Protein lysine acetylation influences many physiological functions,
such as gene regulation, metabolism, and disease in
eukaryotes. Although little is known about the role of lysine
acetylation in bacteria, several reports have proposed its importance
in various cellular processes. Here, we discussed the
function of the protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational
modifications (PTMs) of histone-like proteins in bacteria
focusing on Salmonella pathogenicity. The protein lysine
residue in Salmonella is acetylated by the Pat-mediated enzymatic
pathway or by the acetyl phosphate-mediated non-enzymatic
pathway. In Salmonella, the acetylation of lysine 102
and lysine 201 on PhoP inhibits its protein activity and DNAbinding,
respectively. Lysine acetylation of the transcriptional
regulator, HilD, also inhibits pathogenic gene expression.
Moreover, it has been reported that the protein acetylation
patterns significantly differ in the drug-resistant and
-sensitive Salmonella strains. In addition, nucleoid-associated
proteins such as histone-like nucleoid structuring protein
(H-NS) are critical for the gene silencing in bacteria, and
PTMs in H-NS also affect the gene expression. In this review,
we suggest that protein lysine acetylation and the post-translational
modifications of H-NS are important factors in understanding
the regulation of gene expression responsible
for pathogenicity in Salmonella.
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In this study, bacterial strains Ha5T, Ta1, and Jb2 were isolated
from different colonies of weaver ant Oecophylla smaragdina.
They were identified as bacterial symbionts of the ant belonging
to family Acetobacteraceae and were distinguished as
different strains based on distinctive random-amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) fingerprints. Cells of these bacterial
strains were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-motile,
catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. They were able
to grow at 15–37°C (optimum, 28–30°C) and in the presence
of 0–1.5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0%). Their predominant cellular
fatty acids were C18:1 ω7c, C16:0, C19:0 ω8c cyclo, C14:0, and
C16:0 2-OH. Strains Ha5T, Ta1, and Jb2 shared highest 16S
rRNA gene sequence similarity (94.56–94.63%) with Neokomagataea
tanensis NBRC106556T of family Acetobacteraceae.
Both 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis
and core gene-based phylogenomic analysis placed them in
a distinct lineage in family Acetobacteraceae. These bacterial
strains shared higher than species level thresholds in multiple
overall genome-relatedness indices which indicated that
they belonged to the same species. In addition, they did not
belong to any of the current taxa of Acetobacteraceae as they
had low pairwise average nucleotide identity (< 71%), in silico
DNA-DNA hybridization (< 38%) and average amino acid
identity (< 67%) values with all the type members of the family.
Based on these results, bacterial strains Ha5T, Ta1, and Jb2 represent
a novel species of a novel genus in family Acetobacteraceae,
for which we propose the name Oecophyllibacter saccharovorans
gen. nov. sp. nov., and strain Ha5T as the type
strain.
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J. Microbiol. 2020;58(12):998-1009. Published online October 23, 2020
Members of the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous in aquatic environments
and can be found either in a culturable or a viable
but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Despite widespread concerns
as to how to define the occurrence and dynamics of
Vibrio populations by culture-independent approaches, further
physiological research and relevant biotechnological
developments will require the isolation and cultivation of the
microbes from various environments. The present work provides
data and perspectives on our understanding of culturable
Vibrio community structure and diversity in the Beibu
Gulf. Finally, we isolated 1,037 strains of Vibrio from 45 samples
and identified 18 different species. Vibrio alginolyticus,
V. cyclitrophicus, V. tasmaniensis, V. brasiliensis, and V. splendidus
were the dominant species that had regional distribution
characteristics. The correlation between the quantitative
distribution and community structure of culturable Vibrio and
environmental factors varied with the Vibrio species and geographical
locations. Among them, salinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus
were the main factors affecting the diversity of culturable
Vibrio. These results help to fill a knowledge gap on
Vibrio diversity and provide data for predicting and controlling
pathogenic Vibrio outbreaks in the Beibu Gulf.
