Bacillus velezensis is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that
can also inhibit plant pathogens. However, based on its properties,
it is emerging as a probiotic in animal feed. This review
focuses on the potential characteristics of B. velezensis
for use as a probiotic in the animal feed industry. The review
was conducted by collecting recently published articles from
peer-reviewed journals. Google Scholar and PubMed were
used as search engines to access published literature. Based
on the information obtained, the data were divided into three
groups to discuss the (i) probiotic characteristics of B. velezensis,
(ii) probiotic potential for fish, and (iii) the future potential
of this species to be developed as a probiotic for the
animal feed industry. Different strains of B. velezensis isolated
from different sources were found to have the ability to
produce antimicrobial compounds and have a beneficial effect
on the gut microbiota, with the potential to be a candidate
probiotic in the animal feed industry. This review provides
valuable information about the characteristics of B. velezensis,
which can provide researchers with a better understanding
of the use of this species in the animal feed industry.
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Soil contamination with diesel oil is quite common during
processes of transport and storage. Bioremediation is considered
a safe, economical, and environmentally friendly approach
for contaminated soil treatment. In this context, studies
using hydrocarbon bioremediation have focused on total
petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) analysis to assess process effectiveness,
while ecotoxicity has been neglected. Thus, this
study aimed to select a microbial consortium capable of detoxifying
diesel oil and apply this consortium to the bioremediation
of soil contaminated with this environmental pollutant
through different bioremediation approaches. Gas chromatography
(GC-FID) was used to analyze diesel oil degradation,
while ecotoxicological bioassays with the bioindicators
Artemia sp., Aliivibrio fischeri (Microtox), and Cucumis
sativus were used to assess detoxification. After 90 days of
bioremediation, we found that the biostimulation and biostimulation/
bioaugmentation approaches showed higher rates
of diesel oil degradation in relation to natural attenuation
(41.9 and 26.7%, respectively). Phytotoxicity increased in the
biostimulation and biostimulation/bioaugmentation treatments
during the degradation process, whereas in the Microtox
test, the toxicity was the same in these treatments as that
in the natural attenuation treatment. In both the phytotoxicity
and Microtox tests, bioaugmentation treatment showed lower
toxicity. However, compared with natural attenuation, this
approach did not show satisfactory hydrocarbon degradation.
Based on the microcosm experiments results, we conclude
that a broader analysis of the success of bioremediation requires
the performance of toxicity bioassays.
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for future studies on the geographic isolation of norovirus.
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from peri-urban streams and estuaries in South Korea between
2014 and 2020. In total, 488 GII region C sequences of
norovirus open reading frame 2 were isolated. A total of 14
genotypes were detected, two of which (GII.11 and GII.18)
corresponded to porcine norovirus. Five human norovirus
genotypes (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, and GII.17) and one
porcine norovirus genotype (GII.11) comprised the subgenotypes.
Integrated analysis of seasonal and geographical factors
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than that of human norovirus subgenotypes in the same province.
Additional algorithms designed to eliminate potential
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Yvh1 is a dual-specificity phosphatase (DUSP) that is evolutionarily
conserved in eukaryotes, including yeasts and humans.
Yvh1 is involved in the vegetative growth, differentiation,
and virulence of animal and plant fungal pathogens.
All Yvh1 orthologs have a conserved DUSP catalytic domain
at the N-terminus and a zinc-binding (ZB) domain with two
zinc fingers (ZFs) at the C-terminus. Although the DUSP domain
is implicated in the regulation of MAPK signaling in
humans, only the ZB domain is essential for most cellular
functions of Yvh1 in fungi. This study aimed to analyze the
functions of the DUSP and ZB domains of Yvh1 in the human
fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, whose Yvh1
(CnYvh1) contains a DUSP domain at the C-terminus and
a ZB domain at the N-terminus. Notably, CnYvh1 has an extended
internal domain between the two ZF motifs in the ZB
domain. To elucidate the function of each domain, we constructed
individual domain deletions and swapping strains
by complementing the yvh1Δ mutant with wild-type (WT)
or mutated YVH1 alleles and examined their Yvh1-dependent
phenotypes, including growth under varying stress conditions,
mating, and virulence factor production. Here, we found
that the complementation of the yvh1Δ mutant with the mutated
YVH1 alleles having two ZFs of the ZB domain, but not
the DUSP and extended internal domains, restored the WT
phenotypic traits in the yvh1Δ mutant. In conclusion, the
ZB domain, but not the N-terminal DUSP domain, plays a
pivotal role in the pathobiological functions of cryptococcal
Yvh1.
The inner membrane protein lipopolysaccharide assembly
protein B (LapB) is an adaptor protein that activates the proteolysis
of LpxC by an essential inner membrane metalloprotease,
FtsH, leading to a decrease in the level of lipopolysaccharide
in the membrane. In this study, we revealed the
mechanism by which the essential inner membrane protein
YejM regulates LapB and analyzed the role of the transmembrane
domain of LapB in Escherichia coli. The transmembrane
domain of YejM genetically and physically interacted with
LapB and inhibited its function, which led to the accumulation
of LpxC. The transmembrane domain of LapB was indispensable
for both its physical interaction with YejM and
its regulation of LpxC proteolysis. Notably, we found that the
lapB mutant exhibited strong cold sensitivity and this phenotype
was not associated with increased accumulation of LpxC.
The transmembrane domain of LapB was also required for
its role in adaptation to cold stress. Taken together, these results showed that LapB plays an important role in both
the regulation of LpxC level, which is controlled by its interaction
with the transmembrane domain of YejM, and adaptation
to cold stress, which is independent of LpxC.
