Journal of Microbiology

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Physiological roles of catalases Cat1 and Cat2 in Myxococcus xanthus: Kimura Yoshio , Yuri Yoshioka , Kie Toshikuni; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1168-1177. Published online October 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2277-7

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Catalases are key antioxidant enzymes in aerobic organisms. Myxococcus xanthus expresses two monofunctional catalases, small-subunit Cat1 and large-subunit Cat2. The Km of H2O2 for recombinant Cat1 and Cat2 were 14.0 and 9.0 mM, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of Cat2 (kcat/Km = 500 sec-1 mM-1) was 4-fold higher than that of Cat1. The activity ratio of Cat1 to Cat2 in the exponential growth phase of M. xanthus was 1 to 3–4. A Cat1-deficient strain was constructed, whereas a Cat2-deficient strain could not be produced. In H2O2-supplemented medium, the cat1 mutant exhibited marked growth retardation and a longer generation time than the wild-type (wt) strain. After 2 h of incubation in 0.5 mM H2O2-supplemented medium, the catalase activity of the wt strain significantly increased (by 64-fold), but that of the cat1 mutant strain did not. Under starvation-induced developmental conditions, catalase activity was induced by approximately 200-fold in both wt and cat1 strains, although in the mutant the activity increase as well as spore formation occurred one day later, indicating that the induction of catalase activity during starvation was due to Cat2. In wt starved cells, catalase activity was not induced by H2O2. These results suggest that Cat2 is the primary housekeeping catalase during M. xanthus growth and starvation-induced development, whereas Cat1 may have a complementary role, being responsible for the rapid degradation of H2O2 in proliferating vegetative cells subjected to oxidative stress.

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Global copper response of the soil bacterial predator Myxococcus xanthus and its contribution to antibiotic cross-resistance
Francisco Javier Marcos-Torres, Juana Pérez, David Torrens-González, Miguel Ángel García-Pedrosa, Francisco Javier Contreras-Moreno, Aurelio Moraleda-Muñoz
Microbiological Research.2026; 302: 128357. CrossRef
Glutathione Plays a Significant Role in the Growth, Oxidative Stress Response, and Sporulation in Myxococcus xanthus
Yoshio Kimura, Kie Toshikuni, Misaki Okada
Current Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The APSES transcription factor Swi6B upregulates CATALASE 1 transcription to enhance oxidative stress tolerance of Ganoderma lucidum
Lingshuai Wang, Lingyan Shi, Shuhan Zhang, Jiping Ma, Cheng Zhang, Huhui Chen, Mingwen Zhao, Yvonne Nygård
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Oligochitosan modulates non-specific immunity against Edwardsiella ictaluri infection in hybrid groupers Epinephelus fuscoguttatus f × E. lanceolatus m
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PexR is a noncanonical regulator of the peroxide stress response in bacteria
Eva Bastida-Martínez, Irene del Rey-Navalón, Naike Ye, Catherine L Drennan, S Padmanabhan, Montserrat Elías-Arnanz
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Enzymatic characterization of five thioredoxins and a thioredoxin reductase from Myxococcus xanthus
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Overexpression of cat2 restores antioxidant properties and production traits in degenerated strains of Volvariella volvacea
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Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Yeji Cha, Minkyung Kim, Woojun Park
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Cis-3-Indoleacrylic Acid: A Nematicidal Compound from Streptomyces youssoufiensis YMF3.862 as V-ATPase Inhibitor on Meloidogyne incognita
Min Chen, Ying Huang, Li Ma, Jian-Jin Liu, Yi Cao, Pei-Ji Zhao, Ming-He Mo
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Polyphosphate Plays a Significant Role in the Maturation of Spores in Myxococcus xanthus
Daiki Harita, Hiroka Matsukawa, Yoshio Kimura
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Increased susceptibility against Cryptococcus neoformans of lupus mouse models (pristane-induction and FcGRIIb deficiency) is associated with activated macrophage, regardless of genetic background: Saowapha Surawut , Jiradej Makjaroen , Arthid Thim-uam , Jutamas Wongphoom , Tanapat Palaga , Prapaporn Pisitkun , Ariya Chindamporn , Asada Leelahavanichkul; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(1):45-53. Published online November 19, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8311-8

