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 Lactic acid bacteria from Ethiopian traditional beverage, Tella: technological and metabolic profiles for industrial application
Gashaw Assefa Yehuala1,2,3, Jaein Choe1, Nurelegne Tefera Shibeshi3, Kumsa Delessa3, Asnake Desalegn4, Mi-Kyung Park1
Journal of Microbiology 2025;63(1):e.2409008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2409008
Published online: January 24, 2025

1School of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Food and Bio-Industry Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea

2Biotechnology and Bioprocess Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 16417, Ethiopia

3School of Chemical and Bio-Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 385, Ethiopia

4Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia

Mi-Kyung Park 'parkmik@knu.ac.kr'
• Received: September 9, 2024   • Revised: November 16, 2024   • Accepted: November 19, 2024

© The Microbiological Society of Korea

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Tella is a traditional beverage widely accepted by consumers, despite the lack of product consistency owing to its reliance on natural fermentation. This study aimed to identify potential industrial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) starter cultures based on their technological properties. Seven LAB strains isolated from Tella were characterized for their carbohydrate utilization, salt content, temperature, and acid tolerances, growth and acidification rates, and metabolite profiles. Most strains efficiently utilized various carbohydrates, with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TDM41 showing exceptional versatility. The strains exhibited similar growth characteristics. Principal component analysis of stress tolerance properties revealed that L. plantarum TDM41, Pediococcus pentosaceus TAA01, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides TDB22 exhibited superior tolerance ability. Strong acidification properties were detected in the L. plantarum TDM41, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides TDB22 strains after 24 h incubation at 30°C. L. plantarum TDM41 displayed the fastest acidification rate throughout the analysis period. All LAB strains produced significant amounts of diverse organic acids, including lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid, with lactic acid being the primary acid produced by each strain. Overall, strains L. plantarum TDM41 and P. pentosaceus TAA01 prove to be potential candidates for Tella industrial starter cultures and similar cereal products owing to their robust technological properties.
  • Keywords: stress tolerance, acidification, metabolite profile, starter culture, Tella, LAB
Tella, a traditional Ethiopian beer, embodies centuries of cultural heritage and traditional craftsmanship. It is the most extensively brewed and consumed alcoholic beverage, particularly enjoyed during social occasions, such as the hosting of guests, holidays, weddings, funerals, community-serving events (ekub), and agricultural activities (Fentie et al., 2020; Lemi, 2020). Tella is brewed from various cereals, including maize, barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, and teff, with grain selection varying according to local traditions (Andualem et al., 2017; Ashenafi, 2006). Although minor changes occur during processing across different localities, the fundamental preparation steps, that is, the production of “tejet,” “tenses,” and “difdif,” are consistent countrywide (Fentie et al., 2020; Yehuala et al., 2024).
Tella is rich in minerals, flavonoids, and polyphenolic compounds, providing multiple biological benefits, such as protection against free radicals, cancer, and aging (Birhanu et al., 2021; Shewakena et al., 2017). Despite its significant nutritional contribution and cultural prominence, Tella’s production still relies on indigenous and spontaneous fermentation methods, resulting in considerable variability in its quality, safety, and consistency (Holzapfel, 2002; Hotessa and Robe, 2020; Lemi, 2020). Spontaneous cereal-based alcoholic fermentations typically involve an association between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast, as yeast growth is favored by acidification (Puerari et al., 2015). Traditional Tella fermentation takes approximately 2 weeks and can occasionally lead to uncertainties in achieving the desired product quality and safety (Berhanu, 2014; Tekle et al., 2019).
Considering the need for standardized Tella production and quality control, developing defined starter cultures for its fermentation is urgently required. Controlled fermentation is more efficient in ensuring consistent product quality during large-scale production (Carnevali et al., 2007). The fermenting microorganisms in Tella include Saccharomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Acetobacter spp., and Bacillus spp. (Hotessa and Robe, 2020; Lemi, 2020; Samuel and Berhanu, 1991; Tekle et al., 2019;). LAB, the focus of the present study, are crucial in cereal fermentation processes. They convert carbohydrates into organic acids, particularly lactic acid, which imparts desirable flavors, textures, and preservative properties to fermented products (Achi and Ukwuru, 2015). Moreover, LAB enhance the nutritional value of cereals by synthesizing vitamins (groups B and K), folate, the amino acid lysine, and micronutrients (Tamene et al., 2019; Tangyu et al., 2019).
To achieve controlled Tella fermentation, inoculation with defined starter cultures, especially autochthonous ones, adapted to the fermentation conditions and that contribute to a unique flavor, aroma, and other characteristics is required (Di Cagno et al., 2013). Using these indigenous cultures helps preserve the beverage’s traditional and authentic qualities. Therefore, selecting LAB strains with desirable technological characteristics from the spontaneous fermentation of the matrix of interest, Tella in this case, is an excellent means of obtaining useful autochthonous cultures for commercial purposes (Sáez et al., 2017). The key technological features for the selection of LAB starters include LAB’s carbohydrate utilization potential, growth and acidification rates, stress tolerance, metabolite profiles, and compatibility with other strains (Coda et al., 2010; Manini et al., 2016; Sáez et al., 2017; Sawadogo‐Lingani et al., 2008; Speranza et al., 2017).
In our previous work (Yehuala et al., 2024), seven LAB strains, including Pediococcus pentosaceus TAA01, Latilactobacillus curvatus TAA04, Leuconostoc mesenteroides TDB19, Latilactobacillus curvatus TDB21, Leuconostoc mesenteroides TDB22, Latilactobacillus curvatus TDM40, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TDM41, were isolated from Tella. Their probiotic properties and alcohol tolerance abilities were explored to select potential functional autochthonous starters. Notably, P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. mesenteroides TDB22, and L. plantarum TDM41 were found to exhibit promising functional properties, including a low pH, bile salt and alcohol resistance, antimicrobial activity, and auto-aggregation and coaggregation properties. However, evaluating the technological and organoleptic performance of these isolated strains remains necessary to facilitate their implementation as industrial starter cultures for beverage fermentation. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the carbohydrate utilization potential, growth characteristics, stress tolerance properties, acidification rates, and metabolite profiles of LAB strains for subsequent use in co-culture with yeast cells for Tella fermentation.
