Massive DNA sequencing studies have expanded our insights
and understanding of the ecological and functional
characteristics of the gut microbiome. Advanced sequencing
technologies allow us to understand the close association of
the gut microbiome with human health and critical illnesses.
In the future, analyses of the gut microbiome will provide
key information associating with human individual health,
which will help provide personalized health care for diseases.
Numerous molecular biological analysis tools have been rapidly
developed and employed for the gut microbiome researches;
however, methodological differences among researchers
lead to inconsistent data, limiting extensive share of
data. It is therefore very essential to standardize the current method ologies and establish appropriate pipelines for human
gut microbiome research. Herein, we review the methods
and procedures currently available for studying the human
gut microbiome, including fecal sample collection, metagenomic
DNA extraction, massive DNA sequencing, and data
analyses with bioinformatics. We believe that this review will
contribute to the progress of gut microbiome research in
the clinical and practical aspects of human health.
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A Gram-positive, aerobic, non-motile, pale-yellow, and rodshaped
bacterium, designated as Gsoil 188T, was isolated from
the soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon, South Korea. A phylogenetic
analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison
revealed that the strain formed a distinct lineage within
the genus Brevibacterium and was most closely related to B.
epidermidis NBRC 14811T (98.4%), B. sediminis FXJ8.269T
(98.2%), B. avium NCFB 3055T (98.1%), and B. oceani BBH7T
(98.1%), while it shared less than 98.1% identity with the other
species of this genus. The DNA G + C content was 68.1 mol%.
The predominant quinone was MK-8(H2). The major fatty
acids were anteiso-C15:0 and anteiso-C17:0. The cell wall peptidoglycan
of strain Gsoil 188T contained meso-diaminopimelic
acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol,
and an unidentified aminolipid. The
physiological and biochemical characteristics, low DNA-DNA
relatedness values, and taxonomic analysis allowed the differentiation
of strain Gsoil 188T from the other recognized
species of the genus Brevibacterium. Therefore, strain Gsoil
188T represents a novel species of the genus Brevibacterium,
for which the name Brevibacterium anseongense sp. nov. is
proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 188T (= KACC 19439T
= LMG 30331T).
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In the modern era, molecular genetic techniques are crucial
in ecological studies, as well as in the classification, typing,
and phylogenetic analysis of prokaryotes. These techniques
are mainly aimed at whole genome comparisons and PCRderived
experiments, including amplifying the 16S rRNA
and other various housekeeping genes used in taxonomy,
as well as MLST (multilocus sequence typing) and MLSA
(multilocus sequence analysis) of different taxonomic bacterial
groups. The gene encoding threonine-tRNA ligase
(thrS) is a gene potentially applicable as an identification
and phylogenetic marker in bacteria. It is widely distributed
in bacterial genomes and is subject to evolutionary selection
pressure due to its important function in protein synthesis.
In this study, specific primers were used to amplify a thrS
gene fragment (~740 bp) in 36 type and 30 wild strains classified
under family Bifidobacteriaceae. The full-length gene
has not yet been considered as a possible identification, classification,
and phylogenetic marker in bifidobacteria. The
thrS sequences revealed higher sequence variability (82.7%
of pairwise identities) among members of the family than
that shown by 16S rRNA gene sequences (96.0%). Although
discrepancies were found between the thrS-derived and previously
reported whole genome phylogenetic analyses, the
main phylogenetic groups of bifidobacteria were properly
assigned. Most wild strains of bifidobacteria were better differentiated
based on their thrS sequences than on their 16S
rRNA gene identities. Phylogenetic confidence of the evaluated
gene with respect to other alternative genetic markers
widely used in taxonomy of bifidobacteria (fusA, GroELhsp60,
pyrG, and rplB genes) was confirmed using the localized
incongruence difference - Templeton analysis.
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non-motile, rod shaped bacterium designated YMC
B3181T was isolated from the blood of a patient with peritonitis.
Strain B3181T grew at 20 to 40°C with optimum growth
at 37°C. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed strain
B3181T belongs to the genus Parabacteroides and is closely
related to Parabacteroides faecis 157T (97.3%), Parabacteroides
gordonii MS-1T (96.6%), and Parabacteroides goldsteinii
DSM 19448T (95.7%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA
was 42.3 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-
C15:0 and iso-C17:0 3-OH, and the predominant respiratory
quinones were MK-9 and MK-10 menaquinones. Genomic
and chemotaxonomic data supported affiliation of B3181T
with the genus Parabacteroides. Strain B3181T was phylogenetically
and phenotypically different from recognized species
of the genus Parabacteroides. Accordingly, this isolate
belongs to a novel species for which the name Parabacteroides
chongii sp. nov. (type strain YMC B3181T = LMG
30065T = KACC 19034T) is proposed.
