The increasing environmental concerns regarding conventional plastics have led to a growing demand for sustainable alternatives, such as biodegradable plastics. Yeast cell factories, specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, have emerged as promising platforms for bioplastic production due to their scalability, robustness, and ease of manipulation. This review highlights synthetic biology approaches aimed at developing yeast cell factories to produce key biodegradable plastics, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). We explore recent advancements in engineered yeast strains that utilize various synthetic biology strategies, such as the incorporation of new genetic elements at the gene, pathway, and cellular system levels. The combined efforts of metabolic engineering, protein engineering, and adaptive evolution have enhanced strain efficiency and maximized product yields. Additionally, this review addresses the importance of integrating computational tools and machine learning into the Design-Build-Test-Learn cycle for strain development. This integration aims to facilitate strain development while minimizing effort and maximizing performance. However, challenges remain in improving strain robustness and scaling up industrial production processes. By combining advanced synthetic biology techniques with computational approaches, yeast cell factories hold significant potential for the sustainable and scalable production of bioplastics, thus contributing to a greener bioeconomy.
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Microbial biosynthesis using yeast species offers numerous advantages to produce industrially relevant biofuels and biochemicals. Conventional metabolic engineering approaches in yeast focus on biosynthetic pathways in the cytoplasm, but these approaches are disturbed by various undesired factors including metabolic crosstalk, competing pathways and insufficient precursors. Given that eukaryotic cells contain subcellular organelles with distinct physicochemical properties, an emerging strategy to overcome cytosolic pathway engineering bottlenecks is through repurposing these organelles as specialized microbial cell factories for enhanced production of valuable chemicals. Here, we review recent progress and significant outcomes of harnessing organelle engineering for biofuels and biochemicals production in both conventional and non-conventional yeasts. We highlight key engineering strategies for the compartmentalization of biosynthetic pathways within specific organelles such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, and endoplasmic reticulum; involved in engineering of signal peptide, cofactor and energy enhancement, organelle biogenesis and dual subcellular engineering. Finally, we discuss the potential and challenges of organelle engineering for future studies and propose an automated pipeline to fully exploit this approach.
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