displayed susceptibility to ampicillin and amoxicillin, indicating that the associated bacteria
in the phycosphere could confer such antibiotic resistance to xenic strains. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopic
observations revealed their tight association, leading to possible community-level β-lactamase activity. Combinatory treatment
of ampicillin with a β-lactamase inhibitor, sulbactam, abolished the ampicillin resistance in the xenic stains. The
nitrocefin-based assay confirmed the presence of significant community-level β-lactamase activity. Our tested low ampicillin
concentration and high β-lactamase activity could potentially balance the competitive advantage of these dominant species
and provide opportunities for the less competitive species, thereby resulting in higher bacterial diversity under ampicillin
treatment conditions. Non-PCR-based metagenome data from xenic NIBR18 cultures revealed the dominance of blaOXArelated
antibiotic resistance genes followed by other class A β-lactamase genes (AST-1 and FAR-1). Alleviation of ampicillin
toxicity could be observed only in axenic PCC7806, which had been cocultured with β-lactamase from other freshwater
bacteria. Our study suggested M. aeruginosa develops resistance to old-class β-lactam antibiotics through altruism, where
associated bacteria protect axenic M. aeruginosa cells.
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A novel, Gram-stain-negative, marine bacterium, designated
GH2-6T, was isolated from a rhizosphere mudflat of a halophyte
(Carex scabrifolia) collected in Gangwha Island, the
Republic of Korea. The cells of the organism were strictly
aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-flagellated rods.
Growth occurred at 20–45°C, pH 5–10, and 0.5–9 (w/v) NaCl.
The requirement of Na+ for growth (0.5–3%) was observed.
The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major polar
lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylglycerol, an aminolipid and a glycolipid. The
predominant fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c, C18:0, C16:0, C19:0 cyclo
ω8c, C18:1 ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 2 (C14:0 3-OH
and/or C16:1 iso I). The genome size was 4.45 Mb and the G+C
content of the genomic DNA was 61.9 mol%. Phylogenetic
analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that
strain GH2-6T belonged to genus Martelella and formed a tight
cluster with M. radicis BM5-7T and M. endophytica YC6887T.
Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the novel
isolate and members of the genus were 99.3–95.5%, but strain
GH2-6T possessed an extended loop (49 nucleotides in length)
between positions 187 and 213 of the 16S rRNA gene sequence
(E. coli numbering). DDH values in vitro between the novel
isolate and the closest relatives were 23.2±12.8 – 46.3±5.2%.
On the basis of polyphasic data presented in this study, the
type strain GH2-6T (= KACC 19403T = KCTC 62125T = NBRC
113212T) represents a novel species of the genus Martelella
for which the name Martelella lutilitoris sp. nov. is proposed.
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