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The severity of cryptococcosis in lupus from varying geneticbackgrounds might be different due to the heterogeneity of lupus-pathogenesis. This study explored cryptococcosis in lupus mouse models of pristane-induction (normal geneticbackground) and FcGRIIb deficiency (genetic defect). Because the severity of lupus nephritis, as determined by proteinuria and serum creatinine, between pristane and FcGRIIb-/- mice were similar at 6-month-old, Cryptococcus neoformans was intravenously administered in 6-month-old mice and were age-matched with wild-type. Indeed, the cryptococcosis disease severity, as evaluated by mortality rate, internal-organ fungal burdens and serum cytokines, between pristane and FcGRIIb-/- mice was not different. However, the severity of cryptococcosis in wild-type was less severe than the lupus mice. On the other hand, phagocytosis activity of peritoneal macrophages from lupus mice (pristane and FcGRIIb-/-) was more predominant than the wild-type without the difference in macrophage killing-activity among these groups. In addition, the number of active T helper cells (Th-cell) in the spleen, including Th-cells with intracellular IFN-γ, from lupus mice (pristane and FcGRIIb-/-) was higher than wildtype. Moreover, these active Th-cells were even higher after 2 weeks of cryptococcal infection. These data support enhanced macrophage activation through prominent Th-cells in both lupus models. In conclusion, an increased susceptibility of cryptococcosis in both lupus models was independent to genetic background. This might due to Th-cell enhanced macrophage phagocytosis with the interference of macrophage killing activity from Cryptococcal immune-evasion properties.

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Comparative time-series analyses of gut microbiome profiles in genetically and chemically induced lupus-prone mice and the impacts of fecal transplantation
Piraya Chatthanathon, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Thanya Cheibchalard, Alisa Wilantho, Nattiya Hirankarn, Naraporn Somboonna
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Fungal microbiome in gut of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-prone mice (pristane and FCGRIIb deficiency), a possible impact of fungi in lupus
Thanya Cheibchalard, Asada Leelahavanichkul, Piraya Chatthanathon, Piriya Klankeo, Nattiya Hirankarn, Naraporn Somboonna, Veena Taneja
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(12): e0314662. CrossRef
Obesity Exacerbates Lupus Activity in Fc Gamma Receptor IIb Deficient Lupus Mice Partly through Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Gut Barrier Defect and Systemic Inflammation
Kanyarat Udompornpitak, Awirut Charoensappakit, Kritsanawan Sae-Khow, Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Cong Phi Dang, Wilasinee Saisorn, Peerapat Visitchanakun, Pornpimol Phuengmaung, Tanapat Palaga, Patcharee Ritprajak, Somkanya Tungsanga, Asada Leelahavanich
Journal of Innate Immunity.2023; 15(1): 240. CrossRef
Myracrodruon urundeuva lectins present anticancer and anticryptococcal activities with low cytotoxic or genotoxic effects
Larissa Cardoso Corrêa de Araújo Videres, Matheus Cavalcanti de Barros, Thamara Figueiredo Procópio, Gustavo Ramos Salles Ferreira, Pollyanna Michelle da Silva, André Mariano Batista, Maria Madalena Pessoa Guerra, Marilene Henning Vainstein, Jaciana dos S
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Wilasinee Saisorn, Supichcha Saithong, Pornpimol Phuengmaung, Kanyarat Udompornpitak, Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Peerapat Visitchanakun, Awirut Chareonsappakit, Prapaporn Pisitkun, Direkrit Chiewchengchol, Asada Leelahavanichkul
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Syk inhibitor attenuates inflammation in lupus mice from FcgRIIb deficiency but not in pristane induction: the influence of lupus pathogenesis on the therapeutic effect
Jiraphorn Issara-Amphorn, Naraporn Somboonna, Prapaporn Pisitkun, Nattiya Hirankarn, Asada Leelahavanichkul
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Vacuolar zinc transporter Zrc1 is required for detoxification of excess intracellular zinc in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans: Minsu Cho , Guanggan Hu , Mélissa Caza , Linda C. Horianopoulos , James W. Kronstad , Won Hee Jung; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(1):65-71. Published online January 4, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7475-y

