Microbial ecology is the study of microorganisms present in
nature. It particularly focuses on microbial interactions with
any biota and with surrounding environments. Microbial
ecology is entering its golden age with innovative multi-omics methods triggered by next-generation sequencing technologies.
However, the extraction of ecologically relevant information
from ever-increasing omics data remains one of
the most challenging tasks in microbial ecology. This special
issue includes 11 review articles that provide an overview of
the state of the art of omics-based approaches in the field of
microbial ecology, with particular emphasis on the interpretation
of omics data, environmental pollution tracking,
interactions in microbiomes, and viral ecology.
Citations
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Cutting-edge tools for unveiling the dynamics of plasmid–host interactions Qiu E. Yang, Jiang Tao Gao, Shun Gui Zhou, Timothy R. Walsh Trends in Microbiology.2025; 33(5): 496. CrossRef
Advancing early warning and surveillance for zoonotic diseases under climate change: Interdisciplinary systematic perspectives Chen-Xi Wang, Le-Shan Xiu, Qin-Qin Hu, Tung-Chun Lee, Jia Liu, Leilei Shi, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Xiao-Kui Guo, Liyuan Hou, Kun Yin Advances in Climate Change Research.2023; 14(6): 814. CrossRef
Mercury methylation in boreal aquatic ecosystems under oxic conditions and climate change: a review Juanjo Rodríguez Frontiers in Marine Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Analyzing Modern Biomolecules: The Revolution of Nucleic-Acid Sequencing – Review Gabriel Dorado, Sergio Gálvez, Teresa E. Rosales, Víctor F. Vásquez, Pilar Hernández Biomolecules.2021; 11(8): 1111. CrossRef
Microbial diversity analysis of two full-scale seawater desalination treatment trains provides insights into detrimental biofilm formation Mircea Podar, Amanda L. May, Weiliang Bai, Kellie Peyton, Dawn M. Klingeman, Cynthia M. Swift, Devan A.F. Linson, Jacques Mathieu, Daniel Siljeström, Ignacio Beneyto, Lauren B. Stadler, Yosef Pinhas, Frank E. Löffler, Pedro J.J. Alvarez, Manish Kumar Journal of Membrane Science Letters.2021; 1(1): 100001. CrossRef
Removal of PCR inhibitors from soil DNA by chemical flocculation Michael D Braid, Laura M Daniels, Christopher L Kitts Journal of Microbiological Methods.2003; 52(3): 389. CrossRef
Microorganisms play a vital role in living systems in numerous
ways. In the soil or ocean environment, microbes are
involved in diverse processes, such as carbon and nitrogen
cycle, nutrient recycling, and energy acquisition. The relation
between microbial dysbiosis and disease developments has
been extensively studied. In particular, microbial communities
in the human gut are associated with the pathophysiology
of several chronic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease
and diabetes. Therefore, analyzing the distribution of microorganisms
and their associations with the environment
is a key step in understanding nature. With the advent of nextgeneration
sequencing technology, a vast amount of metagenomic
data on unculturable microbes in addition to culturable
microbes has been produced. To reconstruct microbial
genomes, several assembly algorithms have been developed
by incorporating metagenomic features, such as uneven
depth. Since it is difficult to reconstruct complete microbial
genomes from metagenomic reads, contig binning approaches
were suggested to collect contigs that originate from the same
genome. To estimate the microbial composition in the environment,
various methods have been developed to classify
individual reads or contigs and profile bacterial proportions.
Since microbial communities affect their hosts and environments
through metabolites, metabolic profiles from metagenomic
or metatranscriptomic data have been estimated.
Here, we provide a comprehensive review of computational methods that can be applied to investigate microbiomes using
metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing data.
The limitations of metagenomic studies and the key approaches
to overcome such problems are discussed.