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Recent increases in air temperature across the Antarctic Peninsula
may prolong the thawing period and directly affect
the soil temperature (Ts) and volumetric soil water content
(SWC) in maritime tundra. Under an 8°C soil warming scenario,
two customized microcosm systems with maritime
Antarctic soils were incubated to investigate the differential
influence of SWC on the bacterial community and degradation
activity of humic substances (HS), the largest constituent
of soil organic carbon and a key component of the terrestrial
ecosystem. When the microcosm soil (KS1-4Feb) was
incubated for 90 days (T = 90) at a constant SWC of ~32%,
the initial HS content (167.0 mg/g of dried soil) decreased to
156.0 mg (approximately 6.6% loss, p < 0.05). However, when
another microcosm soil (KS1-4Apr) was incubated with
SWCs that gradually decreased from 37% to 9% for T = 90,
HS degradation was undetected. The low HS degradative
activity persisted, even after the SWC was restored to 30%
with water supply for an additional T = 30. Overall bacterial
community structure remained relatively stable at a constant
SWC setting (KS1-4Feb). In contrast, we saw marked
shifts in the bacterial community structure with the changing
SWC regimen (KS1-4Apr), suggesting that the soil bacterial
communities are vulnerable to drying and re-wetting
conditions. These microcosm experiments provide new information
regarding the effects of constant SWC and higher
Ts on bacterial communities for HS degradation in maritime
Antarctic tundra soil.
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The gut microbiome provides ecological information about
host animals, but we still have limited knowledge of the gut
microbiome, particularly for animals inhabiting remote locations,
such as Antarctica. Here, we compared fecal microbiota
between southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina)
and Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli), that are top predatory
marine mammals in the Antarctic ecosystem, using 16S
rRNA amplicon sequencing and assessed the relationships
of the gut microbial communities to functional profiles using
gut metabolite analysis. The bacterial community did not
differ significantly by host species or sex at the phylum level,
but the distinction at the family level was obvious. The family
Ruminococcaceae (Firmicutes) was more abundant in southern
elephant seals than in Weddell seals, and the families
Acidaminococcaceae (Firmicutes) and Pasteurellaceae (Gammaproteobacteria)
were uniquely present in Weddell seals.
The fecal bacterial community structure was distinctively clustered
by host species, with only 6.7% of amplicon sequence
variants (ASVs) shared between host species. This result implies
that host phylogeny rather than other factors, such as
diet or age, could be the major driver of fecal microbiotic diversification.
Interestingly, there was no apparent sex effect
on bacterial community structure in Weddell seals, but the
effect of sex was pronounced in adult southern elephant seals
mainly due to the prevalence of Edwardsiella sp., suggesting
that extreme sexual dimorphism may modulate the gut microbiota
of southern elephant seals. Unlike the clear distinction
in the taxonomic composition of fecal bacterial communities,
there were no discernible differences in the profiles
of potential microbial functions and gut metabolites between
host species or sexes, indicating that functional redundancy
dominates the gut microbiota of seals surveyed in this study.
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The Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis is currently
one of the major pathogens of nosocomial infections.
The lifestyle of E. faecalis relies primarily on its remarkable capacity
to face and survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems have been linked to the growth
control of bacteria in response to adverse environments but
have rarely been reported in Enterococcus. Three functional
type II TA systems were identified among the 10 putative
TA systems encoded by E. faecalis ATCC29212. These toxin
genes have conserved domains homologous to MazF (DR75_
1948) and ImmA/IrrE family metallo-endopeptidases (DR75_
1673 and DR75_2160). Overexpression of toxin genes could
inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. However, the toxin
DR75_1673 could not inhibit bacterial growth, and the bacteriostatic
effect occurred only when it was coexpressed with
the antitoxin DR75_1672. DR75_1948–DR75_1949 and DR75_
160–DR75_2161 could maintain the stable inheritance of the
unstable plasmid pLMO12102 in E. coli. Moreover, the transcription
levels of these TAs showed significant differences
when cultivated under normal conditions and with different
temperatures, antibiotics, anaerobic agents and H2O2. When
DR75_2161 was knocked out, the growth of the mutant strain
at high temperature and oxidative stress was limited. The experimental
characterization of these TAs loci might be helpful
to investigate the key roles of type II TA systems in the
physiology and environmental stress responses of Enterococcus.
