The disposal of sewage in significant quantities poses a health hazard to aquatic ecosystems. These effluents can contain
a wide range of pathogens, making faecal contamination a leading source of waterborne diseases around the world. Yet
monitoring bacteria or viruses in aquatic environments is time consuming and expensive. The standard indicators of faecal
pollution all have limitations, including difficulty in determining the source due to lack of host specificity, poor connection
with the presence of non-bacterial pathogens, or low environmental persistence. Innovative monitoring techniques are sorely
needed to provide more accurate and targeted solutions. Viruses are a promising alternative to faecal indicator bacteria for
monitoring, as they are more persistent in ambient water, more abundant in faeces, and are extremely host-specific. Given
the range of viruses found in diverse contexts, it is not easy to find one “ideal” viral indicator of faecal pollution; however,
several are of interest. In parallel, the ongoing development of molecular techniques coupled with metagenomics and bioinformatics
should enable improved ways to detect faecal contamination using viruses. This review examines the evolution
of faecal contamination monitoring with the following aims (i) to identify the characteristics of the main viral indicators of
faecal contamination, including human enteric viruses, bacteriophages, CRESS and plant viruses, (ii) to assess how these
have been used to monitor water pollution in recent years, (iii) to evaluate the reliability of recent detection methods of such
viruses, and (iv) to tentatively determine which viruses may be most effective as markers of faecal pollution.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented health,
social, and economic crises worldwide. However, to date, there
is an only a limited effective treatment for this disease. Human
placenta hydrolysate (hPH) has previously been shown to be
safe and to improve the health condition in patients with hyperferritinemia
and COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to
determine the antiviral effects of hPH against SARS-CoV-2
in vitro and in vivo models and compared with Remdesivir,
an FDA-approved drug for COVID-19 treatment. To assess
whether hPH inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, we determined
the CC50, EC50, and selective index (SI) in Vero cells
by infection with a SARS-CoV-2 at an MOI of 0.01. Further,
groups of ferrets infected with 105.8 TCID50/ml of SARS-CoV-2
and treated with hPH at 2, 4, 6 dpi, and compared their clinical
manifestation and virus titers in respiratory tracts with
PBS control-treated group. The mRNA expression of immunerelated
cytokines was determined by qRT-PCR. hPH treatment
attenuated virus replication in a dose-dependent manner in
vitro. In a ferret infection study, treatment with hPH resulted
in minimal bodyweight loss and attenuated virus replication
in the nasal wash, turbinates, and lungs of infected ferrets.
In addition, qRT-PCR results revealed that the hPH treatment
remarkably upregulated the gene expression of type I
(IFN-α and IFN-β) and II (IFN-γ) IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infected
ferrets. Our data collectively suggest that hPH has antiviral
efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and might be a promising
therapeutic agent for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Over the past several decades, research on the synthesis and
organization of the cell wall polysaccharides of Aspergillus
fumigatus has expanded our knowledge of this important
fungal structure. Besides protecting the fungus from environmental
stresses and maintaining structural integrity of
the organism, the cell wall is also the primary site for interaction
with host tissues during infection. Cell wall polysaccharides
are important ligands for the recognition of fungi
by the innate immune system and they can mediate potent
immunomodulatory effects. The synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides
is a complicated process that requires coordinated
regulation of many biosynthetic and metabolic pathways.
Continuous synthesis and remodeling of the polysaccharides
of the cell wall is essential for the survival of the
fungus during development, reproduction, colonization and
invasion. As these polysaccharides are absent from the human
host, these biosynthetic pathways are attractive targets
for antifungal development. In this review, we present recent
advances in our understanding of Aspergillus fumigatus cell
wall polysaccharides, including the emerging role of cell
wall polysaccharides in the host-pathogen interaction.
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The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent
airborne fungal pathogen causing severe and usually
fatal invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.