LAB and growth conditions
P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. curvatus TAA04, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, L. mesenteroides TDB22, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41 were used in this study. Each strain was cultured in de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe (MRS; Kisan Bio Co., Ltd., Korea) broth under anaerobic conditions at 30°C for 48 h, prior to use.
Carbohydrate utilization potential
Each LAB strain’s ability to utilize different sugars, such as D (+)−glucose, maltose, D−fructose, sucrose, D (+)−galactose, and D−sorbitol, was assessed following the method outlined by Hedberg et al. (2008), with minor modifications. Each sugar was dissolved in distilled water to produce a 2% solution, which was subsequently sterilized using a 0.22-µm syringe-driven filter unit (GVS Filter Technology Co., Ltd., USA). These sugar solutions were subsequently mixed in equal volumes with peptone broth (Difco, Maryland, USA) to prepare the sugar media. Thereafter, 200-μl cell suspensions from twice-washed overnight cultures of each LAB strain were separately inoculated into 4.5 ml of sugar medium (pH 6.75). All cultures were subsequently incubated at 30°C for 48 h. The pH of each sample was measured at the beginning and after 48 h of incubation, with uninoculated media serving as a control.
Growth characteristics
Each LAB strain’s growth characteristics were investigated using a method adapted from Üçok and Sert (2020), with certain modifications. Briefly, each LAB strain’s overnight culture was inoculated into MRS broth at a concentration of 1% (106 CFU/ml). Uninoculated MRS broth served as a control. Each LAB strain’s growth was monitored by measuring its optical density at 600 nm (OD600) every hour at a temperature of 30°C using a Synergy™ H1 microplate reader (Agilent Technologies Inc., USA). From the generated growth curves, the lag phase was identified as the initial period during incubation when no significant change in OD occurred, followed by the exponential phase, characterized by a rapid increase in OD. Finally, the end of the exponential phase was marked by the point at which OD no longer exhibited a significant increase. To calculate the specific growth rate, data points between the 4th and 10th h of incubation were selected, capturing the exponential growth phase common to all LAB strains. These data were subsequently subjected to exponential trendline analysis in Microsoft Excel, generating equations in the following form:
Y­=­YO×eμt
Where Y represents the OD600 at time t, Y0 is the initial OD600 at the initiation of exponential growth, μ denotes the specific growth rate, and t signifies time. The goodness of fit for each trendline was evaluated using the R-squared (R2) value provided by Excel to ensure the reliability of the fitted model. Additionally, the doubling time (Td) was calculated using the formula:
Td=In2/μ
Stress tolerance properties
Each LAB strain’s stress tolerance was determined by assessing its ability to withstand the challenges posed by salt, temperature, and acidic pH. The assessments were conducted following established methodologies, as described in previous studies (Bevilacqua et al., 2010; Speranza et al., 2017). For salt tolerance, NaCl concentrations ranging from 2% to 10% were added to MRS broth. pH levels were adjusted to 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 using 1 N HCl in separate batches of MRS broth to assess acidic pH tolerance. Temperature tolerance was evaluated at 15, 37, and 45°C. Each LAB strain was inoculated at 106 CFU/ml under each condition. Microbial growth was monitored by measuring OD600 after 48 h using a microplate reader (Multiskan™ GO; Thermo Fischer Scientific, Finland). Control samples of unmodified MRS broth inoculated with each Lab strain were incubated at 30°C for comparison. The data for each case are expressed as a growth index (GI), which is a relative measure comparing growth under experimental conditions to that of the control. The GI was calculated using the following formula:
(3)
GI=(AS/AC)×100
Where AS represents the absorbance of the samples under different conditions, and AC denotes the absorbance of the control.
Acidification kinetics
The strains’ acidification kinetics were evaluated in a sterile Tella substrate extract (STSE) broth according to the method proposed by Sáez et al. (2017), with certain modifications. Tella substrates, including gesho (Rhamnus prinoides), bikil, kita, and derekot, were prepared using traditional methods, as described by Berhanu (2014). Thereafter, substrates with the following composition (g): gesho, 12.5; bikil, 12.5; kita, 25; and derekot, 100 were suspended in 1 L of distilled water and stirred for 2 h. Each mixture was subsequently sterilized at 121°C for 15 min. After centrifugation at 8,000 × g and 4°C for 10 min, the supernatant was adjusted to pH 6.5 to evaluate the acidification ability of each LAB strain. Each LAB strain was grown in MRS broth for 18 h at 30°C. The cultures were centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 10 min, and the obtained pellet was washed twice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Welgene Inc., Korea). Each culture was subsequently resuspended and adjusted to 8 log CFU/ml in PBS. These cell suspensions were inoculated (2%) into STSE and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. The pH of each sample was measured at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h using a digital pH meter (OHAUS Corporation, USA).
Organic acid production
The production of the most common organic acids, including acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid, via STSE fermentation with each LAB strain was determined. Eight treatments were performed using different LAB strains: (T1) STSE without fermentation, (T2) STSE fermented with P. pentosaceus TAA01, (T3) STSE fermented with L. curvatus TAA04, (T4) STSE fermented with L. mesenteroides TDB19, (T5) STSE fermented with L. curvatus TDB21, (T6) STSE fermented with L. mesenteroides TDB22, (T7) STSE fermented with L. curvatus TDM40, and (T8) STSE fermented with L. plantarum TDM41. The LAB strains were cultured in MRS broth at 30°C for 18 h, centrifuged (8,000 × g, 10 min), washed twice with PBS, and adjusted to 8 log CFU/ml. The obtained cell suspensions were inoculated (2%) in STSE and incubated at 30°C for 24 h. The fermented samples were subsequently centrifuged at 8,000 × g and 4°C for 10 min and filtered through a 0.45-µm syringe filter (GVS Filter Technology Co., Ltd., USA). Organic acids were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; Shimadzu Co., Japan) following a method adapted from Ferreira et al. (2022). HPLC analysis was conducted using an Agilent Hi-Plex H Ion-Exchange Column (300 × 7.7 mm), with the column oven temperature maintained at 65°C. Organic acids were detected using a Shimadzu RID-10A Refractive Index Detector (Shimadzu Corporation, Japan). Sulfuric acid (5 mM) was used as the eluent at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min and sample volume of 20 µl. For each sample, standard solutions of lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, and succinic acid were prepared in distilled water to generate calibration curves. The compounds were identified by comparing their retention times to those of the standards, and their concentrations were determined using the calibration curves.