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Terminators and introns are vital regulators of gene expression
in many eukaryotes; however, the functional importance
of these elements for controlling gene expression in Agaricomycetes
remains unclear. In this study, the effects of Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora terminators and introns on the expression
of a recombinant hygromycin B phosphotransferase
gene (hph) were characterized. Using a transient transformation
system, we proved that a highly active terminator (e.g.,
the gpd terminator) is required for the efficient expression of
the hph gene. Mutational analyses of the C. subvermispora
gpd terminator revealed that hph expression was dictated by
an A-rich region, which included a putative positioning element,
and polyadenylation sites. In contrast, our results indicated
that introns are not required for the expression of
hph directed by the Csβ1-tub and Csgpd promoters in C.
subvermispora. This study provides insights into the functions
and cis-element requirements of transcriptional terminators
in Agaricomycetes, which may be relevant for designing
recombinant genes for this important fungal class.
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ecosystems that shows mycoparasitic ability on other fungi.
A novel dsRNA virus was isolated from T. atroviride NFCF377
strain and its molecular features were analyzed. The viral
genome consists of a single segmented double-stranded RNA
and is 9,584 bp in length, with two discontinuous open reading
frames (ORF1 and ORF2). A mycoviral structural protein
and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) are encoded
by ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, between which is found a
canonical shifty heptameric signal motif (AAAAAAC) followed
by an RNA pseudoknot. Analysis of sequence similarity
and phylogeny showed that it is closely related to members
of the proposed family “Fusagraviridae”, with a highest similarity
to the Trichoderma atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1).
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TaMV1 was evident, sequence deviations were distinctive at
untranslated regions (UTRs) due to the extended size. Thus,
we inferred this dsRNA to be a different strain of Trichoderma
atroviride mycovirus 1 (TaMV1-NFCF377). Electron
microscopy image exhibited an icosahedral viral particle of
40 nm diameter. Virus-cured isogenic isolates were generated
and no differences in growth rate, colony morphology, or
conidia production were observed between virus-infected and
virus-cured strains. However, culture filtrates of TaMV1-
NFCF377-infected strain showed enhanced antifungal activity
against the plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani but not to
edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. These results suggested
that TaMV1-NFCF377 affected the metabolism of the fungal
host to potentiate antifungal compounds against a plant pathogen,
but this enhanced antifungal activity appeared to be
species-specific.
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metabolites derived from a relatively unexplored phytopathogenic
fungus, Ganoderma boninense. Currently lacking is
convincing evidence for antimicrobial secondary metabolites
in this pathogen, excluding that obtained from commonly
observed phytochemicals in the plants. Herein, we aimed to
demonstrate an efficient analytical approach for the production
of antibacterial secondary metabolites using the mycelial
extract of G. boninense. Three experimental cultures were
prepared from fruiting bodies (GBFB), mycelium cultured
on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media (GBMA), and liquid
broth (GBMB). Through solvent extraction, culture type-dependent
phytochemical distributions were diversely exhibited.
Water-extracted GBMB produced the highest yield (31.21
± 0.61%, p < 0.05), but both GBFB and GBMA elicited remarkably
higher yields than GBMB when polar-organic solvent
extraction was employed. Greater quantities of phytochemicals
were also obtained from GBFB and GBMA, in sharp
contrast to those gleaned from GBMB. However, the highest
antibacterial activity was observed in chloroform-extracted
GBMA against all tested bacteria. From liquid-liquid extractions
(LLE), it was seen that mycelia extraction with combined
chloroform-methanol-water at a ratio of 1:1:1 was superior
at detecting antibacterial activities with the most significant
quantities of antibacterial compounds. The data demonstrate
a novel means of assessing antibacterial compounds with mycelia
by LLE which avoids the shortcomings of standardized method ologies. Additionally, the antibacterial extract from
the mycelia demonstrate that previously unknown bioactive
secondary metabolites of the less studied subsets of Ganoderma
may serve as active and potent antimicrobial compounds.
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Adipic Acid (AA) is a valued platform chemical compound,
which can be used as a precursor of nylon-6,6. Due to the
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efficient, which has been confirmed in Escherichia coli. In this
study, the heterologous Tfu RADP was constructed for producing
AA in S. cerevisiae by co-expressing genes of Tfu_
0875, Tfu_2399, Tfu_0067, Tfu_1647, Tfu_2576, and Tfu_
2576. The AA titer combined with biomass, cofactors and
other by-products was all determined after fermentation.
During batch fermentation in a shake flask, the maximum AA
titer was 3.83 mg/L, while the titer increased to 10.09 mg/L
during fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor after fermentation
modification.
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