Abstract
Emerging viruses pose a major threat to humans and livestock
with global public health and economic burdens. Vaccination
remains an effective tool to reduce this threat, and
yet, the conventional cell culture often fails to produce sufficient
vaccine dose. As an alternative to cell-culture based
vaccine, virus-like particles (VLPs) are considered as a highpriority
vaccine strategy against emerging viruses. VLPs represent
highly ordered repetitive structures via macromolecular
assemblies of viral proteins. The particulate nature allows efficient
uptake into antigen presenting cells stimulating both
innate and adaptive immune responses towards enhanced
vaccine efficacy. Increasing research activity and translation
opportunity necessitate the advances in the design of VLPs
and new bioprocessing modalities for efficient and cost-effective
production. Herein, we describe major achievements
and challenges in this endeavor, with respect to designing
strategies to harnessing the immunogenic potential, production
platforms, downstream processes, and some exemplary
case
s in developing VLP-based vaccines.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Virus-like particle: a nano-platform that delivers cancer antigens to elicit an anti-tumor immune response
Weisen Ning, Sheng Yan, Yongyao Song, Hanning Xu, Jinling Zhang, Xiaomei Wang
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Current status of developments in the field of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines
Tatiana S. Kotomina
Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology.2025; 102(2): 239. CrossRef - Toxicity Evaluation of a VLP-Based Vaccine Аgainst Human Rotavirus Infection Following a Single Administration in Rats: Serum Biochemistry and Histopathological Examination of Organs and Injection Site
Oleg V. Ledenev, Ilya E. Filatov, Olesya V. Eliseeva, Oleg E. Latyshev, Igor A. Dyachenko, Gulsara A. Slashcheva, Elvira R. Shaykhutdinova, Ekaterina N. Kazakova, Elena S. Sadovnikova, Olga I. Patsap, Varvara V. Lebedeva, Arkady N. Murashev, Tatiana V. Gr
Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics.2025; 15(8): 69. CrossRef - Harnessing Pentameric Scaffold of Cholera Toxin B (CTB) for Design of Subvirion Recombinant Dengue Virus Vaccine
Jemin Sung, Yucheol Cheong, Young-Seok Kim, Jina Ahn, Myung Hyun Sohn, Sanguine Byun, Baik-Lin Seong
Vaccines.2024; 12(1): 92. CrossRef - Global progress in clinical research on human respiratory syncytial virus vaccines
Ruofan Peng, Chenghao Chen, Qian Chen, Yuwen Zhang, Renjin Huang, Yanjun Zhang, Jianhua Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Virus-like particles in poultry disease: an approach to effective and safe vaccination
Abdullahi Abdullahi Raji, Paniz Zarghami Dastjerdi, Abdul Rahman Omar
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Sf9 Cell Metabolism Throughout the Recombinant Baculovirus and Rabies Virus-Like Particles Production in Two Culture Systems
Luis Giovani Oliveira Guardalini, Jaci Leme, Paulo Eduardo da Silva Cavalcante, Renata Gois de Mello, Thaissa Consoni Bernardino, Simone Gonçalves Silva Jared, Marta Maria Antoniazzi, Renato Mancini Astray, Aldo Tonso, Eutimio Gustavo Fernández Núñez, Sor
Molecular Biotechnology.2024; 66(2): 354. CrossRef - Viral vector- and virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases: A minireview
Ruth Henríquez, Isabel Muñoz-Barroso
Heliyon.2024; 10(15): e34927. CrossRef - Design and Application of Biosafe Coronavirus Engineering Systems without Virulence
Guoqiang Wu, Qiaoyu Li, Junbiao Dai, Guobin Mao, Yingxin Ma
Viruses.2024; 16(5): 659. CrossRef - Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics for STAT3 Targeting in Cancer—Drug Carriers Matter
Sara Molenda, Agata Sikorska, Anna Florczak, Patryk Lorenc, Hanna Dams-Kozlowska
