Journal Articles
- An Optimized Method for Reconstruction of Transcriptional Regulatory Networks in Bacteria Using ChIP-exo and RNA-seq Datasets
-
Minchang Jang, Joon Young Park, Gayeon Lee, Donghyuk Kim
-
J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1075-1088. Published online November 11, 2024
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00181-6
-
-
63
View
-
0
Download
-
1
Web of Science
-
1
Crossref
-
Abstract
-
Transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) in bacteria are crucial for elucidating the mechanisms that regulate gene expression and cellular responses to environmental stimuli. These networks delineate the interactions between transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes, thereby uncovering the regulatory processes that modulate gene expression under varying environmental conditions. Analyzing TRNs offers valuable insights into bacterial adaptation, stress responses, and metabolic optimization from an evolutionary standpoint.
Additionally, understanding TRNs can drive the development of novel antimicrobial therapies and the engineering of microbial strains for biofuel and bioproduct production. This protocol integrates advanced data analysis pipelines, including ChEAP, DEOCSU, and DESeq2, to analyze omics datasets that encompass genome-wide TF binding sites and transcriptome profiles derived from ChIP-exo and RNA-seq experiments. This approach minimizes both the time required and the risk of bias, making it accessible to non-expert users. Key steps in the protocol include preprocessing and peak calling from ChIP-exo data, differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data, and motif and regulon analysis. This method offers a comprehensive and efficient framework for TRN reconstruction across various bacterial strains, enhancing both the accuracy and reliability of the analysis while providing valuable insights for basic and applied research.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- ChIP-mini: a low-input ChIP-exo protocol for elucidating DNA-binding protein dynamics in intracellular pathogens
Joon Young Park, Minchang Jang, Eunna Choi, Sang-Mok Lee, Ina Bang, Jihoon Woo, Seonggyu Kim, Eun-Jin Lee, Donghyuk Kim
Nucleic Acids Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Characterization of MocR, a GntR-like transcriptional regulator, in Bradyrhizobium japonicum: its impact on motility, biofilm formation, and soybean nodulation
-
May Nyan Taw , Hae-In Lee , Sang-Ho Lee , Woo-Suk Chang
-
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(8):518-525. Published online July 31, 2015
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5313-z
-
-
45
View
-
0
Download
-
10
Crossref
-
Abstract
-
Bradyrhizobium japonicum is a Gram-negative soil bacterium
that can fix nitrogen into ammonia by developing a
symbiotic relationship with the soybean plant. MocR proteins
make up a subfamily of GntR superfamily, one of the most
widely distributed and prolific groups of the helix-turn-helix
transcription factors. In this study, we constructed a mutant
strain for mocR (blr6977) to investigate its role in cellular
processes and symbiosis in B. japonicum. Although growth
rate and morphology of the mutant were indistinguishable
from those of the wild type, the mutant showed significant
differences in motility and attachment (i.e., biofilm formation)
from the wild type. The mutant displayed a decrease in biofilm
formation, but was more motile than the wild type. The
inactivation of mocR did not affect the number of nodules
on soybean roots, but caused delayed nodulation. Delayed
nodulation intrigued us to study competitiveness of the mutant
infecting soybeans. The mutant was less competitive
than the wild type, indicating that delayed nodulation might
be due to competitiveness. Gene expressions of other MocR
subfamily members were also compared between the wild
type and mutant strains. None of the mocR-like genes examined
in this study were differentially expressed between
both strains.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Antibiofilm efficacies and mechanism of perillaldehyde against Shewanella putrefaciens
Wenxiu Zhu, Yuanhang Cheng, Yankun Zhang, Mingxin Li, Yue Teng, Yunqi Gu, Haisong Wang, Xiaodong Xia
Food Microbiology.2025; 128: 104699. CrossRef - Prevalence and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical and environmental samples in Huzhou, China
Peng Zhang, Xiaofang Wu, Lei Ji, Wei Yan, Liping Chen, Zhonghao Lu, Deshun Xu, Yunfeng Zha, Dafang Xu, Fenfen Dong
BMC Genomics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - The MocR family transcriptional regulator DnfR has multiple binding sites and regulates Dirammox gene transcription in Alcaligenes faecalis JQ135
Si‐Qiong Xu, Xiao Wang, Lu Xu, Ke‐Xin Wang, Yin‐Hu Jiang, Fu‐Yin Zhang, Qing Hong, Jian He, Shuang‐Jiang Liu, Ji‐Guo Qiu
Environmental Microbiology.2023; 25(3): 675. CrossRef - The GntR-like transcriptional regulator HutC involved in motility, biofilm-forming ability, and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Yangyang Li, Weidong Sun, Quan Wang, Ying Yu, Ying Wan, Kai Zhou, Rong Guo, Xiangan Han, Zhaoguo Chen, Weihuan Fang, Wei Jiang
Microbial Pathogenesis.2022; 167: 105546. CrossRef - Biological and transcriptional studies reveal VmeL is involved in motility, biofilm formation and virulence in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Peng-xuan Liu, Xiao-yun Zhang, Quan Wang, Yang-yang Li, Wei-dong Sun, Yu Qi, Kai Zhou, Xian-gan Han, Zhao-guo Chen, Wei-huan Fang, Wei Jiang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - PrbP modulates biofilm formation in Liberibacter crescens
