Journal of Microbiology

Review

Untranslated region engineering strategies for gene overexpression, fine-tuning, and dynamic regulation: Jun Ren, So Hee Oh, Dokyun Na; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(3):e2501033. Published online March 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2501033

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Precise and tunable gene expression is crucial for various biotechnological applications, including protein overexpression, fine-tuned metabolic pathway engineering, and dynamic gene regulation. Untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs have emerged as key regulatory elements that modulate transcription and translation. In this review, we explore recent advances in UTR engineering strategies for bacterial gene expression optimization. We discuss approaches for enhancing protein expression through AU-rich elements, RG4 structures, and synthetic dual UTRs, as well as ProQC systems that improve translation fidelity. Additionally, we examine strategies for fine-tuning gene expression using UTR libraries and synthetic terminators that balance metabolic flux. Finally, we highlight riboswitches and toehold switches, which enable dynamic gene regulation in response to environmental or metabolic cues. The integration of these UTR-based regulatory tools provides a versatile and modular framework for optimizing bacterial gene expression, enhancing metabolic engineering, and advancing synthetic biology applications.

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Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology
Ki Jun Jeong
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(3): e2503100. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Functional characterization of HigBA toxin-antitoxin system in an Arctic bacterium, Bosea sp. PAMC 26642: Eunsil Choi , Ahhyun Huh , Changmin Oh , Jeong-Il Oh , Ho Young Kang , Jihwan Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):192-206. Published online February 1, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1619-9

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Abstract

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are growth-controlling genetic elements consisting of an intracellular toxin protein and its cognate antitoxin. TA systems have been spread among microbial genomes through horizontal gene transfer and are now prevalent in most bacterial and archaeal genomes. Under normal growth conditions, antitoxins tightly counteract the activity of the toxins. Upon stresses, antitoxins are inactivated, releasing activated toxins, which induce growth arrest or cell death. In this study, among nine functional TA modules in Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 living in Arctic lichen, we investigated the functionality of BoHigBA2. BohigBA2 is located close to a genomic island and adjacent to flagellar gene clusters. The expression of BohigB2 induced the inhibition of E. coli growth at 37°C, which was more manifest at 18°C, and this growth defect was reversed when BohigA2 was co-expressed, suggesting that this BoHigBA2 module might be an active TA module in Bosea sp. PAMC 26642. Live/dead staining and viable count analyses revealed that the BoHigB2 toxin had a bactericidal effect, causing cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BoHigB2 possessed mRNA-specific ribonuclease activity on various mRNAs and cleaved only mRNAs being translated, which might impede overall translation and consequently lead to cell death. Our study provides the insight to understand the cold adaptation of Bosea sp. PAMC 26642 living in the Arctic.

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Evaluating the Contribution of the Predicted Toxin–Antitoxin System HigBA to Persistence, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei
Itziar Chapartegui-González, Nittaya Khakhum, Jacob L. Stockton, Alfredo G. Torres, Igor E. Brodsky
Infection and Immunity.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Chronicle of Research into Lichen-Associated Bacteria
Zichen He, Takeshi Naganuma
Microorganisms.2022; 10(11): 2111. CrossRef
Degradation of amoxicillin by newly isolated Bosea sp. Ads-6
Lei Yan, Ning Yan, Xi-Yan Gao, Ying Liu, Zhi-Pei Liu
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 828: 154411. CrossRef

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314 includes a gene for serotonin biosynthesis via the tryptophan metabolic pathway: Jiseon Jeong , Yunjeong Lee , Seokmin Yoon , Jong-Hwa Kim , Wonyong Kim; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(12):1092-1103. Published online December 4, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1472-2