Citations
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Hypoxia and the microbiome: Significance and application for ecotoxicological studies Yoseop Lee, Qi Liu, Yunfei Sun, Piotr Maszczyk, Minghua Wang, Zhou Yang, Jae-Seong Lee Marine Pollution Bulletin.2026; 224: 119171. CrossRef
A review of neural networks for metagenomic binning Jair Herazo-Álvarez, Marco Mora, Sara Cuadros-Orellana, Karina Vilches-Ponce, Ruber Hernández-García Briefings in Bioinformatics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Review of Web-Based Metagenomics Platforms for Analysing Next-Generation Sequence Data Arunmozhi Bharathi Achudhan, Priya Kannan, Annapurna Gupta, Lilly M. Saleena Biochemical Genetics.2024; 62(2): 621. CrossRef
Benchmarking bacterial taxonomic classification using nanopore metagenomics data of several mock communities Alexander Van Uffelen, Andrés Posadas, Nancy H. C. Roosens, Kathleen Marchal, Sigrid C. J. De Keersmaecker, Kevin Vanneste Scientific Data.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Metagenomic approaches and opportunities in arid soil research Muhammad Riaz Ejaz, Kareem Badr, Zahoor Ul Hassan, Roda Al-Thani, Samir Jaoua Science of The Total Environment.2024; 953: 176173. CrossRef
DeepCheck: multitask learning aids in assessing microbial genome quality Guo Wei, Nannan Wu, Kunyang Zhao, Sihai Yang, Long Wang, Yan Liu Briefings in Bioinformatics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrated multi-omics analyses of microbial communities: a review of the current state and future directions Muzaffer Arıkan, Thilo Muth Molecular Omics.2023; 19(8): 607. CrossRef
Selenium Metabolism and Selenoproteins in Prokaryotes: A Bioinformatics Perspective Yan Zhang, Jiao Jin, Biyan Huang, Huimin Ying, Jie He, Liang Jiang Biomolecules.2022; 12(7): 917. CrossRef
Advances in experimental and computational methodologies for the study of microbial-surface interactions at different omics levels Juan José González-Plaza, Cristina Furlan, Tomaž Rijavec, Aleš Lapanje, Rocío Barros, Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos, Maria Suarez-Diez Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficient and Quality-Optimized Metagenomic Pipeline Designed for Taxonomic Classification in Routine Microbiological Clinical Tests Sylvie Buffet-Bataillon, Guillaume Rizk, Vincent Cattoir, Mohamed Sassi, Vincent Thibault, Jennifer Del Giudice, Jean-Pierre Gangneux Microorganisms.2022; 10(4): 711. CrossRef
Establishment and Validation of a New Analysis Strategy for the Study of Plant Endophytic Microorganisms Feng Chen, Xianjin Wang, Guiping Qiu, Haida Liu, Yingquan Tan, Beijiu Cheng, Guomin Han International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(22): 14223. CrossRef
Novel technologies to characterize and engineer the microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease Alba Boix-Amorós, Hilary Monaco, Elisa Sambataro, Jose C. Clemente Gut Microbes.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Understanding on the Genetic Basis of Key Metabolic Disorders: A Review Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, Wilson Thau Lym Yong, Md. Safiul Alam Bhuiyan, Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee, Muhammad Dawood Shah, Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran Biology.2022; 11(9): 1308. CrossRef
Omics-based microbiome analysis in microbial ecology: from sequences to information Jang-Cheon Cho Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(3): 229. CrossRef
DNA methylation is known as a universal mechanism of epigenetic
regulation in all kingdoms of life. Particularly, given
that prokaryotes lack key elements such as histones and nucleosomes
that can structurally modify DNA, DNA methylation
is considered a major epigenetic regulator in these organisms.
However, because DNA methylation studies have focused
primarily on eukaryotes, the mechanism of prokaryotic
DNA methylation has been less studied than in eukaryotes.
DNA methylation in prokaryotes plays an important role in
regulating not only the host defense system, but also the cell
cycle, gene expression, and virulence that can respond directly
to the environment. Recent advances in sequencing techniques
capable of detecting methylation signals have allowed for the
characterization of prokaryotic genome-wide epigenetic regulation.
In this review, we describe representative examples of
cellular events regulated by DNA methylation in prokaryotes,
from early studies to current applications.
