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Journal Article
Aeration Effects on Metabolic Events during Sporulation of Bacillus thuringiensis
Mohammad H. Sarrafzadeh , Sabine Schorr-Galindo , Hyun-Joon La , Hee-Mock Oh
J. Microbiol. 2014;52(7):597-603.   Published online June 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3547-9
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  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
The metabolism of Bacillus thuringiensis during its sporulation process was investigated under different concentrations of oxygen. At the beginning of sporulation, the aeration conditions were regulated to obtain different oxygen transfer rates (OTR) in four separate fermentations, representing interrupted, limited, non-limited, and saturated oxygenation, respectively. A higher OTR resulted in a higher pH, up to about 9 in the case of saturated oxygenation, while the interrupted oxygenation resulted in a significantly acidic culture. In contrast, the absence of oxygen resulted in rapid sporangia lysis and caused acidification of the medium, indicating a distinctly different sporangia composition and different metabolism. The bacterium also showed different CO2 production rates during sporulation, although amaximum point was observed in every case.With a higher OTR, the maximal value was observed after a longer time and at a lower value (40, 26, and 13 mmol/L/h for limited, non-limited, and saturated cases, respectively). Despite the exhaustion of glucose prior to the sporulation phase, the interrupted oxygenation resulted in acetate, lactate, and citrate in the medium with a maximum concentration of 4.8, 1.3, and 5.0 g/L, respectively. Notwithstanding, while the metabolic events differed visibly in the absence of oxygen, once sporulation was triggered, it was completed, even in the case of an interrupted oxygen supply.

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    Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering.2019; 42(9): 1527.     CrossRef
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
NOTE] Construction and Characterisation of an Antifungal Recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis with an Expanded Host Spectrum
Qin Liu , Jong Yul Roh , Yong Wang , Jae Young Choi , Xue Ying Tao , Jae Su Kim , Yeon Ho Je
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):874-877.   Published online November 4, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2201-7
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  • 6 Scopus
AbstractAbstract
A novel antifungal Bacillus thuringiensis strain 19–22, ssp. kurstaki (H3a3b3c), was characterised. This strain included cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, and cry1D, which have high insecticidal activities against lepidopteran larvae other than Spodoptera exigua. To expand the host spectrum, a cry1E gene whose product is active against S. exigua was introduced into the isolate. The transformant successfully expressed the Cry1E protein without any loss of its original antifungal activities. These results indicate that this recombinant strain exhibits dual activities and may be used as an integrated control agent to control plant diseases and insect pests.
Journal Article
Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: Their Potential in Antifungal Biocontrol
Eman Zakaria Gomaa
J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):103-111.   Published online February 27, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1343-y
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  • 108 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from Egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 and Bacillus licheniformis NM120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. The production of chitinase by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°C after five days of incubation. An enhancement of chitinase production by the two species was observed by addition of sugar substances and dried fungal mats to the colloidal chitin media. The optimal conditions for chitinase activity by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis were at 40°C, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Ca2+ caused enhancement of enzyme activities whereas they were markedly inhibited by Zn2+, Hg2+, and Ag+. In vitro, B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis chitinases had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested. The addition of B. thuringiensis chitinase was more effective than that of B. licheniformis in increasing the germination of soybean seeds infected with various phytopathogenic fungi.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Cloning and Molecular Characterization of a Novel Rolling-Circle Replicating Plasmid, pK1S-1, from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki K1
Ming Shun Li , Jong Yul Roh , Xueying Tao , Zi Niu Yu , Zi Duo Liu , Qin Liu , Hong Guang Xu , Hee Jin Shim , Yang-Su Kim , Yong Wang , Jae Young Choi , Yeon Ho Je
J. Microbiol. 2009;47(4):466-472.   Published online September 9, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-009-0020-2
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AbstractAbstract
Bacillus thuringiensis, an entomopathogenic bacterium belonging to the B. cereus group, harbors numerous extra-chromosomal DNA molecules whose sizes range from 2 to 250 kb. In this study, we used a plasmid capture system (PCS) to clone three small plasmids from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki K1 which were not found in B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence of plasmid pK1S-1 (5.5 kb). Of the six putative open reading frames (ORF2-ORF7) in pK1S-1, ORF2 (MobK1) showed approximately 90% aa identity with the Mob-proteins of pGI2 and pTX14-2, which are rolling circle replicating group VII (RCR group VII) plasmids from B. thuringiensis. In addition, a putative origin of transfer (oriT) showed 95.8% identity with those of pGI2 and pTX14-2. ORF3 (RepK1) showed relatively low aa identity (17.8~25.2%) with the Rep protein coded by RCR plasmids, however. The putative double- strand origin of replication (dso) and single-strand origin of replication (sso) of pK1S-1 exhibited approximately 70% and 64% identities with those of pGI2 and pTX14-2. ORF6 and 7 showed greater than 50% similarities with alkaline serine protease, which belongs to the subtilase family. The other 2 ORFs were identified as hypothetical proteins. To determine the replicon of pK1S-1, seven subclones were contructed in the B. thuringiensis ori-negative pHT1K vector and were electroporated into a plasmid cured B. thuringiensis strain. The 1.6 kb region that included the putative ORF3 (Rep1K), dso and ORF4, exhibited replication ability. These findings identified pK1S-1 as a new RCR group VII plasmid, and determined its replication region.