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Abstract

As the functions of probiotics within the same species may not be shared, it is important to analyze the genetic characteristics of strains to determine their safety and usefulness before industrial applications. Hence the present study was undertaken to determine functional genes, and beneficial activities of strain LRCC5314, a bacterial strain isolated from kimchi through comparative genomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain LRCC5314 was a member of the species L. plantarum. Whole genome size of strain LRCC5314 was sequence was 3.25 Mb long, with a G + C content of 44.5 mol% and 3,031 predicted genes. Strain LRCC5314 could metabolize hexoses through homofermentation, which produces only lactic acid from hexoses. According to gene annotation, strain LRCC- 5314 contained genes of EPS production and CRISPR. Moreover, the strain contained genes that could encode a complete biosynthetic pathway for the production of tryptophan, which can be used as a precursor of serotonin. Notably, the tryptophan and serotonin activities strain LRCC5314 were higher than those of reference strains, L. plantarum ATCC 14917T, DSM 20246, DSM 2601, and ATCC 8014, which reach tryptophan amount of 0.784 ± 0.045 μM/ml in MRS broth and serotonin concentration of 19.075 ± 0.295 ng/ml in HT-22 cells. These findings indicated that L. plantarum LRCC5314 could provide a source for serotonin production and could be used as a functional probiotic for stress regulation.

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Fermented foods: Harnessing their potential to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis for mental health
Ramya Balasubramanian, Elizabeth Schneider, Eoin Gunnigle, Paul D. Cotter, John F. Cryan
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.2024; 158: 105562. CrossRef
Effect of postbiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LRCC5314 supplemented in powdered milk on type 2 diabetes in mice
J.-H. Kim, W. Kwak, Y. Nam, J. Baek, Y. Lee, S. Yoon, W. Kim
Journal of Dairy Science.2024; 107(8): 5301. CrossRef
The role of pharmacomicrobiomics in HIV prevention, treatment, and women’s health
Erik C. Swanson, Christopher M. Basting, Nichole R. Klatt
Microbiome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Whole-Genome Sequence of Lactococcus lactis Subsp. lactis LL16 Confirms Safety, Probiotic Potential, and Reveals Functional Traits
Justina Mileriene, Jurgita Aksomaitiene, Kristina Kondrotiene, Tora Asledottir, Gerd Elisabeth Vegarud, Loreta Serniene, Mindaugas Malakauskas
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Differences in the gut microbiota between Cercopithecinae and Colobinae in captivity: Zongjin Huan , Yongfang Yao , Jianqiu Yu , Hongwei Chen , Meirong Li , Chaojun Yang , Bo Zhao , Qingyong Ni , Mingwang Zhang , Meng Xie , Huailiang Xu; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(5):367-376. Published online March 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9493-9

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Abstract

The gut microbiome of captive primates can provide a window into their health and disease status. The diversity and composition of gut microbiota are influenced by not only host phylogeny, but also host diet. Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) are divided into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. The diet and physiological digestive features differ between these two subfamilies. Accordingly, highthroughput sequencing was used to examine gut microbiota differences between these two subfamilies, using data from 29 Cercopithecinae individuals and 19 Colobinae individuals raised in captivity. Through a comparative analysis of operational taxonomic units (OTUs), significant differences in the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were observed between Cercopithecinae and Colobinae. In particular, the gut microbiota of captive Old World monkeys clustered strongly by the two subfamilies. The Colobinae microbial diversity was higher than that of Cercopithecinae. Additionally, Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Veillonellaceae, and Prevotella abundance were higher in Cercopithecinae, while Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcaceae, Christensenellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Acidaminococcaceae abundance were higher in Colobinae. PICRUSt analysis revealed that the predicted metagenomes of metabolic pathways associated with proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids were significantly higher in Colobinae. In the context of host phylogeny, these differences between Cercopithecinae and Colobinae could reflect adaptations associated with their respective diets. This well-organized dataset is a valuable resource for future related research on primates and gut microbiota. Moreover, this study may provide useful insight into animal management practices and primate conservation.