Cancers.2023; 15(23): 5647. CrossRef - Yeast-Based Virus-like Particles as an Emerging Platform for Vaccine Development and Delivery
Vartika Srivastava, Kripa N. Nand, Aijaz Ahmad, Ravinder Kumar
Vaccines.2023; 11(2): 479. CrossRef - Viral protein-based nanoparticles (part 2): Pharmaceutical applications
Rocio Mellid-Carballal, Sara Gutierrez-Gutierrez, Carmen Rivas, Marcos Garcia-Fuentes
European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.2023; 189: 106558. CrossRef - Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants
Nicola Principi, Giovanni Autore, Serafina Perrone, Susanna Esposito
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2023; 24(6): 747. CrossRef - Viral Nanoparticles‐Mediated Delivery of Therapeutic Cargo
Saba Zanganeh, Mohammad Doroudian, Zohreh R. Nowzari, Pourya Nasirmoghadas, Javid Sadri Nahand, Shima Sepehrpour, Mohsen Moghoofei
Advanced Therapeutics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Emerging Trends and Future Challenges of Nanovaccine Delivery via
Nasal Route
Hitesh Kumar Dewangan, Akash Raghuvanshi, Kamal Shah
Current Drug Targets.2023; 24(3): 261. CrossRef - A Virus-like Particle-Based F4 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine Is Inhibited by Maternally Derived Antibodies in Piglets but Generates Robust Responses in Sows
Kara-Lee Aves, Priscila R. Guerra, Ana H. Fresno, Mauro M. S. Saraiva, Eric Cox, Poul J. Bækbo, Morten A. Nielsen, Adam F. Sander, John E. Olsen
Pathogens.2023; 12(12): 1388. CrossRef - Virus-like Particles as Antiviral Vaccine: Mechanism, Design, and Application
Lei Zhang, Wen Xu, Xi Ma, XiaoJing Sun, JinBo Fan, Yang Wang
Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering.2023; 28(1): 1. CrossRef - Rational design of novel fusion rabies glycoproteins displaying a major antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus for vaccine applications
Ernesto Garay, Diego Fontana, Lautaro Leschiutta, Ricardo Kratje, Claudio Prieto
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2022; 106(2): 579. CrossRef - Engineering Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery
Audrey Olshefsky, Christian Richardson, Suzie H. Pun, Neil P. King
Bioconjugate Chemistry.2022; 33(11): 2018. CrossRef - Can Virus-like Particles Be Used as Synergistic Agent in Pest Management?
Caroline Deshayes, Anne-Sophie Gosselin-Grenet, Mylène Ogliastro, Bruno Lapied, Véronique Apaire-Marchais
Viruses.2022; 14(5): 943. CrossRef - Virus-Like Particles: Revolutionary Platforms for Developing Vaccines Against Emerging Infectious Diseases
Hasnat Tariq, Sannia Batool, Saaim Asif, Mohammad Ali, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus and their neutralizing potency in vitro
Zhiqi Zhang, Jing Xing, Xiaoqian Tang, Xiuzhen Sheng, Heng Chi, Wenbin Zhan
Aquaculture.2022; 560: 738562. CrossRef - Sendai virus particles carrying target virus glycoproteins for antibody induction
Hiroshi Ishii, Midori Nakamura-Hoshi, Tsugumine Shu, Tetsuro Matano
Vaccine.2022; 40(16): 2420. CrossRef - Emerging Frontiers in Vaccine Development: A Review of Changing Paradigm
Ishan Ghosh, Mohit D. Gandhi
Journal of Biosciences and Medicines.2022; 10(07): 123. CrossRef - An Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Alessio Facciolà, Giuseppa Visalli, Antonio Laganà, Angela Di Pietro
Vaccines.2022; 10(5): 819. CrossRef - RNA-assisted self-assembly of monomeric antigens into virus-like particles as a recombinant vaccine platform
Beom Jeung Hwang, Yohan Jang, Soon Bin Kwon, Ji Eun Yu, Jongkwan Lim, Young Hoon Roh, Baik L. Seong
Biomaterials.2021; 269: 120650. CrossRef - Disulfide Bridging Strategies in Viral and Nonviral Platforms for Nucleic Acid Delivery
Kingshuk Dutta, Ritam Das, Jewel Medeiros, S. Thayumanavan
Biochemistry.2021; 60(13): 966. CrossRef - Engineering Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its Virus‐Like‐Particles for Synthesis of Biotemplated Nanomaterials