This fungus produces a large number of small hydrophobic
asexual spores called conidia as the primary means of reproduction,
cell survival, propagation, and infectivity. The initiation,
progression, and completion of asexual development
(conidiation) is controlled by various regulators that govern
expression of thousands of genes associated with formation
of the asexual developmental structure conidiophore, and
biogenesis of conidia. In this review, we summarize key regulators
that directly or indirectly govern conidiation in this
important pathogenic fungus. Better understanding these
developmental regulators may provide insights into the improvement
in controlling both beneficial and detrimental
aspects of various Aspergillus species.
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Aspergillus fumigatus -induced early inflammatory response in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: Role of p38 MAPK and inhibition by silibinin Jun Song, Weihua Pan, Yue Sun, Jing Han, Weimin Shi, Wanqing Liao International Immunopharmacology.2017; 49: 195. CrossRef
Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Reveal a FluG‐Mediated Signaling Pathway Relating to Asexual Sporulation of Antrodia camphorata Hua‐Xiang Li, Zhen‐Ming Lu, Qing Zhu, Jin‐Song Gong, Yan Geng, Jin‐Song Shi, Zheng‐Hong Xu, Yan‐He Ma PROTEOMICS.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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Aspergillus fumigatus spore proteomics and genetics reveal that VeA represses DefA-mediated DNA damage response Kwang-Soo Shin, Hee-Soo Park, Young Kim, In-Beom Heo, Young Hwan Kim, Jae-Hyuk Yu Journal of Proteomics.2016; 148: 26. CrossRef
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Putative methyltransferase LaeA and transcription factor CreA are necessary for proper asexual development and controlling secondary metabolic gene cluster expression Xiujun Zhang, Yingying Zhu, Longfei Bao, Liwei Gao, Guangshan Yao, Yanan Li, Zhifeng Yang, Zhonghai Li, Yaohua Zhong, Fuli Li, Heng Yin, Yinbo Qu, Yuqi Qin Fungal Genetics and Biology.2016; 94: 32. CrossRef
How to invade a susceptible host: cellular aspects of aspergillosis Sven Krappmann Current Opinion in Microbiology.2016; 34: 136. CrossRef
Negative regulation and developmental competence in Aspergillus Mi-Kyung Lee, Nak-Jung Kwon, Im-Soon Lee, Seunho Jung, Sun-Chang Kim, Jae-Hyuk Yu Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Human fungal pathogens that cause invasive infections are
hidden killers, taking lives of one and a half million people
every year. However, research progress in this field has not
been rapid enough to effectively prevent or treat life-threatening
fungal diseases. To update recent research progress
and promote more active research in the field of human fungal
pathogens, eleven review articles concerning the virulence
mechanisms and host interactions of four major human fungal
pathogens–Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans,
Aspergillus fumigatus, and Histoplasma capsulatum–are
presented in this special issue.
Citations
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Acute Lung Injury and Repair Induced by Single Exposure of
Aspergillus Fumigatus
in Immunocompetent Mice
Nathália L S O Malacco, Jéssica A M Souza, Aline C Mendes, Milene A Rachid, Lucas R Kraemer, Matheus S Mattos, Graziele N Lima, Lirlândia P Sousa, Daniele G Souza, Vanessa Pinho, Mauro M Teixeira, Remo C Russo, Frederico M Soriani Future Microbiology.2019; 14(17): 1511. CrossRef
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Essential amino acids involved in the catalytic mechanisms of cytosine deaminase from Aspergillus fumigatus IFO 5840 were determined by chemical modification studies. The enzyme was perfectly inhibited by N-bromosuccinimide, chloramines-T, pyridoxal-5’-phosphate, and p-chloromercuribenzoate. It was strongly inhibited by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, and weakly inhibited by phenylglyoxal. The inactivation of the enzyme activity by p-CMB was reversed by sulfhydryl reagents. Furthermore, activities inhibited by chloramines-T, pyridoxal-5’-phosphate, results, we speculate that tryptophan, methionine, lysine and cysteine residues are located in ornear the active center of the cytosine deaminase, while a serine is indirectly involved I the enzyme activity.