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DNA methylome regulates virulence and metabolism in Pseudomonas syringae Jiadai Huang, Fang Chen, Beifang Lu, Yue Sun, Youyue Li, Canfeng Hua, Xin Deng eLife.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
DNA methylation confers epigenetic changes in cold-adapted microorganisms in response to cold stress Xuying Bu, Xufeng Dou, Zhe Chen, Lan Liu, Yuxia Mei, Min Ren Extremophiles.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The soil microbial methylome: A tool to explore the role of epigenetic memory in driving soil abiotic legacy effects Tom Sizmur, Alexey Larionov Soil Biology and Biochemistry.2025; 202: 109712. CrossRef
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The complete genome sequence of unculturable Mycoplasma faucium obtained through clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing Artur J. Sabat, Tim Durfee, Schuyler Baldwin, Viktoria Akkerboom, Andreas Voss, Alexander W. Friedrich, Erik Bathoorn Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Approaches for Benchmarking Single-Cell Gene Regulatory Network Methods Karamveer, Yasin Uzun Bioinformatics and Biology Insights.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Widespread prevalence of a methylation-dependent switch to activate an essential DNA damage response in bacteria Aditya Kamat, Ngat T. Tran, Mohak Sharda, Neha Sontakke, Tung B. K. Le, Anjana Badrinarayanan, Lotte Søgaard-Andersen PLOS Biology.2024; 22(3): e3002540. CrossRef
Evaluation of the enzymatic properties of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase M.ApeKI from archaea in the presence of metal ions Mao Hayashi, Yoshinari Wada, Akira Yamamura, Hideki Inoue, Naoya Yamashita, Shigetoshi Ichimura, Yasuhiro Iida Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry.2024; 88(10): 1155. CrossRef
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Unraveling host regulation of gut microbiota through the epigenome–microbiome axis Michael L. Pepke, Søren B. Hansen, Morten T. Limborg Trends in Microbiology.2024; 32(12): 1229. CrossRef
Combined analysis of genome-wide DNA methylome and transcriptome reveals the first epigenetic-based antibiotic-resistance mechanism in Acinetobacter baumannii Rosario Nicola Brancaccio, Veronica Folliero, Domenico Di Rosa, Federica Dell’Annunziata, Elena Alexandrova, Marharyta Smal, Giorgio Giurato, Giovanni Boccia, Vittorio Panetta, Rita Greco, Alessandro Weisz, Francesca Rizzo, Gianluigi Franci Discover Bacteria.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Growth condition-dependent differences in methylation imply transiently differentiated DNA methylation states in Escherichia coli
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The DNA cytosine methylome revealed two methylation motifs in the upstream regions of genes related to morphological and physiological differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor A(3)2 M145 Annalisa Pisciotta, Alessia Maria Sampino, Alessandro Presentato, Marco Galardini, Angel Manteca, Rosa Alduina Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Raman spectroscopy is a promising tool for identifying microbial
phenotypes based on single cell Raman spectra reflecting
cellular biochemical biomolecules. Recent studies
using Raman spectroscopy have mainly analyzed phenotypic
changes caused by microbial interactions or stress responses
(e.g., antibiotics) and evaluated the microbial activity or substrate
specificity under a given experimental condition using
stable isotopes. Lack of labelling and the nondestructive pretreatment
and measurement process of Raman spectroscopy
have also aided in the sorting of microbial cells with interesting
phenotypes for subsequently conducting physiology
experiments through cultivation or genome analysis. In this
review, we provide an overview of the principles, advantages,
and status of utilization of Raman spectroscopy for studies
linking microbial phenotypes and functions. We expect Raman
spectroscopy to become a next-generation phenotyping
tool that will greatly contribute in enhancing our understanding
of microbial functions in natural and engineered
systems.
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The environment is under siege from a variety of pollution
sources. Fecal pollution is especially harmful as it disperses
pathogenic bacteria into waterways. Unraveling origins of
mixed sources of fecal bacteria is difficult and microbial
source tracking (MST) in complex environments is still a
daunting task. Despite the challenges, the need for answers
far outweighs the difficulties experienced. Advancements in
qPCR and next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies
have shifted the traditional culture-based MST approaches
towards culture independent technologies, where communitybased
MST is becoming a method of choice. Metagenomic
tools may be useful to overcome some of the limitations of
community-based MST methods as they can give deep insight
into identifying host specific fecal markers and their association
with different environments. Adoption of machine
learning (ML) algorithms, along with the metagenomic based
MST approaches, will also provide a statistically robust and
automated platform. To compliment that, ML-based approaches
provide accurate optimization of resources. With the
successful application of ML based models in disease prediction,
outbreak investigation and medicine prescription,
it would be possible that these methods would serve as a
better surrogate of traditional MST approaches in future.
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Whole genome and metagenome sequencing are powerful
approaches that enable comprehensive cataloging and profiling
of antibiotic resistance genes at scales ranging from a
single clinical isolate to ecosystems. Recent studies deal with
genomic and metagenomic data sets at larger scales; therefore,
designing computational workflows that provide high
efficiency and accuracy is becoming more important. In this
review, we summarize the computational workflows used in
the research field of antibiotic resistome based on genome or
metagenome sequencing. We introduce workflows, software
tools, and data resources that have been successfully employed
in this rapidly developing field. The workflow described in
this review can be used to list the known antibiotic resistance
genes from genomes and metagenomes, quantitatively profile
them, and investigate the epidemiological and evolutionary
contexts behind their emergence and transmission. We also
discuss how novel antibiotic resistance genes can be discovered
and how the association between the resistome and
mobilome can be explored.
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Plants rooted in soil have intimate associations with a diverse
array of soil microorganisms. While the microbial diversity
of soil is enormous, the predominant bacterial phyla
associated with plants include Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes,
Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia. Plants supply
nutrient niches for microbes, and microbes support plant
functions such as plant growth, development, and stress tolerance.