A Highly Pathogenic Strain of Bacillus thuringiensis serovar kurstaki in Lepidopteran Pests
Hatice Kati , Kazim Sezen , Remziye Nalcacioglu , Zihni Demirbag
J. Microbiol. 2007;45(6):553-557.
DOI: https://doi.org/2609 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract
In order to detect and identify the most toxic Bacillus thuringiensis strains against pests, we isolated a B. thuringiensis strain (Bn1) from Balaninus nucum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the most damaging hazelnut pest. Bn1 was characterized via morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques. The isolate was serotyped, and the results showed that Bn1 was the B. thuringiensis serovar, kurstaki (H3abc). The scanning electron microscopy indicated that Bn1 has crystals with cubic and bipyramidal shapes. The Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCRs) revealed the presence of the cry1 and cry2 genes. The presence of Cry1 and Cry2 proteins in the Bn1 isolate was confirmed via SDS-PAGE, at approximately 130 kDa and 65 kDa, respectively. The bioassays conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the Bn1 isolate were conducted with four distinct insects, using spore-crystal mixtures. We noted that Bn1 has higher toxicity as compared with the standard B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (HD-1). The highest observed mortality was 90% against Malacosoma neustria and Lymantria dispar larvae. Our results show that the B. thuringiensis isolate (Bn1) may prove valuable as a significant microbial control agent against lepidopteran pests.
Expression of a Recombinant Cry1Ac Crystal Protein Fused with a Green Fluorescent Protein in Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki Cry-B
Jong Yul Roh , In Hee Lee , Ming Shun Li , Jin Hee Chang , Jae Young Choi , Kyung Saeng Boo , Yeon Ho Je
J. Microbiol. 2004;42(4):340-345.
DOI: https://doi.org/2101 [pii]
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AbstractAbstract
To investigate the co-expression and crystallization of a fusion gene between the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein and a foreign protein in B. thuringiensis, the expression of the Cry1Ac fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes in a B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain was examined. The cry1Ac gene was cloned in the B. thuringiensis-E. coli shuttle vector, pHT3101, under the control of the native cry1Ac gene promoter, while the GFP gene was inserted into the XhoI site upstream of the proteolytic cleavage site, in the middle region of the cry1Ac gene (pProAc-GFP). The B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain carrying pProAc-GFP (ProAc-GFP/CB) did not produce any inclusion bodies. However, the transformed strain expressed fusion protein forms although the expression level was relatively low. Furthermore, an immunoblot analysis using GFP and Cry1Ac antibodies showed that the fusion protein was not a single species, but rather multiple forms. In addition, the N-terminal fragment of Cry1Ac and a non-fused GFP were also found in the B. thuringiensis Cry-B strain after autolysis. The sporulated cells before autolysis and the spore-crystal mixture after autolysis of ProAc-GFP/CB exhibited insecticidal activities against Plutella xylostella larvae. Accordingly, the current results suggest that a fusion crystal protein produced by the transfomant, ProAc-GFP/CB, can be functionally expressed but easily degraded in B. thuringiensis.
Biosynthesis of Poly-β-Hydrozyalkanoates by Bacillus thuringiensis R-510
Lee, Kang Tae , Kim, Jeong Yoon , Rhee, young Ha , Bae, Kyung Sook , Kim, Young Baek
J. Microbiol. 1995;33(1):59-65.
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AbstractAbstract
Synthesis and accumulation of Poly-β-Hydrozyalkanoates (PHA) in Bacillus thuringiensis R-510 isolated from soil were investigatd. This organism was resistant to relatively higj concentration of propionate and had a capability of accumulatinf copolymers consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate(3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate(3HV) when the medium was supplemented with propionate as a precursor, The PHA content maximally reached up to 44.5% of dry cell weight in the presence of 0.1% propionate. The molar fraction of 3HV in the copolymer was increased from 19.4 to 80,2 mol% by adding 0.05 to 0.5% propionate to glucose medium. The addition of propionate during exponential or stationary phase of cell growth was less effective for the enhancement of 3HV content in the copolymer, although cell mass and PHA content were not affected by the time of propionate addition. PHB homopolymer and copolymer produced by B. thuringiensis R-510 were measured to have number average molecular weights in the range of 53,000 to 65,000. Polydispersity indices were between 1.5 and 2.2. Some of the produced polymers had bimodal molecular weight distribution.
Biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by bacillus thuringiensis R-510
Park, Sang Kyu , Lee, Kang Tae , Kim, Young Baek , Rhee, Young Ha
J. Microbiol. 1997;35(2):127-133.
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AbstractAbstract
Biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate and copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate [poly(3HB-co-3HV)] by Bacillus thuringiensis R-510 grown with glucose or with mixtures of glucose and propionate was investigated. n-Alkanoic acids other than propionate were not precursors of 3HV units. The fraction of 3HV unit in the copolymer increased from 0 to 84 mol% of 3HV. Polymer yield decreased as the fraction of propionate was increased but the molecular weight distribution was not affected by the composition of carbon substrate. The minimum melting temperature (around 65℃) of poly (3HB-co-3HV) copolymers was observed for the polymer bearing approximately 35 mol% of 3HV. Polyhydroxyalkanoates production by this organism was not dependent on nutritional limitation, but remarkably influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration in the culture medium. Low level of dissolved oxygen concentration prevented spore formation in the cells and stimulated the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoate. The composition of poly (3HB-co-3HV) produced by B. thuringiensis R-510 lyhydroxyalkanoate. The composition of poly(3HB-co-3HV) produced by B. thuringiensis R-510 varied according to the growth time. However, there was no evidence that polymers isolated from cells were mixtures of immiscible polymers.

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