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Abstract PDF

Zinc is an important transition metal in all living organisms and is required for numerous biological processes. However, excess zinc can also be toxic to cells and cause cellular stress. In the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a vacuolar zinc transporter, Zrc1, plays important roles in the storage and detoxification of excess intracellular zinc to protect the cell. In this study, we identified an ortholog of the S. cerevisiae ZRC1 gene in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Zrc1 was localized in the vacuolar membrane in C. neoformans, and a mutant lacking ZRC1 showed significant growth defects under high-zinc conditions. These results suggested a role for Zrc1 in zinc detoxification. However, contrary to our expectation, the expression of Zrc1 was induced in cells grown in zinc-limited conditions and decreased upon the addition of zinc. These expression patterns were similar to those of Zip1, the high-affinity zinc transporter in the plasma membrane of C. neoformans. Furthermore, we used the zrc1 mutant in a murine model of cryptococcosis to examine whether a mammalian host could inhibit the survival of C. neoformans using zinc toxicity. We found that the mutant showed no difference in virulence compared with the wildtype strain. This result suggests that Zrc1-mediated zinc detoxification is not required for the virulence of C. neoformans, and imply that zinc toxicity may not be an important aspect of the host immune response to the fungus.

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Cryptococcal nutrient acquisition and pathogenesis: dining on the host
John R. Perfect, James W. Kronstad, Joseph Heitman
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Anastasia A. Golysheva, Lyudmila V. Litvinenko, Irina B. Ivshina
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CDF family of zinc transporters ZRC-1, MSC-2, and ZRG-17 are involved in survival at high zinc conditions, vegetative development, and cellulase utilization in Neurospora crassa
Serena Ngiimei D, Ranjan Tamuli
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Johannes Sonnberger, Lydia Kasper, Theresa Lange, Sascha Brunke, Bernhard Hube
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Zinc Starvation Induces Cell Wall Remodeling and Activates the Antioxidant Defense System in Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Tayná Aparecida de Oliveira Santos, Lucas Weba Soares, Lucas Nojosa Oliveira, Dayane Moraes, Millena Silva Mendes, Célia Maria de Almeida Soares, Alexandre Melo Bailão, Mirelle Garcia Silva Bailão
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Characterization and functional analysis of zinc trafficking in the human fungal pathogen Candida parapsilosis
Tamás Takács, Mihály Tibor Németh, Flóra Bohner, Csaba Vágvölgyi, Ferenc Jankovics, Duncan Wilson, Attila Gácser
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Janelle R. Robinson, Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen, Felicia N. Anike
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Lucas Weba Soares, Alexandre Melo Bailão, Célia Maria de Almeida Soares, Mirelle Garcia Silva Bailão
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David J. Eide
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TheAspergillus fumigatustranscription factor AceA is involved not only in Cu but also in Zn detoxification through regulating transporters CrpA and ZrcA
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Biphasic zinc compartmentalisation in a human fungal pathogen
Aaron C. Crawford, Laura E. Lehtovirta-Morley, Omran Alamir, Maria J. Niemiec, Bader Alawfi, Mohammad Alsarraf, Volha Skrahina, Anna C. B. P. Costa, Andrew Anderson, Sujan Yellagunda, Elizabeth R. Ballou, Bernhard Hube, Constantin F. Urban, Duncan Wilson,
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Requirement of the isocitrate lyase gene ICL1 for VPS41-mediated starvation response in Cryptococcus neoformans: Zhe Xu , Yafei Zhi , Jianzhang Dong , Benfeng Lin , Di Ye , Xiaoguang Liu; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):487-491. Published online June 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6177-6