Kok Zhi Lee, Vindula Basnayake Pussepitiyalage, Yu‐Hsuan Lee, L. Sue Loesch‐Fries, Michael T. Harris, Shohreh Hemmati, Kevin V. Solomon
Biotechnology Journal.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Racing to immunity: Journey to a COVID‐19 vaccine and lessons for the future
Ester Calvo Fernández, Lucie Y. Zhu
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.2021; 87(9): 3408. CrossRef - Advanced Nanobiomedical Approaches to Combat Coronavirus Disease of 2019
Halle Lutz, Kristen D. Popowski, Phuong-Uyen C. Dinh, Ke Cheng
Advanced NanoBiomed Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - RNA-dependent assembly of chimeric antigen nanoparticles as an efficient H5N1 pre-pandemic vaccine platform
Jongkwan Lim, Yucheol Cheong, Young-Seok Kim, Wonil Chae, Beom Jeung Hwang, Jinhee Lee, Yo Han Jang, Young Hoon Roh, Sang-Uk Seo, Baik L. Seong
Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine.2021; 37: 102438. CrossRef - Nano-based approaches in the development of antiviral agents and vaccines
Yang Li, Yushuo Xiao, Yuchen Chen, Kun Huang
Life Sciences.2021; 265: 118761. CrossRef - Virus-like particles: preparation, immunogenicity and their roles as nanovaccines and drug nanocarriers
Saghi Nooraei, Howra Bahrulolum, Zakieh Sadat Hoseini, Camellia Katalani, Abbas Hajizade, Andrew J. Easton, Gholamreza Ahmadian
Journal of Nanobiotechnology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - VLP-Based Vaccines as a Suitable Technology to Target Trypanosomatid Diseases
Aline Maria Vasconcelos Queiroz, Johny Wysllas de Freitas Oliveira, Cláudia Jassica Moreno, Diego M. A. Guérin, Marcelo Sousa Silva
Vaccines.2021; 9(3): 220. CrossRef - Nervous Necrosis Virus-like Particle (VLP) Vaccine Stimulates European Sea Bass Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses and Induces Long-Term Protection against Disease
Sofie Barsøe, Kerstin Skovgaard, Dagoberto Sepúlveda, Ansgar Stratmann, Niccolò Vendramin, Niels Lorenzen
Pathogens.2021; 10(11): 1477. CrossRef - Long-Term Protection and Serologic Response of European Sea Bass Vaccinated with a Betanodavirus Virus-Like Particle Produced in Pichia pastoris
Sofie Barsøe, Anna Toffan, Francesco Pascoli, Ansgar Stratmann, Tobia Pretto, Andrea Marsella, Mériem Er-Rafik, Niccolò Vendramin, Niels J. Olesen, Dagoberto Sepúlveda, Niels Lorenzen
Vaccines.2021; 9(5): 447. CrossRef - Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus-Like Particles Produced in Drosophila S2 Cells
Natalia Olivero-Deibe, Lorena Tomé-Poderti, Federico Carrión, Sergio Bianchi, Martín Fló, Daniel Prieto, Florencia Rammauro, Andrés Addiego, Natalia Ibañez, Madelón Portela, Rosario Duran, Mabel Berois, Otto Pritsch
Frontiers in Virology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Nanotechnology Interventions in the Management of COVID-19: Prevention, Diagnosis and Virus-Like Particle Vaccines
Acharya Balkrishna, Vedpriya Arya, Akansha Rohela, Ashwani Kumar, Rachna Verma, Dinesh Kumar, Eugenie Nepovimova, Kamil Kuca, Naveen Thakur, Nikesh Thakur, Pankaj Kumar
Vaccines.2021; 9(10): 1129. CrossRef - Baculovirus affinity removal in viral-based bioprocesses
Mafalda G. Moleirinho, Rita P. Fernandes, Sofia B. Carvalho, Sandra Bezemer, Frank Detmers, Pim Hermans, Ricardo J.S. Silva, Paula M. Alves, Manuel J.T. Carrondo, Cristina Peixoto
Separation and Purification Technology.2020; 241: 116693. CrossRef - Recent Advances in the Development of Virus-Like Particle-Based Flavivirus Vaccines
Naru Zhang, Chaoqun Li, Shibo Jiang, Lanying Du
Vaccines.2020; 8(3): 481. CrossRef - A Flow-Through Chromatographic Strategy for Hepatitis C Virus-Like Particles Purification
Ricardo J. S. Silva, Mafalda G. Moleirinho, Ana S. Moreira, Alex Xenopoulos, Paula M. Alves, Manuel J. T. Carrondo, Cristina Peixoto