Statistical analysis
All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance in GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 (GraphPad Software Inc., USA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for mean comparisons, with statistical significance set at P < 0.05. All figures, except for the principal component analysis (PCA) plots, were generated in GraphPad Prism. PCA was conducted using Minitab 19.2 Statistical Software (Minitab Inc., State College, USA) to evaluate stress tolerance properties, including salt, temperature, and acid tolerance, and to identify strains with superior resilience. PCA was also utilized to assess correlations between LAB strains and the organic acids produced.
Carbohydrate utilization potential of LAB strains
Fermentation is an ancient, simple, and cost-effective means of improving the shelf life, hygiene, nutritional value, and organoleptic quality of foods (Sáez et al., 2017). When selecting LAB for food fermentation, considering the various technological properties of LAB strains relevant to facilitating the fermentation process and enhancing final product quality, such as the carbohydrate utilization potential, is essential (Gänzle, 2014; Manini et al., 2016). The carbohydrate utilization potential of the LAB strains is presented in Table 1. The strains reduced the pH value of the sugar media, demonstrating the strains’ varied abilities to utilize different carbohydrates. Most strains efficiently utilized the sugars, including D(+)−glucose, maltose, D−fructose, sucrose, D(+)−galactose, and D−sorbitol. However, the strains’ utilization of sorbitol was generally low or absent, except that of L. curvatus TDB21 and L. plantarum TDM41. P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. mesenteroides TDB22, and L. curvatus TDM40 did not utilize sorbitol at all. Notably, L. plantarum TDM41 displayed outstanding performance by exhibiting high utilization (+++) of all tested carbohydrates, including sorbitol at a low utilization level (+). This exceptional metabolic versatility underscores its suitability for diverse fermentation contexts, potentially enhancing product characteristics and broadening applications. The findings are strongly consistent with those reported by Rahmati (2017). L. plantarum’s high carbohydrate-utilization efficiency across various carbohydrates has also been reported in previous works (Divyashree et al., 2024; Rahmati, 2017).
Strain mixtures with different carbohydrate metabolisms are often used to ensure optimal acidification and sensory properties (Gobbetti, 1998). The findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate LAB strains based on their metabolic capabilities to control fermentation processes and product outcomes.
Growth characteristics
The metabolic activity rate of the starter culture is an important factor to be considered when selecting strains starter cultures for starter culture development (Holzapfel, 2002). High growth rates can shorten fermentation times and improve the specific strain’s viability by inhibiting the growth of undesirable microorganisms in the raw material (Marklinder & Lönner, 1992). The growth curves and key growth kinetic parameters of the LAB strains are presented in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, all strains exhibited a consistent lag phase of approximately 4 h, indicating a similar initial adaptation period. Most strains displayed an exponential phase duration of 11 h, except for L. curvatus TAA04, which exhibited a relatively shorter exponential phase of 10 h. Specific growth rates (µ) and Tds during the exponential growth phase (between the 4th and 10th h) were also calculated (Fig. 1). The average specific growth rate was 0.21 ± 0.00 h–1, and the average Td was 3.25 ± 0.06 h. No significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in specific growth rates and Tds occurred among the strains. These findings are consistent with those obtained by Goswami et al. (2017), who reported similar growth characteristics among the different LAB strains. Additionally, the observed lag phases were shorter than those reported by Kang et al. (2020), indicating that the strains had better adaptation potential to the fermentation medium. To ensure their suitability for industrial applications, further large-scale studies will be needed to confirm whether the growth kinetics observed in this study remain consistent in larger fermentation volumes.
Stress tolerance properties
Stress tolerance is a key criterion for selecting LAB strains as starter cultures in industrial fermentation. Effective LAB strains must withstand several stressors, including osmotic, acidic, and temperature fluctuations, which vary across substrates and fermentation stages (Vinicius De Melo Pereira et al., 2020). Initially, LAB encounter osmotic stress from solutes such as sugars or salt, depending on the substrate composition (Yousef & Courtney, 2003). During fermentation, LAB face additional challenges, including temperature fluctuations and acid buildup (Yousef & Courtney, 2003). Temperature increases and pH decreases are among the most common environmental stresses these starter cultures must withstand. In this study, LAB strains were evaluated for their tolerance to osmotic stress, temperature variations, and acidic conditions, all of which are essential for their suitability in industrial applications. The following sections detail each strain’s responses to these factors, relating to their potential for industrial applicability.
Salt tolerance: The capacity to withstand osmotic stress is a critical factor when selecting native LAB strains for various industrial purposes, including Tella fermentation. At a 2% NaCl concentration, all strains displayed GIs ranging from 90.31 ± 1.52% to 104.95 ± 3.42%. Notably, L. curvatus TDB21, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41 exhibited enhanced growth in response to increased salt concentration, as illustrated in Fig. 2. At a 4% NaCl concentration, the LAB strains yielded an average GI value > 76.55 ± 11.44% (Fig. 2). Increasing the salt concentration to 6% exerted more influence on strain growth. Among the strains, P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. mesenteroides TDB22, and L. plantarum TDM41 displayed superior tolerance (GI > 65.28 ± 1.80%) at 6% NaCl. Growth inhibition on all LAB strains intensified, with average GI values of 29.07 ± 15.72% and 12.87 ± 2.95%, as the salt concentration was increased to 8% and 10%, respectively. These findings agree with those of a study by Speranza et al. (2017), who found a salt increase of 7.5% to affect most LAB growth, yielding GI values between 30% and 75%. At each salt concentration, significant growth-inhibition differences occurred between strains of either similar species, such as L. mesenteroides TDB19 and L. mesenteroides TDB22, or different species, such as L. mesenteroides TDB19 and P. pentosaceus TAA01. This indicates that tolerance to salt concentration may be both species- and strain-dependent (Sánchez García et al., 2007). The salt tolerance observed in these LAB strains provides valuable insights into their suitability for various industrial fermentations. All strains demonstrated high growth rates at salt concentrations (2–4% NaCl), making them suitable for controlled fermentations in mildly salted products, such as sourdough bread, fermented pizza, and some cheeses products (Hu et al., 2024). However, strains like P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. mesenteroides TDB22, and L. plantarum TDM41, which exhibit better tolerance at higher salt concentrations (6% NaCl and above), are particularly suited for high-salt fermentations in products requiring robust osmotic resilience, such as fermented meats and aquatic products (Hu et al., 2024; Speranza et al., 2017).