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Abstract PDF

Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningitis in individuals with impaired immunity. Our previous studies have shown that the VPS41 gene plays a critical role in the survival of Cryptococcus neoformans under nitrogen starvation; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying VPS41-mediated starvation response remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we show that, under nitrogen starvation, VPS41 strongly enhanced ICL1 expression in C. neoformans and that overexpression of ICL1 in the vps41 mutant dramatically suppressed its defects in starvation response due to the loss of VPS41 function. Moreover, targeted deletion of ICL1 resulted in a dramatic decline in viability of C. neoformans cells under nitrogen deprivation. Taken together, our data suggest a model in which VPS41 up-regulates ICL1 expression, directly or indirectly, to promote survival of C. neoformans under nitrogen starvation.

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Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis of a Chronologically Long-Lived Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain Obtained by Evolutionary Engineering
Mevlüt Arslan, Can Holyavkin, Halil İbrahim Kısakesen, Alican Topaloğlu, Yusuf Sürmeli, Zeynep Petek Çakar
Molecular Biotechnology.2018; 60(7): 468. CrossRef

Review

Innate host defenses against Cryptococcus neoformans: Camaron Hole , Floyd L. Wormley Jr.; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):202-211. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5625-7

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Abstract PDF

Cryptococcus neoformans, the predominant etiological agent of cryptococcosis, can cause life-threatening infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is the most common disseminated fungal infection in AIDS patients, and remains the third most common invasive fungal infection among organ transplant recipients. The administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has
result
ed in a decrease in the number of cases of AIDS-related cryptococcosis in developed countries, but in developing countries where HAART is not readily available, Cryptococcus is still a major concern. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of novel therapies and/or vaccines to combat cryptococcosis. Understanding the protective immune responses against Cryptococcus is critical for development of vaccines and immunotherapies to combat cryptococcosis. Consequently, this review focuses on our current knowledge of protective immune responses to C. neoformans, with an emphasis on innate immune responses.

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Article

Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) from Pigeon Droppings in Seoul, Korea: Hee Youn Chee , Kyung Bok Lee; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):469-472.; DOI: https://doi.org/2273 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Seventy-two pigeon dropping samples were collected from 26 different localities in Seoul and investigated for the occurrence of Cryptococcus neoformans. Seventeen samples from 8 different localities were found to be positive for C. neoformans. All isolates were obtained from withered pigeon droppings. Identification and serotyping of the isolates were determined by means of serological testing and DNA fingerprinting. All isolates belonged to C. neoformans var. grubbi (serotype A).

Editorial

Human fungal pathogens: Why should we learn?: Jeong-Yoon Kim; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):145-148.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-0647-8

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Abstract PDF

Human fungal pathogens that cause invasive infections are hidden killers, taking lives of one and a half million people every year. However, research progress in this field has not been rapid enough to effectively prevent or treat life-threatening fungal diseases. To update recent research progress and promote more active research in the field of human fungal pathogens, eleven review articles concerning the virulence mechanisms and host interactions of four major human fungal pathogens–Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Histoplasma capsulatum–are presented in this special issue.

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Serotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans Strains Isolated in Korea: Soo-Myung Hwang; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):166-169.

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Abstract PDF: Twenty strains of Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from environmental and clinical sources in Korea were examined for their serotypes. Two environmental isolates from pigeon excreta belonged to C. neoformans var. neoformans serotype A. Of the 18 isolates from clinical specimens, 17 belonged to C. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype A : 16, serotype D : 1) and one belonged to C. neoformans var. gattii serotype B, which was culturally unusual, producing mucous colonies. This is the first report of the identification of C. neoformans var. gattii serotype B from a patient in Korea.

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