Lei Pan, Christopher L. Gardner, Reagan Beliakoff, Danilo da Silva, Ran Zuo, Fernando A. Pagliai, Kaylie A. Padgett‐Pagliai, Marcelo L. Merli, Erol Bahadiroglu, Claudio F. Gonzalez, Graciela L. Lorca
Environmental Microbiology.2021; 23(11): 7121. CrossRef - The glucose uptake systems in Corynebacterium glutamicum: a review
Haozhe Ruan, Haibo Yu, Jianzhong Xu
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Comparative Genomics of Pseudomonas sp. Strain SI-3 Associated With Macroalga Ulva prolifera, the Causative Species for Green Tide in the Yellow Sea
Huihui Fu, Peng Jiang, Jin Zhao, Chunhui Wu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - The MocR‐like transcription factors: pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent regulators of bacterial metabolism
Angela Tramonti, Caterina Nardella, Martino L. di Salvo, Stefano Pascarella, Roberto Contestabile
The FEBS Journal.2018; 285(21): 3925. CrossRef - Negative Regulation of Ectoine Uptake and Catabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti: Characterization of the EhuR Gene
Qinli Yu, Hanlin Cai, Yanfeng Zhang, Yongzhi He, Lincai Chen, Justin Merritt, Shan Zhang, Zhiyang Dong, Anke Becker
Journal of Bacteriology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Functional Analysis of SGR4635-Induced Enhancement of Pigmented Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces lividans
-
Won-Jae Chi , Soon-Youl Lee , JaeHag Lee
-
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):828-833. Published online November 9, 2011
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1100-7
-
-
26
View
-
0
Download
-
8
Scopus
-
Abstract
-
The Gram-positive mycelium-producing bacterium Streptomyces undergoes complex morphological differentiation after autolytic degradation of the vegetative mycelium. Cell-wall breakdown during growth stimulates cell development and secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces. N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) produced by cell-wall lysis acts as a signal molecule, triggering the production of secondary metabolites in S. coelicolor A3(2). Here, we report that introduction of multiple copies of the GlcNAc-internalizing gene (sgr4635, encoding nagE2) of S. griseus activates actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin production during the late growth of S. lividans in the absence of GlcNAc. Furthermore, the repressor-type transcriptional regulator DasR binds to two operator sites upstream of sgr4635. Our findings indicate that sgr4635 induces DasR-mediated antibiotic production by internalizing the GlcNAc accumulated from cell-wall lysis.
Review
- REVIEW] Transcriptional Regulatory Elements in Fungal Secondary Metabolism
-
Wenbing Yin , Nancy P. Keller
-
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(3):329-339. Published online June 30, 2011
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1009-1
-
-
50
View
-
0
Download
-
112
Crossref
-
Abstract
-
Filamentous fungi produce a variety of secondary metabolites of diverse beneficial and detrimental activities to humankind. The genes required for a given secondary metabolite are typically arranged in a gene cluster. There is considerable evidence that secondary metabolite gene regulation is, in part, by transcriptional control through hierarchical levels of transcriptional regulatory elements involved in secondary metabolite cluster regulation. Identification of elements regulating secondary metabolism could potentially provide a means of increasing production of beneficial metabolites, decreasing production of detrimental metabolites, aid in the identification of ‘silent’ natural products and also contribute to a broader understanding of molecular mechanisms by which secondary metabolites are produced. This review summarizes regulation of secondary metabolism associated with transcriptional regulatory elements from a broad view as well as the tremendous advances in discovery of cryptic or novel secondary metabolites by genomic mining.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by

- Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) as a Tool for the Management of Pine Pitch Canker Forest Disease
Irene Teresa Bocos-Asenjo, Huma Amin, Sandra Mosquera, Sergio Díez-Hermano, Mireille Ginésy, Julio Javier Diez, Jonatan Niño-Sánchez
Plant Disease.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Developing filamentous fungal chassis for natural product production
Jie Fan, Peng-Lin Wei, Yuanyuan Li, Shengquan Zhang, Zedong Ren, Wei Li, Wen-Bing Yin
Bioresource Technology.2025; 415: 131703. CrossRef - Epigenetic Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolism
Yufei Zhang, Wenbin Yu, Yi Lu, Yichuan Wu, Zhiwei Ouyang, Yayi Tu, Bin He
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(9): 648. CrossRef - Genome and metabolome analysis of Bacillus sp. Hex-HIT36: A newly screened functional microorganism for the degradation of 1-hexadecene in industrial wastewater
Lei Yang, Chuan Chen, Xijun Xu, Xue-Ting Wang, Defeng Xing, Nanqi Ren, Duu-Jong Lee
Environmental Research.2024; 260: 119594. CrossRef - Discovery of penicillic acid as a chemical probe against tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease
Jennifer Shyong, Jinliang Wang, Quoc-Dung Tran Huynh, Marina Fayzullina, Bo Yuan, Ching-Kuo Lee, Thomas Minehan, Paul M. Seidler, Clay C. C. Wang
Chemical Science.2024; 15(48): 20467. CrossRef - Transcriptomic Screening of Alternaria oxytropis Isolated from Locoweed Plants for Genes Involved in Mycotoxin Swaisonine Production