Temperature tolerance: Another crucial factor to be scrutinized was temperature variation. The growth patterns of the LAB strains were meticulously analyzed at 15, 37, and 45°C (Fig. 3). The average GIs were 89.32 ± 16.90%, 107.20 ± 13.94%, and 28.99 ± 16.03% at 15, 37, and 45°C, respectively. Among these, 45°C treatment exerted the most profound impact on the GI of each strain. All strains yielded GI values ranging from 93.71 ± 0.05% to 110.56 ± 0.20% at 37°C. The highest GIs at 37°C indicate that these strains may also possess probiotic qualities (Kathade et al., 2020). At a 15°C incubation temperature, L. curvatus TAA04 exhibited the maximum GI (107.85 ± 0.20%), whereas L. plantarum TDM41 yielded the minimum GI (58.26 ± 0.61%). Notably, GIs exceeding 100% were displayed by the L. curvatus TAA04 and L. curvatus TDM40 LAB strains, particularly at the 15°C incubation temperature. This high GI may be attributed to the extended incubation period of 48 h, which potentially caused LAB strain autolysis among the controlled samples after they had reached the stationary phase (Kang et al., 1998). In turn, autolysis possibly led to a decrease in the OD values of the control samples, causing the GIs of the mentioned strains to surpass 100% at 15°C (Kang et al., 1998). Concerning growth patterns at 45°C, L. mesenteroides TDB22 yielded the highest GI (52.42 ± 1.17%), whereas L. plantarum TDM41 generated the lowest (12.21%). Generally, under 48 h incubation, all strains exhibited better GI values at low (15°C) than at high (45°C) temperatures. Overall, at 15°C, the three L. curvatus strains, namely, L. curvatus TAA04, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. curvatus TDB21 demonstrated superior tolerance, whereas at 45°C, L. mesenteroides TDB22, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB19 yielded the highest GIs (Fig. 4). The strains in this study showed a higher average GI (89.32 ± 16.90%) at 15°C compared to the 83.08 ± 7.22% reported by Speranza et al. (2017). At 45°C, however, the strains exhibited a lower GI of 28.99 ± 16.03%, in contrast to the higher GI reported in the same study (Speranza et al., 2017). The high tolerance of L. curvatus strains to low temperatures suggests that they may have psychrotrophic traits, including the ability to produce cold-shock proteins. These proteins assist the bacteria in managing stress caused by sudden drops in temperature, enabling them to make transient metabolic adaptations (Capozzi et al.,2011; Vermeiren et al., 2004).
The temperature tolerance profiles of the LAB strains highlight their potential for industrial fermentation under varying thermal conditions. L. curvatus strains (TAA04, TDM40, and TDB21) show strong tolerance at 15°C, making them suitable for low-temperature fermentation. Previous study has reported that aroma intensity, overall balance, and product stability are improved in foods fermented at lower temperatures (Massera et al., 2021). In contrast, strains like L. mesenteroides TDB22, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB19, which relatively tolerate temperatures at 37°C and above, can support fermentation at higher temperatures, potentially reducing spoilage by inhibiting competing microorganisms (Bevilacqua et al., 2010). Therefore, selecting LAB strains based on their thermal tolerance can enhance fermentation efficiency.
Acid tolerance: Apart from osmotic pressure and temperature variation, acidity is a critical variable influencing the performance of LAB strains in Tella fermentation (De Angelis & Gobbetti, 2004). Since the pH value of Tella ranges from 4.0 to 5.0 (Lee et al., 2015; Tekle et al., 2019), pH values of 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 were selected to measure the acid tolerance ability of the strains. The strains’ growth properties were significantly affected by acidic conditions at all tested pH values (Fig. 4), displaying a wide variation in tolerance levels. At pH 3.5, the strains yielded GI values ranging from 15.50 ± 0.08% to 72.02 ± 0.03%, with an average GI of 40.98 ± 21.84%. At pH 4.0, more than 70% of the strains exhibited a GI > 50%. Among the strains incubated at pH 4.0, L. plantarum TDM41 yielded the highest acid tolerance, with a GI value of 89.29 ± 0.04%, followed by P. pentosaceus TAA01 and L. mesenteroides TDB19, with GI values of 62.33 ± 0.07% and 61.64 ± 0.14%, respectively. At pH 4.5, the strains exhibited higher GI values, ranging from 68.22 ± 0.08% to 95.24 ± 0.61%. Notably, across all pH levels, L. plantarum TDM41 consistently demonstrated the highest GI values, whereas L. curvatus TDM40 consistently displayed the lowest GI values. Previous studies have reported similar results regarding the acid tolerance properties of LAB (Bevilacqua et al., 2010; Goswami et al., 2017; Van De Guchte et al., 2002). According to Bevilacqua et al. (2010), the GI of L. plantarum strains incubated at pH 4.0 and 37°C ranged from 72.00% to 112.00%. In this study, L. plantarum TDM41 yielded an 89.29% GI at pH 4.0 when incubated at 30°C. With the pH of fermented cereals like Tella typically ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 (Alemayehu, 2018; Lee et al., 2015; Montemurro et al., 2020), three strains of L. plantarum TDM41, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB19 demonstrated better acid tolerance, making them potential candidates for acidic food fermentations. Among them, L. plantarum TDM41 stood out with consistently higher GI values across all tested pH levels, highlighting its superior adaptability and promising potential to enhance the stability and quality of Tella and other acidic fermented foods.
During fermentation, LAB produce acidic end products, primarily lactic acid, which accumulate in the extracellular environment. As lactic acid concentration increases, it triggers resistance mechanisms, including the maintenance of pH homeostasis, cell membrane integrity, metabolic regulation, and macromolecule repair (Guan & Liu, 2020). These mechanisms help mitigate the damage caused by acidic environments, enabling LAB to survive and thrive under such conditions. However, when acid concentration exceeds a certain threshold, intracellular pH declines, disrupting pH homeostasis and potentially causing protein and DNA damage, which can lead to cell death (Wu et al., 2012). Thus, strains such as L. plantarum TDM41, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB19, with strong acid tolerance, are crucial for supporting efficient fermentation at acidic conditions and ensuring strain viability under gastrointestinal conditions, making them beneficial for probiotic applications as well (Bevilacqua et al., 2010).