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Present status and trends of “ex situ” Cercopithecinae monkey populations worldwide
D. Fraschetti, S. Gippoliti
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Badrul Munir Md-Zain, Siti Hajar Azmi, Roberta Chaya Tawie Tingga, Millawati Gani, Mohamad Khairulmunir, Abd Rahman Mohd-Ridwan
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Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Sayaka Tsuchida, Akinori Azumano, Benoit Goossens, Diana A. Ramirez Saldivar, Danica J. Stark, Augustine Tuuga, Kazunari Ushida, Ikki Matsuda
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Xupeng Bi, Long Zhou, Jin-Jin Zhang, Shaohong Feng, Mei Hu, David N. Cooper, Jiangwei Lin, Jiali Li, Dong-Dong Wu, Guojie Zhang
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β-mannanase supplemented in diets saved 85 to 100 kcal of metabolizable energy/kg, supporting growth performance and improving nutrient digestibility in grower pigs
Jansller Luiz Genova, Liliana Bury de Azevedo, Paulo Evaristo Rupolo, Flávia Beatriz Carvalho Cordeiro, Hellen Lazarino Oliveira Vilela, Pedro Silva Careli, Damares de Castro Fidelis Toledo, Silvana Teixeira Carvalho, Marcos Kipper, Luciana Navajas Rennó,
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Description of Deefgea piscis sp. nov., and Deefgea tanakiae sp. nov., isolated from the gut of Korean indigenous fish
Do-Hun Gim, So-Yeon Lee, Jeong Eun Han, Jae-Yun Lee, Seo Min Kang, Jin-Woo Bae
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(11): 1061. CrossRef
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Chuanming Li, Guangjie Han, Jun Sun, Lixin Huang, Yurong Lu, Yang Xia, Qin Liu, Jian Xu
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The gut microbiota of gibbons across host genus and captive site in China
Li‐Ying Lan, Yu‐Yan You, Qi‐Xuan Hong, Qun‐Xiu Liu, Chun‐Zhong Xu, Wu Chen, Ying‐Di Zhu, Xue‐Qing Du, Peng‐Fei Fan
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Tiela Trapp Grassotti, Caroline Isabel Kothe, Janira Prichula, Nacer Mohellibi, Michele Bertoni Mann, Paulo Guilherme Carniel Wagner, Fabricio Souza Campos, Aline Alves Scarpellini Campos, Jeverson Frazzon, Ana Paula Guedes Frazzon
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Jejubacter calystegiae gen. nov., sp. nov., moderately halophilic, a new member of the family Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from beach morning glory: Lingmin Jiang , Dexin Wang , Jung-Sook Lee , Dae-Hyuk Kim , Jae Cheol Jeong , Cha Young Kim , Suk Weon Kim , Jiyoung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(5):357-366. Published online March 27, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9294-1

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Abstract

Strain KSNA2T, a Gram-negative, moderately halophilic, facultatively anaerobic, motile, rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from the surface-sterilized stem tissue of a beach morning glory (Calystegia soldanella) plant in Chuja Island, Jejudo, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences revealed that strain KSNA2T formed a distinct lineage within the family Enterobacteriaceae, with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Izhakiella australiensis KCTC 72143T (96.2%) and Izhakiella capsodis KCTC 72142T (96.0%), exhibited 95.5– 95.9% similarity to other genera in the family Enterobacteriaceae and Erwiniaceae. Conserved signature indels analysis elucidated that strain KSNA2T was delimited into family Enterobacteriaceae. KSNA2T genome comprises a circular chromosome of 5,182,800 bp with 56.1% G + C content. Digital DNA-DNA relatedness levels between strain KSNA2T and 18 closely related species were 19.3 to 21.1%. Average nucleotide identity values were between 72.0 and 76.7%. Growth of strain KSNA2T was observed at 4 to 45°C (optimum, 25°C) and pH 5.0 to 12.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) in the presence of 0 to 11% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0–7%). The major cellular fatty acids (> 10%) were C16:0 followed by summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), C17:0 cyclo, and C14:0. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). With combined phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic features, strain KSNA2T represents a novel species of a new genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae, for which the name Jejubacter calystegiae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KSNA2T (= KCTC 72234T = CCTCC AB 2019098T).