Shuangjie Yuan, Qingmei Zhao, Kun Yu, Ying Gao, Zhengbing Ma, Huanyu Li, Yongtao Yu
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(1): 88. CrossRef -
Phylogenomics of the psychoactive mushroom genus
Psilocybe
and evolution of the psilocybin biosynthetic gene cluster
Alexander J. Bradshaw, Virginia Ramírez-Cruz, Ali R. Awan, Giuliana Furci, Laura Guzmán-Dávalos, Bryn T. M. Dentinger
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Effects of temperature on the production of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus niger
Yige Zhang, Zhihui Zhang, Qianru Xu, Yangyong Lv, Shuaibing Zhang, Huanchen Zhai, Yuansen Hu, Shan Wei
LWT.2024; 191: 115684. CrossRef - Unraveling the Gene Regulatory Networks of the Global Regulators VeA and LaeA in Aspergillus nidulans
Heungyun Moon, Mi-Kyung Lee, Ilhan Bok, Jin Woo Bok, Nancy P. Keller, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Gustavo H. Goldman
Microbiology Spectrum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Discovery of pyranonaphthoquinones and an eighteen-membered ring macrolide from the rhizospheric soil-derived fungus Phialocephala sp. YUD18001 by OSMAC strategy
Fei Xie, Yue Sun, Zhi-Feng Zi, Wen-Jing Wang, Dai-Yu Wan, Hao Zhou, Zhong-Tao Ding
Fitoterapia.2023; 171: 105690. CrossRef - Editorial: Gene regulation of fungal secondary metabolism
Pinmei Wang, Hee-Soo Park, Wenjie Wang, Wen-Bing Yin
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Construction of RNA silencing system of Penicillium brevicompactum and genetic manipulation of the regulator pbpcz in mycophenolic acid production
TingTing Hu, Jingjing Wang, Mianhui Chen, Lin Lin, Wei Wei, Dongzhi Wei
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2023; 169: 103843. CrossRef - Quantitative characterization of filamentous fungal promoters on a single-cell resolution to discover cryptic natural products
Peng-Lin Wei, Jie Fan, Jingwen Yu, Zihui Ma, Xian Guo, Nancy P. Keller, Erwei Li, Chunbo Lou, Wen-Bing Yin
Science China Life Sciences.2023; 66(4): 848. CrossRef - Fungal BGCs for Production of Secondary Metabolites: Main Types, Central Roles in Strain Improvement, and Regulation According to the Piano Principle
Alexander A. Zhgun
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(13): 11184. CrossRef - Fungal secondary metabolism is governed by an RNA-binding protein CsdA/RsdA complex
Zili Song, Shuang Zhou, Hongjiao Zhang, Nancy P. Keller, Berl R. Oakley, Xiao Liu, Wen-Bing Yin
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Eco-Friendly Biocontrol Strategies of Alternaria Phytopathogen Fungus: A Focus on Gene-Editing Techniques
Domingo Cesar Carrascal-Hernández, Edwin Flórez-López, Yeimmy Peralta-Ruiz, Clemencia Chaves-López, Carlos David Grande-Tovar
Agriculture.2022; 12(10): 1722. CrossRef - Nitrogen source as a modulator of the metabolic activity of Pedobacter lusitanus NL19: a transcriptomic approach
Covas C., Vaz A., Almeida B., Lourenço J., Figueiredo G., Franco O. L., Mendo S., Caetano T.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2022; 106(4): 1583. CrossRef - Antarctic fungi with antibiotic potential isolated from Fort William Point, Antarctica
Eunice Ordóñez-Enireb, Roberto V. Cucalón, Diana Cárdenas, Nadia Ordóñez, Santiago Coello, Paola Elizalde, Washington B. Cárdenas
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis of an Endophytic Fungus Alternaria sp. SPS-2 and Its Biosynthetic Potential of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
Jianyun Tao, Xuelian Bai, Mingyuan Zeng, Mengshi Li, Zhe Hu, Yunfen Hua, Huawei Zhang
Microorganisms.2022; 10(9): 1789. CrossRef - Transcriptome Analysis Identifies a Gene Cluster for the Biosynthesis of Biruloquinone, a Rare Phenanthraquinone, in a Lichen-Forming Fungus Cladonia macilenta
Wonyong Kim, Min-Hye Jeong, Sung-Hwan Yun, Jae-Seoun Hur
Journal of Fungi.2021; 7(5): 398. CrossRef - Fungal Secondary Metabolism
Javier Avalos, M. Carmen Limón
Encyclopedia.2021; 2(1): 1. CrossRef - Presence, Mode of Action, and Application of Pathway Specific Transcription Factors in Aspergillus Biosynthetic Gene Clusters
Wenjie Wang, Yuchao Yu, Nancy P. Keller, Pinmei Wang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(16): 8709. CrossRef - Involvement of BbTpc1, an important Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional regulator, in chitin biosynthesis, fungal development and virulence of an insect mycopathogen
Lei Qiu, Jing Zhang, Ji-Zheng Song, Shun-Juan Hu, Tong-Sheng Zhang, Ze Li, Juan-Juan Wang, Wen Cheng
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2021; 166: 1162. CrossRef - Depside and Depsidone Synthesis in Lichenized Fungi Comes into Focus through a Genome-Wide Comparison of the Olivetoric Acid and Physodic Acid Chemotypes of Pseudevernia furfuracea
Garima Singh, Daniele Armaleo, Francesco Dal Grande, Imke Schmitt
Biomolecules.2021; 11(10): 1445. CrossRef - Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Sesquiterpene Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Trichoderma longibrachiatum MD33 and UN32
Xu Qian, Hui Jin, Zhuojun Chen, Qingqing Dai, Surendra Sarsaiya, Yitong Qin, Qi Jia, Leilei Jin, Jishuang Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Activation of biosynthetic gene clusters by the global transcriptional regulator TRI6 in Fusarium graminearum
Kristina Shostak, Christopher Bonner, Amanda Sproule, Indira Thapa, Samuel W. J. Shields, Barbara Blackwell, John Vierula, David Overy, Rajagopal Subramaniam
Molecular Microbiology.2020; 114(4): 664. CrossRef - Diverse bioactive metabolites from Penicillium sp. MMA derived from the red sea: structure identification and biological activity studies