Selection of the best stress-tolerant strains: The best stress-tolerant strains were selected using a multivariate technique, namely, PCA (Fig. 5.). PCA of stress tolerance properties was performed on eight parameters: tolerance to salt (growth at 4, 6, and 8% NaCl over 48 h at 30°C), tolerance to temperature (growth at 15 and 37°C over 48 h, and tolerance to acidic pH (growth at 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 over 48 h). The similarity map defined by the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) accounted for 81.80% of the total variance. Fig. 5 presents the variables and observation projections in the PC1 and PC2 space. PC1 and PC2 accounted for 59.50% and 22.30% of the total variance, respectively. An analysis of the contribution of variables to the principal components revealed that PC1 was mainly related to growth at 6% NaCl, 15℃, pH 3.5, pH 4.0, and pH 4.5, while PC2 was linked to growth at 37°C, 4% NaCl, and 8% NaCl. Strain dispersion over the four quadrants evidenced wide variability in the strains’ stress tolerance properties. Notably, all three L. curvatus strains (TDM40, TDB21, and TAA04) clustered in quadrant three, while L. mesenteroides strains TDB19 and TDB22 were located near each other in quadrants one and two. L. plantarum TDM41 appeared alone in quadrant four, and P. pentosaceus TAA01 was positioned in quadrant two. These observations suggest that the stress tolerance properties of these strains are closely linked to their genetic backgrounds (Sánchez García et al., 2007). The biplot allowed us to distinguish three LAB strains: L. plantarum TDM41, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB22, which present better stress tolerance properties.
Acidification ability of LAB strains
The pH value of Tella usually ranges from 4.00 to 5.00 (Lee et al., 2015; Tekle et al., 2019). Another researcher reported a lower pH value of 3.28 for Tella (Alemayehu, 2018). Spontaneous cereal-based alcoholic fermentations are typically associations of LAB and yeast, as yeast growth is favored by acidification (Blandino et al., 2003; Nout & Sarkar, 1999; Sáez et al., 2017). In addition, a low pH is important for preventing the growth of adventitious microflora (Sáez et al., 2017). Consequently, acidification ability is among the crucial technological properties governing LAB selection for Tella and other LAB and yeast-associated fermentations (Sáez et al., 2017). In this study, the initial pH of STSE was adjusted to 6.5 at the onset of incubation. Due to the acidification performance of the strains, the pH declined below pH 4.0 after 24 h of fermentation, except for L. curvatus TDM40 (Fig. 6). The reduction in pH observed during the fermentation period is mainly attributed to acid production, with lactic acid being the predominant type (Nuryana et al., 2019). The strains’ rates of acidification ranged from 0.56 ± 0.04 to 1.01 ± 0.06, 1.32 ± 0.04 to 2.19 ± 0.04, 1.79 ± 0.04 to 2.5 ± 0.04, and 2.49 ± 0.04 to 2.71 ± 0.04) after incubation times of 3, 6, 9, and 24 h, respectively (Fig. 6). Throughout the fermentation period, L. plantarum TDM41 exhibited the highest rate of acidification, followed by L. mesenteroides TDB22 and P. pentosaceus TAA01. In contrast, L. curvatus TDM40 yielded the lowest rate of acidification. The acidification rates observed in the present study are notably higher than those reported by Sawadogo‐Lingani et al. (2008), who documented acidification rates of L. fermentum strains in autoclaved sorghum malt broth, with rates ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.67 ± 0.01, 0.1 ± 0.01 to 1.38 ± 0.02, and 0.38 ± 0.01 to 1.67 ± 0.01 after 3, 6, and 9 h of incubation, respectively. Furthermore, nearly all strains in this study reduced the pH of STSE to below 4.00, demonstrating a more pronounced acidification compared to the findings of Sáez et al. (2017), who observed that various LAB strains, including Enterococcus durans, L. rhamnosus, Lactococcus garvieae, and Weissella cibaria, lowered the pH of abulia flour extract from 6.50 to a range of 4.07–4.96 after 24 h of incubation. Additionally, the superior acidification performance of L. plantarum strains over L. curvatus and L. mesenteroides observed in this study is consistent with the findings of Manini et al. (2016) in wheat bran dough fermentation. Similarly, P. pentosaceus and L. mesenteroides strains exhibited high acidification activity, lowering the fermentation substrate pH to 3.50 in sourdough, sauerkraut, and skim milk fermentation (Guetarni, 2024; Montemurro et al., 2020; Xiong et al., 2014), which aligns with our study. However, the acidification observed in these studies was more intense compared to the results of the present study. The pH reduction occurs as LAB strains utilize available sugars and convert them into organic acids (Celik et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2019; Zvauya et al., 1997). In traditional fermentation processes like Tella, the fermentation typically spans several days. A rapid decrease in pH during the initial step of Tella fermentation is requisite to accelerating the fermentation process. Fast-acidifying strains, such as L. plantarum TDM41, may be suitable candidates in most fermentation processes as primary starter organisms, whereas slow-acidifying strains can be used as adjunct cultures depending on their additional contribution to product quality and safety (Salvucci et al., 2016). In addition, the acidification ability of strains potentially contributes to the flavor, texture, and nutritional characteristics of products (Gänzle, 2014).
Organic acid production profile of LAB strains
Organic acids play an important role in maintaining the nutritional value, sensory quality, and shelf life of foods (Ferreira et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). The production of selected organic acids by each LAB strain in STSE is presented in Table 2. Acetic acid and succinic acid were not detected in the STSE. Lactic acid was more abundantly produced than other organic acids, with L. curvatus TAAO4, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, and L. curvatus TDM40 being the highest producers (range: 2.12–2.15 g/L). L. curvatus TAAO4, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, and L. curvatus TDM40 also displayed a higher production of malic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and succinic acid than the other three strains. Among the LAB strains, L. curvatus TDM40 exhibited the highest production of malic acid, citric acid, and acetic acid, with values of 2.22, 1.47, and 0.26 g/L, respectively. All LAB strains generally demonstrated a lower production of succinic acid, ranging from 0.05 to 0.14 g/L.
To further elucidate and visualize the correlation between LAB strains and organic acids, PCA (Fig. 7) was conducted using organic acid data from Table 2. The first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, accounted for 94.0% and 5.5% of the total variance, respectively. The resulting biplot positioned the LAB strains according to their organic acid production capabilities across four quadrants, indicating distinct profiles. LAB strains in quadrants II and IV exhibited a stronger correlation with the production of all organic acids compared with those in quadrants I and III. Notably, L. curvatus TDM40 was positioned in the far-right corner, highlighting it as an outstanding producer of organic acids.