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Pseudoxanthomonas sp. JBR18, a halotolerant endophytic bacterium, improves the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis seedlings
Yuxin Peng, Lingmin Jiang, Doeun Jeon, Donghyun Cho, Youngmin Kim, Cha Young Kim, Ju Huck Lee, Jiyoung Lee
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.2024; 207: 108415. CrossRef
Two microbes assisting Miscanthus floridulus in remediating multi-metal(loid)s-contaminated soil
Yunhua Xiao, Jingjing Ma, Rui Chen, Sha Xiang, Bo Yang, Liang Chen, Jun Fang, Shuming Liu
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2024; 31(20): 28922. CrossRef
Improving plant salt tolerance through Algoriphagus halophytocola sp. nov., isolated from the halophyte Salicornia europaea
Yuxin Peng, Dong Hyun Cho, Zalfa Humaira, Yu Lim Park, Ki Hyun Kim, Cha Young Kim, Jiyoung Lee
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Detection of human pathogenic bacteria in rectal DNA samples from Zalophus californianus in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Francesco Cicala, David Ramírez-Delgado, Ricardo Gómez-Reyes, Marcel Martínez-Porchas, Jorge Rojas-Vargas, Liliana Pardo-López, Alexei F. Licea-Navarro
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Genome Insights into the Novel Species Jejubacter calystegiae, a Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium in Saline Conditions
Ling Min Jiang, Yong Jae Lee, Ho Le Han, Myoung Hui Lee, Jae Cheol Jeong, Cha Young Kim, Suk Weon Kim, Ji Young Lee
Diversity.2021; 13(1): 24. CrossRef
Pedobacter endophyticus sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from Carex pumila
Yuxin Peng, Lingmin Jiang, Jiyoon Seo, Zhun Li, Hanna Choe, Jae Cheol Jeong, Suk Weon Kim, Young-Min Kim, Cha Young Kim, Jiyoung Lee
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
The Changing Face of the Family Enterobacteriaceae (Order: “ Enterobacterales ”): New Members, Taxonomic Issues, Geographic Expansion, and New Diseases and Disease Syndromes
J. Michael Janda, Sharon L. Abbott
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A rule governing the FtsH-mediated proteolysis of the MgtC virulence protein from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium: Jonghyun Baek , Eunna Choi , Eun-Jin Lee; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):565-570. Published online July 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8245-6

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Abstract

A tightly controlled turnover of membrane proteins is required for lipid bilayer stability, cell metabolism, and cell viability. Among the energy-dependent AAA+ proteases in Salmonella, FtsH is the only membrane-bound protease that contributes to the quality control of membrane proteins. FtsH preferentially degrades the C-terminus or N-terminus of misfolded, misassembled, or damaged proteins to maintain physiological functions. We found that FtsH hydrolyzes the Salmonella MgtC virulence protein when we substitute the MgtC 226th Trp, which is well conserved in other intracellular pathogens and normally protects MgtC from the FtsH-mediated proteolysis. Here we investigate a rule determining the FtsHmediated proteolysis of the MgtC protein at Trp226 residue. Substitution of MgtC tryptophan 226th residue to alanine, glycine, or tyrosine leads to MgtC proteolysis in a manner dependent on the FtsH protease whereas substitution to phenylalanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, or valine resists MgtC degradation by FtsH. These data indicate that a large and hydrophobic side chain at 226th residue is required for protection from the FtsH-mediated MgtC proteolysis.