Ann G. Boulis, Ahmed A. Hamed, Mohamed E. El-awady, Attia R. Mohamed, Essam M. Eliwa, Mohsen M. S. Asker, Mohamed Shaaban
Archives of Microbiology.2020; 202(7): 1985. CrossRef - Pullulan biosynthesis in yeast-like fungal cells is regulated by the transcriptional activator Msn2 and cAMP-PKA signaling pathway
Guang Yang, Guang-Lei Liu, Shu-Jun Wang, Zhen-Ming Chi, Zhe Chi
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2020; 157: 591. CrossRef - Chemical repertoire and biosynthetic machinery of the Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolome: A review
Valdet Uka, Jeffrey W. Cary, Matthew D. Lebar, Olivier Puel, Sarah De Saeger, José Diana Di Mavungu
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety.2020; 19(6): 2797. CrossRef - Secondary Metabolites of the Rice Blast Fungus Pyricularia oryzae: Biosynthesis and Biological Function
Takayuki Motoyama
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(22): 8698. CrossRef - Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity
Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz, Toni Gabaldón
Biological Reviews.2020; 95(5): 1198. CrossRef - Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus
Christelle El Hajj Assaf, Chrystian Zetina-Serrano, Nadia Tahtah, André El Khoury, Ali Atoui, Isabelle P. Oswald, Olivier Puel, Sophie Lorber
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(24): 9462. CrossRef - Metabolomics Reveals the Response of the Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway to Starvation Treatment in the Grape Endophyte Alternaria sp. MG1
Yao Lu, Jinxin Che, Xiaoguang Xu, Bing Pang, Xixi Zhao, Yanlin Liu, Junling Shi
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2020; 68(4): 1126. CrossRef - An overview on the biosynthesis and metabolic regulation of monacolin K/lovastatin
Yaru Zhang, Zhiting Chen, Qinyou Wen, Zixiao Xiong, Xiaohua Cao, Zhenghuai Zheng, Yangxin Zhang, Zhiwei Huang
Food & Function.2020; 11(7): 5738. CrossRef - Strategies for Discovering New Antibiotics from Bacteria in the Post-Genomic Era
Jia-Wei Zhu, Si-Jia Zhang, Wen-Guang Wang, Hui Jiang
Current Microbiology.2020; 77(11): 3213. CrossRef - Functional characterization of the sterigmatocystin secondary metabolite gene cluster in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina: involvement in oxidative stress response, sexual development, pigmentation and interspecific competitions
Ling Shen, François‐Hugues Porée, Thomas Gaslonde, Hervé Lalucque, Florence Chapeland‐Leclerc, Gwenaël Ruprich‐Robert
Environmental Microbiology.2019; 21(8): 3011. CrossRef - Functional characterization of host toxic EcdB transcription factor protein of echinocandin B biosynthetic gene cluster
Arvind Kumar, Vinay Kumar, Antresh Kumar
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry.2019; 66(4): 626. CrossRef - Sterol inhibitor “Fluconazole” enhance the Taxol yield and molecular expression of its encoding genes cluster from Aspergillus flavipes
Ashraf S.A. El-Sayed, Dalia M.I. Ali, Marwa A. Yassin, Rawia A. Zayed, Gul Shad Ali
Process Biochemistry.2019; 76: 55. CrossRef - Progress and Challenges: Development and Implementation of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Filamentous Fungi
Qiang Wang, Jeffrey J. Coleman
Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal.2019; 17: 761. CrossRef - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3251 Growth, Oxidative Status, and Aflatoxins Production Ability In Vitro under Different Illumination Regimes
Tihomir Kovač, Bojan Šarkanj, Biljana Crevar, Marija Kovač, Ante Lončarić, Ivica Strelec, Chibundu N. Ezekiel, Michael Sulyok, Rudolf Krska
Toxins.2018; 10(12): 528. CrossRef - Genomic diversity in ochratoxigenic and non ochratoxigenic strains of Aspergillus carbonarius
Gemma Castellá, M. Rosa Bragulat, Laura Puig, Walter Sanseverino, F. Javier Cabañes
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - From genomics to metabolomics, moving toward an integrated strategy for the discovery of fungal secondary metabolites
T. Hautbergue, E. L. Jamin, L. Debrauwer, O. Puel, I. P. Oswald
Natural Product Reports.2018; 35(2): 147. CrossRef - Chromatin‐level regulation of the fragmented dothistromin gene cluster in the forest pathogen Dothistroma septosporum
Pranav Chettri, Pierre‐Yves Dupont, Rosie E. Bradshaw
Molecular Microbiology.2018; 107(4): 508. CrossRef -
Cys
2
His
2
Zinc Finger Transcription Factor BcabaR1 Positively Regulates Abscisic Acid Production in Botrytis cinerea
Yingming Wang, Jinyan Zhou, Juan Zhong, Di Luo, Zhemin Li, Jie Yang, Dan Shu, Hong Tan, Harold L. Drake
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Identification of the decumbenone biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium decumbens and the importance for production of calbistrin
Sietske Grijseels, Carsten Pohl, Jens Christian Nielsen, Zahida Wasil, Yvonne Nygård, Jens Nielsen, Jens C. Frisvad, Kristian Fog Nielsen, Mhairi Workman, Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen, Arnold J. M. Driessen, Rasmus John Normand Frandsen
Fungal Biology and Biotechnology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Dissimilar pigment regulation in Serpula lacrymans and Paxillus involutus during inter-kingdom interactions
James P. Tauber, Ramses Gallegos-Monterrosa, Ákos T. Kovács, Ekaterina Shelest, Dirk Hoffmeister
Microbiology.2018; 164(1): 65. CrossRef - Enhanced hypocrellin production via coexpression of alpha-amylase and hemoglobin genes in Shiraia bambusicola