The unique taste of traditionally produced Tella, with its balance of sweetness, bitterness, and sourness, is primarily shaped by spontaneous fermentation, which involves a diverse microbial community (Tekle et al., 2019; Yohannes et al., 2013). The variety of microbes in this process plays a crucial role in developing the complex flavor, aroma, and texture of Tella. While controlled fermentation using one or a few specific strains can improve control and predictability, it may limit the natural complexity of these sensory attributes. Therefore, incorporating a mixed-culture approach, alongside carefully selected LAB strains, can enhance fermentation efficiency and help maintain Tella’s distinctive sensory qualities (Smid & Lacroix, 2013).
Selection of potential LAB candidates for Tella starter culture
To select the best starter culture candidates for Tella fermentation, evaluating a comprehensive set of technological properties is essential, as relying on a few criteria is insufficient. Most strains demonstrated similar carbohydrate utilization, with L. plantarum TDM41 displaying exceptional performance. Additionally, the strains exhibited similar growth characteristics. In terms of stress tolerance and acidification potential, L. plantarum TDM41, P. pentosaceus TAA01, and L. mesenteroides TDB22 performed best. However, the strains that excelled in organic acid production were L. curvatus TAAO4, L. curvatus TDB21, and L. curvatus TDM40, which enhanced the flavor complexity of Tella. Among the top-performing strains in stress tolerance and acidification potential, L. plantarum TDM41 generally demonstrated the highest production of organic acids, such as lactic acid, acetic acid, and succinic acid. P. pentosaceus TAA01 displayed a higher production of citric acid and similar malic acid than L. plantarum TDM41. Conversely, L. mesenteroides TDB22 consistently produced the lowest levels of all measured organic acids.
The aim of selecting a starter culture for Tella fermentation is to enhance its functionality while ensuring a standard and controlled efficient process that elicits its probiotic benefits (Yehuala et al., 2024). The major challenge in the development of probiotic alcoholic beverages is maintaining probiotic viability during processing and storage (Chan et al., 2019). Starters in these beverages are stressed by factors such as ethanol content, hope, heat, and low pH (Berhanu, 2014; dos Santos et al., 2023; Hinojosa-Avila et al., 2023). According to Vinicius De Melo Pereira et al. (2020), essential criteria for selecting starter cultures include tolerance to heat, alcohol, and organic acids as well as the ability to produce beneficial metabolites. Based on these criteria, L. plantarum TDM41 and P. pentosaceus are promising candidates for controlled Tella fermentation owing to their superior technological properties. These strains have also demonstrated potential in other technological applications (Manini et al., 2016). Additionally, incorporating L. curvatus strains, noted for their production of significant organic acids, may enhance the flavor profile of the final product in multi-culture systems.
Selecting LAB starters satisfying the demands of the modern food industry requires thorough research into their properties. Key technological properties, such as carbohydrate fermentation potential, growth characteristics, stress tolerance properties, acidification abilities, and organic acid production profiles are imperative. The LAB strains studied demonstrated significant variability of these technological properties. When no single strain possesses all beneficial properties, employing multi-culture systems may be necessary. L. plantarum TDM41 and P. pentosaceus TAA01 have been proposed as the most promising candidates for Tella and other industrial starter cultures. However, further research is warranted, especially on their interaction with yeast cells in co-culture and multi-culture systems as well as large scale settings, to achieve the desired product qualities.
Fig. 1.
Growth curves and kinetic parameters of (A) P. pentosaceus TAA01, (B) L. curvatus TAA04, (C) L. mesenteroides TDB19, (D) L. curvatus TDB21, (E) L. mesenteroides TDB22, (F) L. curvatus TDM40, and (G) L. plantarum TDM41 incubated in MRS broth at 30°C for 24 h. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3).
jm-2409008f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Stress tolerance abilities of LAB strains exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (w/v) salt during growth in MRS broth. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–c) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment as well as (v–z) those within the same isolate between different treatments.
jm-2409008f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Stress tolerance abilities of MRS broth-grown LAB strains exposed to temperatures of 15, 37, and 45°C. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–g) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment, while (v–x) denote significant differences between different treatments within the same isolate.
jm-2409008f3.jpg
Fig. 4.
Stress tolerance abilities of MRS broth-grown LAB strains exposed to acidic conditions at pH 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–g) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment, while (v–x) signify significant differences between different treatments within the same isolate.
jm-2409008f4.jpg
Fig. 5.
Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot based on the stress tolerance properties (growth index at 4% NaCl, 6% NaCl, 8% NaCl, 15°C, 37°C, pH 3.5, pH 4.0, and pH 4.5 in MRS broth) of seven LAB strains: P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. curvatus TAA04, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, L. mesenteroides TDB22, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41.
jm-2409008f5.jpg
Fig. 6.
Rate of acidification of sterile Tella substrate extract fermented with LAB strains after 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h of fermentation. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3).
jm-2409008f6.jpg
Fig. 7.
Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot of organic acids obtained via fermentation of sterile Tella substrate extract with seven LAB strains: P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. curvatus TAA04, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, L. mesenteroides TDB22, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41. Organic acid values are presented in Table 2.
jm-2409008f7.jpg
Table 1.
Carbohydrate utilization by LAB strains
LAB strains Carbohydrate utilization
Glucose Sucrose Maltose Fructose Galactose Sorbitol
P. pentosaceus TAA01 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
L. curvatus TAA04 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
L. mesenteroides TDB19 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
L. curvatus TDB21 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +
L. mesenteroides TDB22 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
L. curvatus TDM40 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
L. plantarum TDM41 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +