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The major industrial heap bioleaching processes are located
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The ruminant digestive system harbors a complex gut microbiome,
which is poorly understood in the case of the four
stomach compartments of yak. High-throughput sequencing
and quantitative PCR were used to analyse microbial communities
in the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum of
six domesticated yak. The diversity of prokaryotes was higher
in reticulum and omasum than in rumen and abomasum.
Bacteroidetes predominated in the four stomach compartments,
with abundance gradually decreasing in the trend
rumen > reticulum > omasum > abomasum. Microorganism
composition was different among the four compartments,
all of which contained high levels of bacteria, methanogens,
protozoa and anaerobic fungi. Some prokaryotic genera were
associated with volatile fatty acids and pH. This study provides
the first insights into the microorganism composition
of four stomach compartments in yak, and may provide a
foundation for future studies in this area.
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Translation initiation factor eIF4E forms eIF4E-eIF4G complex
at the 5’ cap of mRNA. This interaction can be inhibited
by the family of 4E-binding proteins (4E-BP). In yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, two 4E-BPs, Caf20 and Eap1, compete
with eIF4G for binding to eIF4E via the shared conserved
interaction motif. In order to investigate the roles of Caf20
in gene-specific translational regulation and the formation
of mRNA granules (P-bodies), we introduced substitution
mutations, caf20-Y4A or caf20-L9A, in the eIF4E-binding
motif for CAF20. Overexpression of the wild-type CAF20
showed an increased protein level of Ste12 transcription factor
as well as highly developed P-body formation. However,
4E-binding site mutations of CAF20 led to a reduced number
of P-body foci and decreased levels of Ste12 protein. The
phenotypes of the caf20 deletion mutation were also analyzed,
and we suggest that Caf20 plays a critical role in Ste12 protein
expression and in the control of P-body formation.
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A Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic, catalase-, and oxidasepositive
bacterial strain, designated DCY117T, was isolated
from ginseng cultivated soil in Gochang-gun, Republic of
Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a multifaceted
approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed
that strain DCY117T showed highest similarity to Lysobacter
ruishenii CTN-1T (95.3%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed
that closely related relatives of strain DCY117T were L. aestuarii
S2-CT (95.1%), L. daejeonensis GH1-9T (95.0%), and
L. caeni BUT-8T (94.9%). Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG),
phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylethanolamine
(PE) were the major polar lipids of strain DCY117T. The major
isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major cellular fatty
acids of strain DCY117T were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and summed
feature 9 (comprising iso-C17:1 ω9c and/or 10-methyl-C16:0).
Genomic DNA G + C content was 61.8 mol%. On the basis of
our findings, strain DCY117T is a novel species in the genus
Lysobacter. We propose the name Lysobacter panacihumi sp.
nov., and the type strain is DCY117T (= KCTC 62019T = JCM
32168T).
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analysis, strain SK68 has been identified as a Streptomyces
sp. Strain SK68 had branched substrate mycelium bearing
smooth surfaced spores and the spore colour is brownish
grey on ISP4 medium. It exhibited enzyme activities such
as xylanase, cellulase, amylase, and pectinase and degraded
hypoxanthine, casein, and L-tyrosine. The strain SK68 differed
in its banding pattern in BOX-PCR and RAPD fingerprinting
compared to the closely matching type strains
Streptomyces erythrochromogenes NBRC 3304T (AB184746),
S. flavotricini NBRC 12770T (AB184132), S. racemochromogenes
NBRC 12906T (AB184235), and S. polychromogenes
NBRC 13072T (NR041109). Strain SK68 was evaluated for
its salinity stress-alleviating activity in tomato plants with
180 mmol/L NaCl under gnotobiotic condition. A significant
increase in plant biomass was observed in strain SK68-inoculated
tomato plants under salt stress compared to control
and salt-stressed non-inoculated plants.
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and assigned into sixty OTUs (operational taxonomic units)
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formation in these bacteria were identified by sequencing
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genes for butyrate kinase (buk), butyryl-CoA: acetate CoAtransferase
(but), CoA-transferase-related, and propionate
CoA-transferase. The results showed that eight isolates possessed
buk, while five isolates possessed but. The CoA-transfer-
related gene was identified as butyryl-CoA:4-hydroxybutyrate
CoA transferase (4-hbt) in four strains. No strains
contained the propionate CoA-transferase gene. The biochemical
and butyrate-producing pathways analyses of butyrate
producers presented in this study may help to characterize
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