Ruijie Gao, Huaxiang Deng, Zhengbing Guan, Xiangru Liao, Yujie Cai
AMB Express.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Engineering of the Filamentous Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum as Cell Factory for Natural Products
Fernando Guzmán-Chávez, Reto D. Zwahlen, Roel A. L. Bovenberg, Arnold J. M. Driessen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Condition‐dependent co‐regulation of genomic clusters of virulence factors in the grapevine trunk pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum
Mélanie Massonnet, Abraham Morales‐Cruz, Rosa Figueroa‐Balderas, Daniel P. Lawrence, Kendra Baumgartner, Dario Cantu
Molecular Plant Pathology.2018; 19(1): 21. CrossRef - Enhanced hypocrellin production of Shiraia sp. SUPER-H168 by overexpression of alpha-amylase gene
Ruijie Gao, Zhecun Xu, Huaxiang Deng, Zhengbing Guan, Xiangru Liao, Ye Zhao, Xiaohui Zheng, Yujie Cai, Marie-Joelle Virolle
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(5): e0196519. CrossRef - Activation of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis Alleviates Total ROS in Aspergillus parasiticus
Gabriel Kenne, Phani Gummadidala, Mayomi Omebeyinje, Ananda Mondal, Dominic Bett, Sandra McFadden, Sydney Bromfield, Nora Banaszek, Michelle Velez-Martinez, Chandrani Mitra, Isabelle Mikell, Saurabh Chatterjee, Josephine Wee, Anindya Chanda
Toxins.2018; 10(2): 57. CrossRef - Strategies to diversify natural products for drug discovery
Gang Li, Hong‐Xiang Lou
Medicinal Research Reviews.2018; 38(4): 1255. CrossRef -
Regulatory cascade and biological activity of
Beauveria bassiana
oosporein that limits bacterial growth after host death
Yanhua Fan, Xi Liu, Nemat O. Keyhani, Guirong Tang, Yan Pei, Wenwen Zhang, Sheng Tong
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - The GATA-Type Transcription Factor Csm1 Regulates Conidiation and Secondary Metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi
Eva-Maria Niehaus, Julia Schumacher, Immo Burkhardt, Patrick Rabe, Martin Münsterkötter, Ulrich Güldener, Christian M. K. Sieber, Jeroen S. Dickschat, Bettina Tudzynski
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - A GATA-type transcription factor AcAREB for nitrogen metabolism is involved in regulation of cephalosporin biosynthesis in Acremonium chrysogenum
Feifei Guan, Yuanyuan Pan, Jinyang Li, Gang Liu
Science China Life Sciences.2017; 60(9): 958. CrossRef - Discovery of McrA, a master regulator of Aspergillus secondary metabolism
C. Elizabeth Oakley, Manmeet Ahuja, Wei‐Wen Sun, Ruth Entwistle, Tomohiro Akashi, Junko Yaegashi, Chun‐Jun Guo, Gustavo C. Cerqueira, Jennifer Russo Wortman, Clay C. C. Wang, Yi‐Ming Chiang, Berl R. Oakley
Molecular Microbiology.2017; 103(2): 347. CrossRef - Tpc1 is an important Zn(II)2Cys6 transcriptional regulator required for polarized growth and virulence in the rice blast fungus
Rita Galhano, Adriana Illana, Lauren S. Ryder, Julio Rodríguez-Romero, Marie Demuez, Muhammad Badaruddin, Ana Lilia Martinez-Rocha, Darren M. Soanes, David J. Studholme, Nicholas J. Talbot, Ane Sesma, Paul Birch
PLOS Pathogens.2017; 13(7): e1006516. CrossRef - Mechanism and regulation of sorbicillin biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum
Fernando Guzmán‐Chávez, Oleksandr Salo, Yvonne Nygård, Peter P. Lankhorst, Roel A. L. Bovenberg, Arnold J. M. Driessen
Microbial Biotechnology.2017; 10(4): 958. CrossRef - Regulatory Mechanism of Mycotoxin Tenuazonic Acid Production in Pyricularia oryzae
Choong-Soo Yun, Takayuki Motoyama, Hiroyuki Osada
ACS Chemical Biology.2017; 12(9): 2270. CrossRef - Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of ionic liquid stimuli unveils enhanced secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans
Paula C. Alves, Diego O. Hartmann, Oscar Núñez, Isabel Martins, Teresa L. Gomes, Helga Garcia, Maria Teresa Galceran, Richard Hampson, Jörg D. Becker, Cristina Silva Pereira
BMC Genomics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species
Monika Schmoll, Christoph Dattenböck, Nohemí Carreras-Villaseñor, Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza, Doris Tisch, Mario Ivan Alemán, Scott E. Baker, Christopher Brown, Mayte Guadalupe Cervantes-Badillo, José Cetz-Chel, Gema Rosa Cristobal-Mondragon, Luis Delaye, Ed
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.2016; 80(1): 205. CrossRef - Microbial interactions: ecology in a molecular perspective
Raíssa Mesquita Braga, Manuella Nóbrega Dourado, Welington Luiz Araújo
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2016; 47: 86. CrossRef - Development of Genetic Dereplication Strains in Aspergillus nidulans Results in the Discovery of Aspercryptin
Yi‐Ming Chiang, Manmeet Ahuja, C. Elizabeth Oakley, Ruth Entwistle, Anabanadam Asokan, Christoph Zutz, Clay C. C. Wang, Berl R. Oakley
Angewandte Chemie.2016; 128(5): 1694. CrossRef - The botrydial biosynthetic gene cluster of Botrytis cinerea displays a bipartite genomic structure and is positively regulated by the putative Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor BcBot6
Antoine Porquier, Guillaume Morgant, Javier Moraga, Bérengère Dalmais, Isabelle Luyten, Adeline Simon, Jean-Marc Pradier, Joëlle Amselem, Isidro González Collado, Muriel Viaud
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2016; 96: 33. CrossRef - Secondary metabolite gene clusters in the entomopathogen fungus Metarhizium anisopliae: genome identification and patterns of expression in a cuticle infection model
Nicolau Sbaraini, Rafael Lucas Muniz Guedes, Fábio Carrer Andreis, Ângela Junges, Guilherme Loss de Morais, Marilene Henning Vainstein, Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos, Augusto Schrank