+++, high utilization (ΔpH ≥ 3.5); ++, medium utilization (2.0 ≤ ΔpH < 3.5); +, low utilization (0.5 ≤ ΔpH < 2.0); –, no utilization (ΔpH < 0.5) after 48-h incubation at 30°C

Table 2.
Concentrations of organic acids in Tella substrate fermented with different LAB strains
Samples Organic acid concentrations (g/L)
Lactic acid Acetic acid Citric acid Malic acid Succinic acid
T1 0.02 ± 0.00e ND 0.03 ± 0.00f 0.02 ± 0.00e ND
T2 1.09 ± 0.04c 0.08 ± 0.00b 0.72 ± 0.04c 0.81 ± 0.05c 0.07 ± 0.00a
T3 2.12 ± 0.11a 0.25 ± 0.01a 1.07 ± 0.05b 1.53 ± 0.08b 0.14 ± 0.01a
T4 2.13 ± 0.11a 0.24 ± 0.01a 0.99 ± 0.05b 1.43 ± 0.07b 0.13 ± 0.01a
T5 2.15 ± 0.11a 0.24 ± 0.01a 0.99 ± 0.05b 1.44 ± 0.07b 0.13 ± 0.01a
T6 0.85 ± 0.04d 0.07 ± 0.00b 0.48 ± 0.02e 0.62 ± 0.03d 0.05 ± 0.00a
T7 2.15 ± 0.11a 0.26 ± 0.02a 1.47 ± 0.07a 2.22 ± 0.13a 0.14 ± 0.01a
T8 1.38 ± 0.06b 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.65 ± 0.03d 0.81 ± 0.04c 0.08 ± 0.00a