The interdependent interaction between the host plant
and its microbes sculpts the plant microbiota. Plant and microbiome
interactions are a good model system for understanding
the traits in eukaryotic organisms from a holobiont
perspective. The holobiont concept of plants, as a consequence
of co-evolution of plant host and microbiota, treats
plants as a discrete ecological unit assembled with their microbiota.
Dissection of plant-microbiome interactions is highly
complicated; however, some reductionist approaches are useful,
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system. Deciphering the interactions between plant and microbiome
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functions. Ultimately, better understanding of plantmicrobiome
interactions could be translated to improvements
in plant productivity.
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Our understanding of the interactions between microbial communities
and their niche in the host gut has improved owing
to recent advances in environmental microbial genomics.
Integration of metagenomic and metataxonomic sequencing
data with other omics data to study the gut microbiome
has become increasingly common, but downstream analysis
after data integration and interpretation of complex omics
data remain challenging. Here, we review studies that have
explored the gut microbiome signature using omics approaches,
including metagenomics, metataxonomics, metatranscriptomics,
and metabolomics. We further discuss recent
analytics programs to analyze and integrate multi-omics datasets
and further utilization of omics data with other advanced
techniques, such as adaptive immune receptor repertoire sequencing,
microbial culturomics, and machine learning, to
evaluate important microbiome characteristics in the gut.
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The third domain Archaea was known to thrive in extreme or
anoxic environments based on cultivation studies. Recent metagenomics-
based approaches revealed a widespread abundance
of archaea, including ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA)
of Thaumarchaeota in non-extreme and oxic environments.
AOA alter nitrogen species availability by mediating the first
step of chemolithoautotrophic nitrification, ammonia oxidation
to nitrite, and are important primary producers in ecosystems,
which affects the distribution and activity of other
organisms in ecosystems. Thus, information on the interactions
of AOA with other cohabiting organisms is a crucial
element in understanding nitrogen and carbon cycles in ecosystems
as well as the functioning of whole ecosystems. AOA
are self-nourishing, and thus interactions of AOA with other
organisms can often be indirect and broad. Besides, there are
possibilities of specific and obligate interactions. Mechanisms
of interaction are often not clearly identified but only inferred
due to limited knowledge on the interaction factors analyzed
by current technologies. Here, we overviewed different types
of AOA interactions with other cohabiting organisms, which
contribute to understanding AOA functions in ecosystems.
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Viruses are found in almost all biomes on Earth, with bacteriophages
(phages) accounting for the majority of viral particles
in most ecosystems. Phages have been isolated from
natural environments using the plaque assay and liquid medium-
based dilution culturing. However, phage cultivation is
restricted by the current limitations in the number of culturable
bacterial strains. Unlike prokaryotes, which possess
universally conserved 16S rRNA genes, phages lack universal
marker genes for viral taxonomy, thus restricting cultureindependent
analyses of viral diversity. To circumvent these
limitations, shotgun viral metagenome sequencing (i.e., metaviromics)
has been developed to enable the extensive sequencing
of a variety of viral particles present in the environment
and is now widely used. Using metaviromics, numerous
studies on viral communities have been conducted in oceans,
lakes, rivers, and soils, resulting in many novel phage sequences.
Furthermore, auxiliary metabolic genes such as ammonic
monooxygenase C and β-lactamase have been discovered
in viral contigs assembled from viral metagenomes.
Current attempts to identify putative bacterial hosts of viral
metagenome sequences based on sequence homology have
been limited due to viral sequence variations. Therefore, culture-
independent approaches have been developed to predict
bacterial hosts using single-cell genomics and fluorescentlabeling.
This review focuses on recent viral metagenome
studies conducted in natural environments, especially in aquatic
ecosystems, and their contributions to phage ecology.
Here, we concluded that although metaviromics is a key tool
for the study of viral ecology, this approach must be supplemented
with phage-host identification, which in turn requires
the cultivation of phage-bacteria systems.
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As a special type of noncoding RNA, circular RNAs (circRNAs)
are prevalent in many organisms. They can serve as sponges
for microRNAs and protein scaffolds, or templates for protein
translation, making them linked to cellular homeostasis
and disease progression. In recent years, circRNAs have been
found to be abnormally expressed during the processes of
viral infection and pathogenesis, and can help a virus escape
the immune response of a host. Thus, they are now considered
to play important functions in the invasion and development
of viruses. Moreover, the potential application of circRNAs
as biomarkers of viral infection or candidates for therapeutic
targeting deserves consideration. This review summarizes
circRNAs in the transcriptome, including their classification,
production, functions, and value as biomarkers. This review
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