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Edwardsiella piscicida requires SecY homeostasis facilitated by FtsH and YccA for stress resistance and virulence
Qingjuan Wu, Aijun Tian, Jiarui Xu, Qingjian Fang, Huiqin Huang, Yonghua Hu
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Anastasiya V. Merkushova, Anton E. Shikov, Anton A. Nizhnikov, Kirill S. Antonets
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Edwardsiella piscicida YccA: A novel virulence factor essential to membrane integrity, mobility, host infection, and host immune response
Mengru Jin, Jiaojiao He, Jun Li, Yonghua Hu, Dongmei Sun, Hanjie Gu
Fish & Shellfish Immunology.2022; 126: 318. CrossRef
FtsH is required for protein secretion homeostasis and full bacterial virulence in Edwardsiella piscicida
Wei Wang, Jiatiao Jiang, Hao Chen, Yuanxing Zhang, Qin Liu
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RNase G controls tpiA mRNA abundance in response to oxygen availability in Escherichia coli
Jaejin Lee, Dong-Ho Lee, Che Ok Jeon, Kangseok Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2019; 57(10): 910. CrossRef
The coordinated action of RNase III and RNase G controls enolase expression in response to oxygen availability in Escherichia coli
Minho Lee, Minju Joo, Minji Sim, Se-Hoon Sim, Hyun-Lee Kim, Jaejin Lee, Minkyung Ryu, Ji-Hyun Yeom, Yoonsoo Hahn, Nam-Chul Ha, Jang-Cheon Cho, Kangseok Lee
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

MINIREVIEW] Multilayered regulations of RIG-I in the anti-viral signaling pathway: Nari Kim , Hesung Now , Nhung T.H. Nguyen , Joo-Yeon Yoo; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(9):583-587. Published online August 31, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6322-2

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Abstract

RIG-I is a cytosolic receptor recognizing virus-specific RNA structures and initiates an antiviral signaling that induces the production of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Because inappropriate RIG-I signaling affects either viral clearance or immune toxicity, multiple regulations of RIG-I have been investigated since its discovery as the viral RNA detector. In this review, we describe the recent progress in research on the regulation of RIG-I activity or abundance. Specifically, we focus on the mechanism that modulates RIGI- dependent antiviral response through post-translational modifications of or protein-protein interactions with RIG-I.

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ZNF205 positively regulates RLR antiviral signaling by targeting RIG-I
Ni Zhong, Chen Wang, Guangxiu Weng, Ting Ling, Liangguo Xu
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Xueren Ouyang, Yuning Zeng, Xiaotao Jiang, Hua Xu, Yile Ning, Ming Yi
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HSPBP1 facilitates cellular RLR-mediated antiviral response by inhibiting the K48-linked ubiquitination of RIG-I
Ya-Xian Yang, Jing-Ping Huang, Sheng-Na Li, Jing Li, Ting Ling, Tao Xie, Liang-Guo Xu
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Jéssica S. C. Martins, Maria L. A. Oliveira, Cristiana C. Garcia, Marilda M. Siqueira, Aline R. Matos
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Thirupandiyur S. Udayakumar, Dillon M. Betancourt, Anis Ahmad, Wensi Tao, Tulasigeri M. Totiger, Mausam Patel, Brian Marples, Glen Barber, Alan Pollack
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Inhibition of eukaryotic translation by tetratricopeptide-repeat proteins of Orientia tsutsugamushi: Sunyoung Bang , Chan-Ki Min , Na-Young Ha , Myung-Sik Choi , Ik-Sang Kim , Yeon-Sook Kim , Nam-Hyuk Cho; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(2):136-144. Published online February 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5599-5

