Abstract

Rap small GTPases are involved in diverse signaling pathways associated with cell growth, proliferation, and cell migration. There are three Rap proteins in Dictyostelium, RapA, RapB, and RapC. RapA is a key regulator in the control of cell adhesion and migration. Recently RapA and RapC have been reported to have opposite functions in the regulation of cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrate that the C-terminus of RapC, which is not found in RapA, is essential for the opposite functions of RapC and is able to reverse the functions of RapA when fused to the tail of RapA. Cells lacking RapC displayed several defective phenotypes, including spread morphology, strong adhesion, and decreased cell migration compared to wild-type cells. These phenotypes were rescued by full-length RapC, but not by RapC missing the C-terminus. Furthermore, recombinant RapA fused with the C-terminus of RapC completely recovered the phenotypes of rapC null cells, indicating that the functions of RapA were modified to become similar to those of RapC by the C-terminus of RapC with respect to cell morphology, cell adhesion and migration, cytokinesis, and development. These results suggest that the C-terminal residues of RapC are able to suppress and change the functions of other Ras proteins in Ras oncogenic signaling pathways.

• Keywords: aquatic ecosystem;binning;flow cytometry;online monitoring;phenotypic diversity