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Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21, a novel microbial strain with
an enantioselective epoxide hydrolase activity, was isolated
from tidal samples contaminated by accidental oil spills subjected
to enriched culture with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
This strain was able to optically decompose (R)-styrene
oxide (SO) and showed 100% optical purity. In addition, it
showed a good enantioselectivity for the derivatives of (S)-
SO, (S)-2-chlorostyrene oxide (CSO), (S)-3-CSO and (S)-4-
CSO. For (S)-2-CSO, (S)-3-CSO and (S)-4-CSO, 99.9%ee was
obtained with the yield of 26.2%, 24.8%, and 11.0%, respectively,
when using 10 mg cells of Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21
at pH 8.0 with 4 mM racemic substrates at pH 8.0 and 25°C.
The values obtained in this study for (S)-2-CSO, particularly
the yield of 26.2%, is noteworthy, considering that obtaining
an enantiomerically pure form is difficult. Taken together,
Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21 can be regarded as a wholecell
biocatalyst in the production of various (S)-CSO with the
chlorine group at a different position.
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Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is a Gram-positive
intracellular foodborne pathogen that causes severe diseases,
such as meningitis and sepsis. The NLR family pyrin
domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been reported
to participate in host defense against pathogen infection.
However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying
NLRP3 inflammasome activation remain to be fully elucidated.
In the present study, the roles of mammalian Ste20-
like kinases 1/2 (Mst1/2) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase
(ALK) in the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome induced
by L. monocytogenes infection were investigated. The
expression levels of Mst1/2, phospho (p)-ALK, p-JNK, Nek7,
and NLRP3 downstream molecules including activated caspase-
1 (p20) and mature interleukin (IL)-1β (p17), were upregulated
in L. monocytogenes-infected macrophages. The
ALK inhibitor significantly decreased the expression of p-JNK,
Nek7, and NLRP3 downstream molecules in macrophages infected
with L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, the Mst1/2 inhibitor
markedly inhibited the L. monocytogenes-induced activation
of ALK, subsequently downregulating the expression
of p-JNK, Nek7, and NLRP3 downstream molecules. Therefore,
our study demonstrated that Mst1/2-ALK mediated
the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting
the interaction between Nek7 and NLRP3 via JNK during
L. monocytogenes infection, which subsequently increased the
maturation and release of proinflammatory cytokine to resist
pathogen infection. Moreover, Listeriolysin O played a
key role in the process. In addition, we also found that the L.
monocytogenes-induced apoptosis of J774A.1 cells was reduced
by the Mst1/2 or ALK inhibitor. The present study reported,
for the first time, that the Mst1/2-ALK-JNK-NLRP3 signaling
pathway plays a vital proinflammatory role during L. monocytogenes
infection.
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Due to the different rates of diabetes in different ethnic groups
and the structural differences in intestinal microbiota, this
study evaluated the changes in diabetes-related intestinal microbiota
in two ethnic groups. Fifty-six stool samples were
collected from subjects from the Han and Mongolian ethnic
groups in China, including participants without diabetes
(non-diabetic, ND) and with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The 16S
rDNA gene V3 + V4 area was extracted from microbiota,
amplified by PCR, and used to perform high-throughput sequencing
and screen differential microbiota associated with
ethnicity. The results showed that there were 44 T2D-related
bacterial markers in the Han subjects, of which Flavonifractor,
Alistipes, Prevotella, Oscillibacter, Clostridium XlVa,
and Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis were most closely related
to diabetes. There were 20 T2D-related bacterial markers in
the Mongolian subjects, of which Fastidiosipila and Barnesiella
were most closely related to diabetes. The common
markers of T2D bacteria in the two ethnic groups were Papillibacter
and Bifidobacterium. There were 17 metabolic pathways
with significant differences between the ND and T2D
groups in the Han group, and 29 metabolic pathways in the
Mongolian group. The glutamatergic metabolic pathway was
the only common metabolic pathway in two ethnic groups.
The composition and function of diabetes-related bacteria
were significantly different among the different ethnic groups,
which suggested that the influence of ethnic differences should
be fully considered when studying the association between
diabetes and bacteria. In addition, the common bacterial
markers found in diabetic patients of different ethnic groups
in this study can be used as potential targets to study the pathogenesis
and treatment of diabetes.
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Infection by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can be prevented by
using live attenuated vaccines. VZV vaccine strains are known
to evolve rapidly in vivo, however, their genetic and biological
effects are not known. In this study, the plaque-purified vaccine
strain Suduvax (PPS) was used to understand the genetic
changes that occur during the process of propagation in in
vitro cell culture. Full genome sequences of three different passages
(p4, p30, and p60) of PPS were determined and compared
for genetic changes. Mutations were found at 59 positions.
The number of genetically polymorphic sites (GPS) and
the average of minor allele frequency (MAF) at GPSs were not
significantly altered after passaging in cell culture up to p60.
The number of variant nucleotide positions (VNPs), wherein
GPS was found in at least one passage of PPS, was 149. Overall,
MAF changed by less than 5% at 52 VNPs, increased by more
than 5% at 42 VNPs, and decreased by more than 5% at 55
VNPs in p60, compared with that seen in p4. More complicated
patterns of changes in MAF were observed when genetic
polymorphism at 149 VNPs was analyzed among the three
passages. However, MAF decreased and mixed genotypes became
unequivocally fixed to vaccine type in 23 vaccine-specific
positions in higher passages of PPS. Plaque-purified Suduvax
appeared to adapt to better replication during in vitro cell
culture. Further studies with other vaccine strains and in vivo
studies will help to understand the evolution of the VZV vaccine.