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Abstract

Orientia tsutsugamushi, an obligate intracellular bacterium, is the causative agent of scrub typhus. The genome of Orientia tsutsugamushi has revealed multiple ORFs encoding tetratricopeptide- repeat (TPR) proteins. The TPR protein family has been shown to be involved in a diverse spectrum of cellular functions such as cell cycle control, transcription, protein transport, and protein folding, especially in eukaryotic cells. However, little is known about the function of the TPR proteins in O. tsutsugamushi. To investigate the potential role of TPR proteins in host-pathogen interaction, two oriential TPR proteins were expressed in E. coli and applied for GSTpull down assay. DDX3, a DEAD-box containing RNA helicase, was identified as a specific eukaryotic target of the TPR proteins. Since the RNA helicase is involved in multiple RNAmodifying processes such as initiation of translation reaction, we performed in vitro translation assay in the presence of GST-TPR fusion proteins by using rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The TPR proteins inhibited in vitro translation of a reporter luciferase in a dose dependent manner whereas the GST control proteins did not. These results suggested TPR proteins of O. tsutsugamushi might be involved in the modulation of eukarytotic translation through the interaction with DDX3 RNA helicase after secretion into host cytoplasm.

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5’ Untranslated Region of the Pseudomonas putida WCS358 Stationary Phase Sigma Factor rpoS mRNA is Involved in RpoS Translational Regulation: Branko Jovcic , Iris Bertani , Vittorio Venturi , Ljubisa Topisirovic , Milan Kojic; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(1):56-61.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0127-2

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Abstract: The σS subunit of RNA polymerase is a central regulator which governs the expression of a host of stationary phase-induced and osmotically regulated genes in Gram-negative bacteria. The Pseudomonas putida rpoS gene is transcribed as a monocistronic rpoS mRNA with a 368 nucleotide-long 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR). In this study, we investigate the posttranscriptional control of RpoS synthesis using rpoS-lacZ transcriptional and translational fusions consisting of the native promoter and deletions of 5’ UTR or insertion into UTR. The differing activity of constructed translational fusions strongly indicated that the 5’ UTR is involved in the translational regulation of RpoS expression in the stationary phase. The results obtained herein demonstrated that the structure of UTR performs an important function in the translational regulation of the rpoS gene.

Effect of Polyamines on Cellular Differintiation of N. gruberi: Inhibition of Translation of Tubulin mRNA: Yoo, Jin Uk , Kwon, Kyung Soon , Cho, Hyun Il , Kim, Dae Myung , Chung, In Kwon , Kim, Young Min , Lee, Tae HO , Lee, Joo Hun; J. Microbiol. 1997;35(4):315-322.

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Abstract: The effects of a polyamine, spermine, on the differentiation of Naegleria gruberi amebas into flagellates were tested. Addition of spermine at early stages of differentiation (until 40 min after the initiation of differentiation) completely inhibited the differentiation. To understand the inhibition mechanism, we examined the effect of spermine treatment on the transcription and translation of differentiation-specific genes during differentiation. Addition of spermine at early stages did not inhibit the accumulation of two differentiation-specific mRNAs, α-tubulin and Class I mRNA, significantly, but rather prevented the rapid degradation of the mRNAs in later overall protein synthesis partially and gradually. However, translation of the α-tubulin mRNA was completely inhibited. These data suggest that the inhibition of differentiation of N. gruberi by spermine treatment did not result from the inhibition of transcription of differentiation-specific genes but from the specific inhibition of translation of the mRNAs during the differentiation.

Characterization of Cell Wall Proteins from the soo1-1/ret1-1 Mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Dong-Won Lee , Ki-Hyun Kim , Se-Chul Chun , Hee-Moon Park; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):219-223.

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Abstract: In order to investigate the function of Soo1p/[alpha]-COP during post-translational modification and intracellular transport of cell wall proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cell wall proteins from the soo1-1/ret1-1 mutant cells were analyzed. SDS-PAGE analysis of biotin labeled cell wall proteins suggested that the soo1-1 mutation impairs post-translational modification of cell wall proteins, such as N- and/or O-glycosylation. Analysis of cell wall proteins with antibodies against [beta]-1,3-glucan and [beta]-1,6-glucan revealed alteration of the linkage between cell wall proteins and [beta]-glucans in the soo1-1 mutant cells. Compositional sugar analysis of the cell wall proteins also suggested that the soo1-1 mutation impairs glycosylation of cell wall protein in the ER, which is crucial for the maintenance of cell wall integrity.

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