T1, sterile Tella substrate extract (STSE); T2−T8, STSE samples fermented with respective strains; ND, not detected. Values are expressed as the mean of triplicate experiments ± SD. Different lowercase letters in a column indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) among the organic acid contents of the STSE samples fermented with different strains

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        Lactic acid bacteria from Ethiopian traditional beverage, Tella: technological and metabolic profiles for industrial application
        J. Microbiol. 2025;63(1):e.2409008  Published online December 20, 2024
        DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2409008
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      Figure
      Lactic acid bacteria from Ethiopian traditional beverage, Tella: technological and metabolic profiles for industrial application
      Image Image Image Image Image Image Image
      Fig. 1. Growth curves and kinetic parameters of (A) P. pentosaceus TAA01, (B) L. curvatus TAA04, (C) L. mesenteroides TDB19, (D) L. curvatus TDB21, (E) L. mesenteroides TDB22, (F) L. curvatus TDM40, and (G) L. plantarum TDM41 incubated in MRS broth at 30°C for 24 h. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3).
      Fig. 2. Stress tolerance abilities of LAB strains exposed to 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% (w/v) salt during growth in MRS broth. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–c) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment as well as (v–z) those within the same isolate between different treatments.
      Fig. 3. Stress tolerance abilities of MRS broth-grown LAB strains exposed to temperatures of 15, 37, and 45°C. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–g) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment, while (v–x) denote significant differences between different treatments within the same isolate.
      Fig. 4. Stress tolerance abilities of MRS broth-grown LAB strains exposed to acidic conditions at pH 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3). Different superscript letters (a–g) represent significant differences (P < 0.05) between different isolates under the same treatment, while (v–x) signify significant differences between different treatments within the same isolate.
      Fig. 5. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot based on the stress tolerance properties (growth index at 4% NaCl, 6% NaCl, 8% NaCl, 15°C, 37°C, pH 3.5, pH 4.0, and pH 4.5 in MRS broth) of seven LAB strains: P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. curvatus TAA04, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, L. mesenteroides TDB22, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41.
      Fig. 6. Rate of acidification of sterile Tella substrate extract fermented with LAB strains after 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h of fermentation. Values are expressed as the mean ± SD (n=3).
      Fig. 7. Principal component analysis (PCA) biplot of organic acids obtained via fermentation of sterile Tella substrate extract with seven LAB strains: P. pentosaceus TAA01, L. curvatus TAA04, L. mesenteroides TDB19, L. curvatus TDB21, L. mesenteroides TDB22, L. curvatus TDM40, and L. plantarum TDM41. Organic acid values are presented in Table 2.

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      Fig. 7.

      Lactic acid bacteria from Ethiopian traditional beverage, Tella: technological and metabolic profiles for industrial application
      LAB strains Carbohydrate utilization
      Glucose Sucrose Maltose Fructose Galactose Sorbitol
      P. pentosaceus TAA01 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
      L. curvatus TAA04 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
      L. mesenteroides TDB19 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
      L. curvatus TDB21 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +
      L. mesenteroides TDB22 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
      L. curvatus TDM40 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ –
      L. plantarum TDM41 +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +
      Samples Organic acid concentrations (g/L)
      Lactic acid Acetic acid Citric acid Malic acid Succinic acid
      T1 0.02 ± 0.00e ND 0.03 ± 0.00f 0.02 ± 0.00e ND
      T2 1.09 ± 0.04c 0.08 ± 0.00b 0.72 ± 0.04c 0.81 ± 0.05c 0.07 ± 0.00a
      T3 2.12 ± 0.11a 0.25 ± 0.01a 1.07 ± 0.05b 1.53 ± 0.08b 0.14 ± 0.01a
      T4 2.13 ± 0.11a 0.24 ± 0.01a 0.99 ± 0.05b 1.43 ± 0.07b 0.13 ± 0.01a
      T5 2.15 ± 0.11a 0.24 ± 0.01a 0.99 ± 0.05b 1.44 ± 0.07b 0.13 ± 0.01a
      T6 0.85 ± 0.04d 0.07 ± 0.00b 0.48 ± 0.02e 0.62 ± 0.03d 0.05 ± 0.00a
      T7 2.15 ± 0.11a 0.26 ± 0.02a 1.47 ± 0.07a 2.22 ± 0.13a 0.14 ± 0.01a
      T8 1.38 ± 0.06b 0.11 ± 0.01b 0.65 ± 0.03d 0.81 ± 0.04c 0.08 ± 0.00a
      Table 1. Carbohydrate utilization by LAB strains

      +++, high utilization (ΔpH ≥ 3.5); ++, medium utilization (2.0 ≤ ΔpH < 3.5); +, low utilization (0.5 ≤ ΔpH < 2.0); –, no utilization (ΔpH < 0.5) after 48-h incubation at 30°C

      Table 2. Concentrations of organic acids in Tella substrate fermented with different LAB strains

      T1, sterile Tella substrate extract (STSE); T2−T8, STSE samples fermented with respective strains; ND, not detected. Values are expressed as the mean of triplicate experiments ± SD. Different lowercase letters in a column indicate statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) among the organic acid contents of the STSE samples fermented with different strains

      Table 1.

      Table 2.

      Journal of Microbiology : Journal of Microbiology
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