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Review
Raloxifene as a treatment option for viral infections
Subin Hong , JuOae Chang , Kwiwan Jeong , Wonsik Lee
J. Microbiol. 2021;59(2):124-131.   Published online February 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0617-7
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  • 33 Web of Science
  • 32 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) has caused corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and led to mass casualty. Even though much effort has been put into development of vaccine and treatment
methods
to combat COVID-19, no safe and efficient cure has been discovered. Drug repurposing or drug repositioning which is a process of investigating pre-existing drug candidates for novel applications outside their original medical indication can speed up the drug development process. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been approved by FDA in 1997 for treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer. Recently, raloxifene demonstrates efficacy in treating viral infections by Ebola, influenza A, and hepatitis C viruses and shows potential for drug repurposing for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review will provide an overview of raloxifene’s mechanism of action as a SERM and present proposed mechanisms of action in treatment of viral infections.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Safety Evaluation In Vitro of Enterococcus durans from Tibetan Traditional Fermented Yak Milk
Jing Li , Fazheng Ren , Huiyong Gu , Xiaopeng Li , Bozhong Gan
J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):721-728.   Published online November 9, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1062-9
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  • 10 Scopus
AbstractAbstract
Despite its ubiquity in fermented dairy products, the safety of lactic acid enterococcal bacteria remains controversial. In this study, five Enterococcus durans strains – A1, A2, B1, B2, and C1 – were isolated from traditional fermented yak milk from Tibet. To evaluate the strains’ safety, biogenic amine production, antibiotic resistance and presence of known virulence determinants were investigated. Strain A1 can produce biogenic amines for histamine, spermine, and spermidine (mean values: 8.64, 8.31, and 0.30 mg/L, respectively). Polymerase chain reaction amplification for Strain A1 found genes involved in expression of gelatinase (gleE), cytolysin (cylA, cylB, and cylM), sex pheromones (ccf and cpd) and cell wall adhesion (efaA). Strain A2 showed sensitivity or intermediate resistance to all tested antibiotics, and no virulence determinants except gelE and ccf, but did produce tyramine at a relatively high level (912.02 mg/L). Both strains B1 and B2 could produce histamine (10.43 and 10.56 mg/L, respectively), and showed vancomycin resistance; B1 also produced tyramine (504.02 mg/L). Strain C1 could produce all five biogenic amines tested in the study – putrescine, histamine, tyramine, spermine, and spermidine; concentrations were 6.51, 9.59, 205.85, 5.55, and 5.39 mg/L, respectively. All E. durans strains found in Tibetan traditional fermented yak milk thus offer potential risk.

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