BMC Genomics.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - Identification of a Halogenase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ochratoxin A in Aspergillus carbonarius
Massimo Ferrara, Giancarlo Perrone, Lucia Gambacorta, Filomena Epifani, Michele Solfrizzo, Antonia Gallo, A. A. Brakhage
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2016; 82(18): 5631. CrossRef - Deciphering the Anti-Aflatoxinogenic Properties of Eugenol Using a Large-Scale q-PCR Approach
Isaura Caceres, Rhoda El Khoury, Ángel Medina, Yannick Lippi, Claire Naylies, Ali Atoui, André El Khoury, Isabelle Oswald, Jean-Denis Bailly, Olivier Puel
Toxins.2016; 8(5): 123. CrossRef - Modulation of genetic clusters for synthesis of bioactive molecules in fungal endophytes: A review
V.B. Deepika, T.S. Murali, K. Satyamoorthy
Microbiological Research.2016; 182: 125. CrossRef - The global regulator LaeA controls biosynthesis of host-specific toxins, pathogenicity and development of Alternaria alternata pathotypes
Kazumi Takao, Yasunori Akagi, Takashi Tsuge, Yoshiaki Harimoto, Mikihiro Yamamoto, Motoichiro Kodama
Journal of General Plant Pathology.2016; 82(3): 121. CrossRef - Development of Genetic Dereplication Strains in Aspergillus nidulans Results in the Discovery of Aspercryptin
Yi‐Ming Chiang, Manmeet Ahuja, C. Elizabeth Oakley, Ruth Entwistle, Anabanadam Asokan, Christoph Zutz, Clay C. C. Wang, Berl R. Oakley
Angewandte Chemie International Edition.2016; 55(5): 1662. CrossRef - Regulation and Role of Fungal Secondary Metabolites
Juliane Macheleidt, Derek J. Mattern, Juliane Fischer, Tina Netzker, Jakob Weber, Volker Schroeckh, Vito Valiante, Axel A. Brakhage
Annual Review of Genetics.2016; 50(1): 371. CrossRef - Microbial metabolomics in open microscale platforms
Layla J. Barkal, Ashleigh B. Theberge, Chun-Jun Guo, Joe Spraker, Lucas Rappert, Jean Berthier, Kenneth A. Brakke, Clay C. C. Wang, David J. Beebe, Nancy P. Keller, Erwin Berthier
Nature Communications.2016;[Epub] CrossRef - The Fdb3 transcription factor of the Fusarium Detoxification of Benzoxazolinone gene cluster is required for MBOA but not BOA degradation in Fusarium pseudograminearum
Andrew J. Kettle, Jason Carere, Jacqueline Batley, John M. Manners, Kemal Kazan, Donald M. Gardiner
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2016; 88: 44. CrossRef - Phytotoxin production in Aspergillus terreus is regulated by independent environmental signals
Markus Gressler, Florian Meyer, Daniel Heine, Peter Hortschansky, Christian Hertweck, Matthias Brock
eLife.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - Chromosome-level genome map provides insights into diverse defense mechanisms in the medicinal fungus Ganoderma sinense
Yingjie Zhu, Jiang Xu, Chao Sun, Shiguo Zhou, Haibin Xu, David R. Nelson, Jun Qian, Jingyuan Song, Hongmei Luo, Li Xiang, Ying Li, Zhichao Xu, Aijia Ji, Lizhi Wang, Shanfa Lu, Alice Hayward, Wei Sun, Xiwen Li, David C. Schwartz, Yitao Wang, Shilin Chen
Scientific Reports.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - The global regulator FfSge1 is required for expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters but not for pathogenicity in Fusarium fujikuroi
Caroline B. Michielse, Lena Studt, Slavica Janevska, Christian M. K. Sieber, Birgit Arndt, Jose Juan Espino, Hans‐Ulrich Humpf, Ulrich Güldener, Bettina Tudzynski
Environmental Microbiology.2015; 17(8): 2690. CrossRef - Discovery of microbial natural products by activation of silent biosynthetic gene clusters
Peter J. Rutledge, Gregory L. Challis
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2015; 13(8): 509. CrossRef - Penicyclones A–E, Antibacterial Polyketides from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. F23-2
Wenqiang Guo, Zhenzhen Zhang, Tianjiao Zhu, Qianqun Gu, Dehai Li
Journal of Natural Products.2015; 78(11): 2699. CrossRef - Synthetic biology of fungal natural products
Derek J. Mattern, Vito Valiante, Shiela E. Unkles, Axel A. Brakhage
Frontiers in Microbiology.2015;[Epub] CrossRef - The bZIP transcription factor PfZipA regulates secondary metabolism and oxidative stress response in the plant endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis fici
Xiuna Wang, Fan Wu, Ling Liu, Xingzhong Liu, Yongsheng Che, Nancy P. Keller, Liyun Guo, Wen-Bing Yin
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2015; 81: 221. CrossRef - Leucine metabolism regulates TRI6 expression and affects deoxynivalenol production and virulence in Fusarium graminearum
Rajagopal Subramaniam, Swara Narayanan, Sean Walkowiak, Li Wang, Manisha Joshi, Hélène Rocheleau, Thérèse Ouellet, Linda J. Harris
Molecular Microbiology.2015; 98(4): 760. CrossRef - Genetic and metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the development of new flavor compounds from terpenic substrates
Murillo L. Bution, Gustavo Molina, Meissa R.E. Abrahão, Gláucia M. Pastore
Critical Reviews in Biotechnology.2015; 35(3): 313. CrossRef - Recent advances in genome mining of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and the development of heterologous expression systems in Aspergillus nidulans
Junko Yaegashi, Berl R Oakley, Clay C C Wang
Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.2014; 41(2): 433. CrossRef - Fungal extrolites as a new source for therapeutic compounds and as building blocks for applications in synthetic biology
Ana Lúcia Leitão, Francisco J. Enguita
Microbiological Research.2014; 169(9-10): 652. CrossRef - Spatial and temporal control of fungal natural product synthesis
Fang Yun Lim, Nancy P. Keller
