Journal of Microbiology

Journal Article

Upgrading Isoquercitrin Concentration via Submerge Fermentation of Mulberry Fruit Extract with Edible Probiotics to Suppress Gene Targets for Controlling Kidney Cancer and Inflammation: Md Rezaul Karim, Safia Iqbal, Shahnawaz Mohammad, Jong-Hoon Kim, Li Ling, Changbao Chen, Abdus Samad, Md Anwarul Haque, Deok-Chun Yang, Yeon Ju Kim, Dong Uk Yang; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(10):919-927. Published online October 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00163-8

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In recent years, kidney cancer has become one of the most serious medical issues. Kidney cancer is treated with a variety of active compounds that trigger genes that cause cancer. We identified in our earlier research that isoquercitrin (IQ) can activate PIK3CA, IGF1R, and PTGS2. However, it has a very low bioavailability because of its lower solubility in water. So, we utilized sub-merge fermentation technology with two well-known probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis, as a microbial source and mulberry fruit extract as a substrate, which has a high IQ level to improve IQ yield. Furthermore, we compared the total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant contents of fermented and non-fermented samples, and we found that the fermented samples had greater levels than non-fermented sample. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the fermented mulberry fruit extract from B. subtilis and L. acidophilus showed higher IQ values (190.73 ± 0.004 μg/ml and 220.54 ± 0.007 μg/ml, respectively), compared to the non-fermented samples, which had IQ values (80.12 ± 0.002 μg/ml). Additionally, at 62.5 µg/ml doses of each sample, a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) showed higher cell viability for fermented and non-fermented samples. Conversely, at the same doses, the fermented samples of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis in a kidney cancer cell line (A498) showed an inhibition of cell growth around 36% and 31%, respectively. Finally, we performed RT and qRT PCR assay, and we found a significant reduction in the expression of the PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R genes. We therefore can conclude that the fermented samples have a higher concentration of isoquercitrin, and also can inhibit the expression of the genes PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R, which in turn regulates kidney cancer and inflammation.

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Recent research on the bioactivity of polyphenols derived from edible fungi and their potential in chronic disease prevention
Wenbin Yu, Yufei Zhang, Yi Lu, Zhiwei Ouyang, Jiahua Peng, Yayi Tu, Bin He
Journal of Functional Foods.2025; 124: 106627. CrossRef

Osmotic Tolerance Response of Salmonella typhimurium with Respect ro Growth-Phase and Identification of otr201, a rpoS-Related Gene: Lim, Si Keun , Bang, Soo Iel , Bang, Seong Ho , Lee, Yung Nok , Park, Yong Keun; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(1):66-73.

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Abstract: Salmonella typhimurium can stand against and survive under lethal osmotic exposure. Two systems of osmotic tolerance response(OTR) were found to be utilized by that organism, which were possibly overlapping with each other. The first system is an induction in response to non-lethal high osmoshock(0.3~0.7 M NaCl) at log-phase. The second system is induced during famine condition of stationary-phase. The viability of wild types(UK1, LT2) under these unfavorable conditions was increased by both systems. The viability of stationary-phase cells was approximately 5-fold that of the cells adapted at log-phase. In addition, a few regulatory fenes(rpoS, fur, crp, atp), one carbonstarvation-inducible(cstA104), and an osmotic-inducible gene(proU) were found to play an important role in osmotic tolerance at both growth phases. RpoS, a putative alternative sigma factor (σ^38), was found to participate in OTR systems regardless of growth-phase, but rpoS-defective mutant could still develope the adaptive tolerance. Thus, we concluded that there is rpoS-defective and rpoS-independent systems for osmotic tolerance at both growth-phase. Of the possible otr mutants newly isolated using MudJ(Km, lac) operon fusion techniques, YK3092 (otr201::MudJ) was most sensitive to osmotic challenge regardless of growth phase. It was mapped nearby at 57 min on chromosome and showed rpoS-negative phenotypes such as no catalase activity and inability to accumulate glycogen : but was not linked to rpoS. Therefore, this result strongly suggest that otr201 might be a rpoS-related regulatory gene not gound before.

Growth of Issatchenkia orientalis in Aerobic Batch and Fed-batch Cultures: Hyung Tai Shin , Yoo Beom Lim , Jong Ho Koh , Jong Yun Kim , Soon Young Baig , Jae Heung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(1):82-85.

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Abstract: The aerobic batch growth of Issatchenkia orientalis DY252 with glucose and fructose medium was investigated at 32 C and pH 5.0. Aerobic ethanol production was evident with yeast I. orientalis. A diauxic lag of about 1 h between growth on glucose and growth on ethanol during batch culture was observed. However, no diauxic growth occurred with fructose. As the incubation temperature was increased from 32 to 39 C, viability at the end of each batch culture declined significantly, from 93 to 43%. Unlike the effect of temperature, viability was not greatly affected by incubation pH, and cell yield values in a range of 0.45-0.48 were obtained. In order to overcome overflow metabolism, a fed-batch culture under glucose limitation was carried out. Compared with aerobic batch culture, about 10% improvement in cell yield was achieved with a fed-batch culture in optimal conditions.

The Viable but Nonculturable State in Bacteria: James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(1):93-100.

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Abstract: It had long been assumed that a bacterial cell was dead when it was no longer able to grow on routine culture media. We now know that this assumption is simplistic, and that there are many situations where a cell loses culturability but remains viable and potentially able to regrow. This mini-review defines what the "viable but nonculturable" (VBNC) state is, and illustrates the methods that can be used to show that a bacterial cell is in this physiological state. The diverse environmental factors which induce this state, and the variety of bacteria which have been shown to enter into the VBNC state, are listed. In recent years, a great amount of research has revealed what occurs in cells as they enter and exist in this state, and these studies are also detailed. The ability of cells to resuscitate from the VBNC state and return to an actively metabolizing and culturable form is described, as well as the ability of these cells to retain virulence. Finally, the question of why cells become nonculturable is addressed. It is hoped that this mini-review will encourage researchers to consider this survival state in their studies as an alternative to the conclusion that a lack of culturability indicates the cells they are examining are dead.

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