Processes.2020; 8(1): 85. CrossRef - Virus-like particle vaccine displaying Toxoplasma gondii apical membrane antigen 1 induces protection against T. gondii ME49 infection in mice
Min-Ju Kim, Su-Hwa Lee, Hae-Ji Kang, Ki-Back Chu, Hyunwoo Park, Hui Jin, Eun-Kyung Moon, Sung Soo Kim, Fu-Shi Quan
Microbial Pathogenesis.2020; 142: 104090. CrossRef - Bacterial Production of Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Biotemplates for Palladium Nanoparticle Growth
Yu-Hsuan Lee, Kok Zhi Lee, Rachel G. Susler, Corren A. Scott, Longfei Wang, L. Sue Loesch-Fries, Michael T. Harris, Kevin V. Solomon
ACS Applied Nano Materials.2020; 3(12): 12080. CrossRef - Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines
Carlotta Biagi, Arianna Dondi, Sara Scarpini, Alessandro Rocca, Silvia Vandini, Giulia Poletti, Marcello Lanari
Vaccines.2020; 8(4): 672. CrossRef - Virus-like particle-display of the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable toxoid STh-A14T elicits neutralizing antibodies in mice
Morten L. Govasli, Yuleima Diaz, Pål Puntervoll
Vaccine.2019; 37(43): 6405. CrossRef - Protein and Peptide Biomaterials for Engineered Subunit Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic Applications
Alexandra N. Tsoras, Julie A. Champion
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.2019; 10(1): 337. CrossRef - Capsid containing virus like particle vaccine against Zika virus made from a stable cell line
Himanshu Garg, Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz, Gregory M. Ruddy, Anjali Joshi
Vaccine.2019; 37(48): 7123. CrossRef - Incorporation of CD40 ligand enhances the immunogenicity of tumor‑associated calcium signal transducer 2 virus‑like particles against lung cancer
Wang Xi, Dong Ke, Long Min, Wang Lin, Zuo Jiahui, Lin Fang, Gao Zhaowei, Zhang Zhe, Chen Xi, Zhang Huizhong
International Journal of Molecular Medicine.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Chaperna-Mediated Assembly of Ferritin-Based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus Nanoparticles
Young-Seok Kim, Ahyun Son, Jihoon Kim, Soon Bin Kwon, Myung Hee Kim, Paul Kim, Jieun Kim, Young Ho Byun, Jemin Sung, Jinhee Lee, Ji Eun Yu, Chan Park, Yeon-Sook Kim, Nam-Hyuk Cho, Jun Chang, Baik L. Seong
Frontiers in Immunology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Nanoparticle vaccines against viral infections
Fernando B. Sulczewski, Raquel B. Liszbinski, Pedro R. T. Romão, Luiz Carlos Rodrigues Junior
Archives of Virology.2018; 163(9): 2313. CrossRef - Induction of a high-titered antibody response using HIV gag-EV71 VP1-based virus-like particles with the capacity to protect newborn mice challenged with a lethal dose of enterovirus 71
Xi Wang, Ke Dong, Min Long, Fang Lin, Zhaowei Gao, Lin Wang, Zhe Zhang, Xi Chen, Ying Dai, Huiping Wang, Huizhong Zhang
Archives of Virology.2018; 163(7): 1851. CrossRef - Questions of bioethics and biosafety in the problem of biotechnology and
use of vaccine for prevention of human infectious diseases
V. Zadorozhna, N. Vynnyk
Bulletin "Veterinary biotechnology".2018; 32(1): 459. CrossRef - MultiBac: from protein complex structures to synthetic viral nanosystems
Martin Pelosse, Hannah Crocker, Barbara Gorda, Paul Lemaire, Jens Rauch, Imre Berger
BMC Biology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Green Tea Catechin-Inactivated Viral Vaccine Platform
Yun H. Lee, Yo H. Jang, Young H. Byun, Yucheol Cheong, Paul Kim, Young J. Lee, Yoon J. Lee, Je M. Sung, Ahyun Son, Hye M. Lee, Jinhee Lee, Seung W. Yang, Jae-Min Song, Baik L. Seong
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef - Development of Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine and Reporter Assay for Zika Virus
Himanshu Garg, Melina Sedano, Gabrielle Plata, Erin B. Punke, Anjali Joshi, Michael S. Diamond
Journal of Virology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
MSK
Cite this Article