Nat. Prod. Rep..2014; 31(10): 1277. CrossRef - Strategies for mining fungal natural products
Philipp Wiemann, Nancy P Keller
Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.2014; 41(2): 301. CrossRef - Epigenetic Control of Effector Gene Expression in the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Leptosphaeria maculans
Jessica L. Soyer, Mennat El Ghalid, Nicolas Glaser, Bénédicte Ollivier, Juliette Linglin, Jonathan Grandaubert, Marie-Hélène Balesdent, Lanelle R. Connolly, Michael Freitag, Thierry Rouxel, Isabelle Fudal, Nicholas J. Talbot
PLoS Genetics.2014; 10(3): e1004227. CrossRef - A fungal prenyltransferase catalyzes the regular di-prenylation at positions 20 and 21 of paxilline
Chengwei Liu, Motoyoshi Noike, Atsushi Minami, Hideaki Oikawa, Tohru Dairi
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2014; 78(3): 448. CrossRef - Screening of a Botrytis cinerea one-hybrid library reveals a Cys2His2 transcription factor involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism gene clusters
Adeline Simon, Bérengère Dalmais, Guillaume Morgant, Muriel Viaud
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2013; 52: 9. CrossRef - Impact of alg3 gene deletion on growth, development, pigment production, protein secretion, and functions of recombinant Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases in Aspergillus niger
Ziyu Dai, Uma K. Aryal, Anil Shukla, Wei-Jun Qian, Richard D. Smith, Jon K. Magnuson, William S. Adney, Gregg T. Beckham, Roman Brunecky, Michael E. Himmel, Stephen R. Decker, Xiaohui Ju, Xiao Zhang, Scott E. Baker
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2013; 61: 120. CrossRef - Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge
Charles P. Woloshuk, Won-Bo Shim
FEMS Microbiology Reviews.2013; 37(1): 94. CrossRef - Fine De Novo Sequencing of a Fungal Genome Using only SOLiD Short Read Data: Verification on Aspergillus oryzae RIB40
Myco Umemura, Yoshinori Koyama, Itaru Takeda, Hiroko Hagiwara, Tsutomu Ikegami, Hideaki Koike, Masayuki Machida, Mikael Rørdam Andersen
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(5): e63673. CrossRef - Engineering fungal secondary metabolism: A roadmap to novel compounds
Daniel H. Scharf, Axel A. Brakhage
Journal of Biotechnology.2013; 163(2): 179. CrossRef - Disruption of the nitrogen regulatory gene AcareA in Acremonium chrysogenum leads to reduction of cephalosporin production and repression of nitrogen metabolism
Jinyang Li, Yuanyuan Pan, Gang Liu
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2013; 61: 69. CrossRef - The transport of phenylacetic acid across the peroxisomal membrane is mediated by the PaaT protein in Penicillium chrysogenum
Marta Fernández-Aguado, Ricardo V. Ullán, Fernando Teijeira, Raquel Rodríguez-Castro, Juan F. Martín
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2013; 97(7): 3073. CrossRef - Isolation and Characterization of Double Deletion Mutants of nsdD and veA or nsdC, the Genes Positive Regulating Sexual Development of Aspergillus nidulans
Lee-Han Kim, Ha-Eun Kim, Dong-Min Han
The Korean Journal of Microbiology.2013; 49(4): 419. CrossRef - Regulation of fungal secondary metabolism
Axel A. Brakhage
Nature Reviews Microbiology.2013; 11(1): 21. CrossRef - VeA and MvlA repression of the cryptic orsellinic acid gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulans involves histone 3 acetylation
Jin Woo Bok, Alexandra A. Soukup, Elizabeth Chadwick, Yi‐Ming Chiang, Clay C. C. Wang, Nancy P. Keller
Molecular Microbiology.2013; 89(5): 963. CrossRef - Distinct Amino Acids of Histone H3 Control Secondary Metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans
Hans-Wilhelm Nützmann, Juliane Fischer, Kirstin Scherlach, Christian Hertweck, Axel A. Brakhage
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2013; 79(19): 6102. CrossRef - Strategies for strain improvement in Fusarium fujikuroi: overexpression and localization of key enzymes of the isoprenoid pathway and their impact on gibberellin biosynthesis
Sabine Albermann, Pia Linnemannstöns, Bettina Tudzynski
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2013; 97(7): 2979. CrossRef - MIDDAS-M: Motif-Independent De Novo Detection of Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters through the Integration of Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Data
Myco Umemura, Hideaki Koike, Nozomi Nagano, Tomoko Ishii, Jin Kawano, Noriko Yamane, Ikuko Kozone, Katsuhisa Horimoto, Kazuo Shin-ya, Kiyoshi Asai, Jiujiang Yu, Joan W. Bennett, Masayuki Machida, Kap-Hoon Han
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(12): e84028. CrossRef - FcStuA from Fusarium culmorum Controls Wheat Foot and Root Rot in a Toxin Dispensable Manner
Matias Pasquali, Francesca Spanu, Barbara Scherm, Virgilio Balmas, Lucien Hoffmann, Kim E. Hammond-Kosack, Marco Beyer, Quirico Migheli, Yin-Won Lee
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(2): e57429. CrossRef - The AreA transcription factor in Fusarium graminearum regulates the use of some nonpreferred nitrogen sources and secondary metabolite production
Henriette Giese, Teis Esben Sondergaard, Jens Laurids Sørensen
Fungal Biology.2013; 117(11-12): 814. CrossRef - Recent advances in the biosynthesis of penicillins, cephalosporins and clavams and its regulation
Gulay Ozcengiz, Arnold L. Demain
Biotechnology Advances.2013; 31(2): 287. CrossRef - Segregation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in hybrids of Fusarium fujikuroi and Fusarium proliferatum
L. Studt, C. Troncoso, F. Gong, P. Hedden, C. Toomajian, J.F. Leslie, H.-U. Humpf, M.C. Rojas, B. Tudzynski
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2012; 49(7): 567. CrossRef - Order in the playground
Ben Field, Anne Osbourn
Mobile Genetic Elements.2012; 2(1): 46. CrossRef - Overexpression of the Aspergillus nidulans histone 4 acetyltransferase EsaA increases activation of secondary metabolite production
Alexandra A. Soukup, Yi‐Ming Chiang, Jin Woo Bok, Yazmid Reyes‐Dominguez, Berl R. Oakley, Clay C. C. Wang, Joseph Strauss, Nancy P. Keller
Molecular Microbiology.2012; 86(2): 314. CrossRef - Advances in Aspergillus secondary metabolite research in the post-genomic era
James F. Sanchez, Amber D. Somoza, Nancy P. Keller, Clay C. C. Wang
Natural Product Reports.2012; 29(3): 351. CrossRef - Identification and Characterization of a Novel Diterpene Gene Cluster in Aspergillus nidulans
Kirsi Bromann, Mervi Toivari, Kaarina Viljanen, Anu Vuoristo, Laura Ruohonen, Tiina Nakari-Setälä, Gustavo Henrique Goldman
PLoS ONE.2012; 7(4): e35450. CrossRef - Fungal endophytes of grasses
Aiko Tanaka, Daigo Takemoto, Tetsuya Chujo, Barry Scott
Current Opinion in Plant Biology.2012; 15(4): 462. CrossRef - NosA, a transcription factor important in Aspergillus fumigatus stress and developmental response, rescues the germination defect of a laeA deletion
Alexandra A. Soukup, Mitra Farnoodian, Erwin Berthier, Nancy P. Keller
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2012; 49(11): 857. CrossRef - An Aspergillus nidulans bZIP response pathway hardwired for defensive secondary metabolism operates through aflR
Wen‐Bing Yin, Saori Amaike, Dana J. Wohlbach, Audrey P. Gasch, Yi‐Ming Chiang, Clay C. C. Wang, Jin Woo Bok, Marko Rohlfs, Nancy P. Keller
Molecular Microbiology.2012; 83(5): 1024. CrossRef
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
- Cys-92, Cys-95, and the C-Terminal 12 Residues of the Vibrio harveyi Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) are Functionally Inessential
-
Kun Sun , Shuang Cheng , Min Zhang , Fang Wang , Li Sun
-
J. Microbiol. 2008;46(6):670-680. Published online December 24, 2008
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0113-3
-
-
36
View
-
0
Download
-
10
Scopus
-
Abstract
-
Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global regulator involved in multiple aspects of bacterial life. The gene encoding the Vibrio harveyi Fur (FurVh) was cloned from a pathogenic V. harveyi strain isolated from diseased fish. FurVh shares 77% overall sequence identity with the Escherichia coli Fur (FurEc) and could complement a mutant of FurEc. Like FurEc, FurVh possesses two cysteine residues at positions 92 and 95, yet unlike FurEc, in which these cysteine residues constitute part of the metal ion coordination site and hence are vital to the repressor activity, C92 and C95 of FurVh proved to be functionally inessential. Further study identified a Vibrio Fur signature sequence, which is preserved in all the ten Vibrio Fur proteins that have been discovered to date but in none of the non-vibrio Fur proteins. Site-directed and random mutation analyses of the signature residues, the cysteine residues, and seven highly charged amino acid residues indicated that D9, H32, C137, and K138 of FurVh are functionally important but D9, C137, and K138 can be replaced by more than one functional substitutes. Systematic deletion analysis demonstrated that the C-terminal 12 residues of FurVh are functionally inessential. These results (i) indicated that the activation mechanism, or certain aspects of which, of FurVh is possibly different from that of FurEc; and (ii) suggested that it is not very likely that the C-terminal 12 residues play any significant role in the activation or stability of FurVh; and (iii) provided insights into the potential function of the local structure involving C137 and K138.
- The GntR-Type Regulators GtrA and GtrB Affect Cell Growth and Nodulation of Sinorhizobium meliloti
-
Yi Wang , Ai-Min Chen , Ai-Yuan Yu , Li Luo , Guan-Qiao Yu , Jia-Bi Zhu , Yan-Zhang Wang
-
J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):137-145. Published online June 11, 2008
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0145-0
-
-
36
View
-
0
Download
-
8
Scopus
-
Abstract
-
GntR-type transcriptional regulators are involved in the regulation of various biological processes in bacteria, but little is known about their functions in Sinorhizobium meliloti. Here, we identified two GntR-type transcriptional regulator genes, gtrA and gtrB, from S. meliloti strain 1021. Both the gtrA1 mutant and the gtrB1 mutant had lower growth rates and maximal cell yields on rich and minimal media, as well as lower cell motility on swimming plates, than did the wild-type strain. Both mutants were also symbiotically deficient. Alfalfa plants inoculated with wild-type strain 1021 formed pink elongated nodules on primary roots. In contrast, the plants inoculated with the gtrA1 and gtrB1 mutants formed relatively smaller, round, light pink nodules mainly on lateral roots. During the first 3~4 weeks post-inoculation, the plants inoculated with the gtrA1 and gtrB1 mutants were apparently stunted, with lower levels of nitrogenase activity, but there was a remarkable increase in the number of nodules compared to those inoculated with the wild-type strain. Moreover, the gtrA1 and gtrB1 mutants not only showed delayed nodulation, but also showed markedly reduced nodulation competition. These results demonstrated that both GtrA and GtrB affect cell growth and effective symbiosis of S. meliloti. Our work provides new insight into the functions of GntR-like transcriptional regulators.