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Development and validation of multiplex real-time PCR assays for rapid detection of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and polyomavirus BK in whole blood from transplant candidates
Kyung-Ah Hwang , Ji Hoon Ahn , Jae-Hwan Nam
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):593-599.   Published online July 25, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8273-2
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  • 6 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Transplant recipients are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and polyomavirus BK (BK) are risk factors for graft dysfunction. All three of them are latent viruses that can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients. Mainly qualitative PCR tests are required for diagnosis and quantitative monitoring, which are used to follow the response to transplantation. We developed a multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR)
method
to detect these viruses during blood screenings of transplant recipients. We also validated analytical and clinical performance tests using the developed multiplex qPCR. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100, 125, and 183 copies/ml for CMV, EBV, and BK, respectively. These results had high linearity (R2 = 0.997) and reproducibility (CV range, 0.95– 2.38%, 0.52–3.32%, and 0.31–2.45%, respectively). Among 183 samples, we detected 8 samples that were positive for CMV, while only 6 were positive for EBV, and 3 were positive for BK. Therefore, the viral infection prevalence in transplant candidates was 4.40% for CMV, 3.29% for EBV, and 1.64% for BK. This multiplex qPCR method should be used widely for diagnosing and monitoring latent viral infections in transplant recipients.

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    Zehra ÖKSÜZ, Mehmet Sami SERİN, Serkan YARAŞ, Enver ÜÇBİLEK, Orhan SEZGİN
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    Mai Abdel Haleem Abusalah, Siti Asma Binti Hassan, Norhafiza Mat Lazim, Baharudin Abdullah, Wan Fatihah Binti Wan Sohaimi, Azlan Husin, Kueh Yee Cheng, Chan Yean Yean
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    Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Interferon signature in immunosuppressed patients with lower respiratory tract infections: dosage on bronchoalveolar lavage
    Massimiliano Bergallo, Linda Ferrari, Giulia Faolotto, Piero E. Balbo, Paola Montanari, Filippo Patrucco, Francesco Gavelli, Matteo Daverio, Mattia Bellan, Livia Salmi, Luigi M. Castello, Paolo Ravanini
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Review
[MINIREVIEW] Phylogenetic comparison of Epstein-Barr virus genomes
Su Jin Choi , Seok Won Jung , Sora Huh , Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang
J. Microbiol. 2018;56(8):525-533.   Published online June 14, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8039-x
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AbstractAbstract
Technologies used for genome analysis and whole genome sequencing are useful for us to understand genomic characterization and divergence. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that causes diverse diseases such as Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL), and gastric carcinoma (GC). EBV genomes found in these diseases can be classified either by phases of EBV latency (type-I, -II, and -III latency) or types of EBNA2 sequence difference (type-I EBV, type-II EBV or EBV-1, EBV-2). EBV from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) establishes type-III latency, EBV from NPC establishes type-II latency, and EBV from GC establishes type-I latency. However, other important factors play key roles in classifying numerous EBV strains because EBV genomes are highly diverse and not phylogenetically related to types of EBV-associated diseases. Herein, we first reviewed previous studies to describe molecular characteristics of EBV genomes. Then, using comparative and phylogenetic analyses, we phylogenetically analyzed molecular variations of EBV genomes and proteins. The review of previous studies and our phylogenetic analysis showed that EBV genomes and proteins were highly diverse regardless of types of EBV-associated diseases. Other factors should be considered in determining EBV taxonomy. This review will be helpful to understand complicated phylogenetic relationships of EBV genomes.

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    Oren Shechter, Daniel G. Sausen, Elisa S. Gallo, Harel Dahari, Ronen Borenstein
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(22): 14389.     CrossRef
  • Current approach and novel perspectives in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the role of targeting proteasome dysregulation as a molecular landmark in nasopharyngeal cancer
    Ramon Yarza, Mateo Bover, Maria Teresa Agulló-Ortuño, Lara Carmen Iglesias-Docampo
    Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Francisco Aguayo, Enrique Boccardo, Alejandro Corvalán, Gloria M. Calaf, Rancés Blanco
    Infectious Agents and Cancer.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • Novel Synthetic DNA Immunogens Targeting Latent Expressed Antigens of Epstein–Barr Virus Elicit Potent Cellular Responses and Inhibit Tumor Growth
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts
Characterization of the rapamycin-inducible EBV LMP1 activation system
Sang Yong Kim , Jung-Eun Kim , Jiyeon Won , Yoon-Jae Song
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(10):732-738.   Published online October 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5455-z
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AbstractAbstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent infection membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is required for EBV-mediated B lymphocyte transformation into proliferating lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). LMP1 oligomerizes spontaneously in membrane lipid rafts via its transmembrane domain and constitutively activates signal transduction pathways, including NF-κB, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK). Since LMP1 mimics the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), CD40, it may be effectively utilized to study the effects of constitutive activation of signal transduction pathways on cellular physiology. On the other hand, LMP1 presents a disadvantage in terms of determining the sequential events and factors involved in signaling pathways. A CD40-LMP1 chimeric molecule has been generated to overcome this limitation but does not represent the authentic and physiological nature of LMP1. In the current study, a ligand-dependent activation system for LMP1 using rapamycin-inducible dimerization was generated to delineate the LMP1 signaling pathway.

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Genipin as a novel chemical activator of EBV lytic cycle
Myoungki Son , Minjung Lee , Eunhyun Ryu , Aree Moon , Choon-Sik Jeong , Yong Woo Jung , Gyu Hwan Park , Gi-Ho Sung , Hyosun Cho , Hyojeung Kang
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(2):155-165.   Published online January 28, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4672-9
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  • 29 Crossref
AbstractAbstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus that causes acute infection and establishes life-long latency. EBV causes several human cancers, including Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Antiviral agents can be categorized as virucides, antiviral chemotherapeutic agents, and immunomodulators. Most antiviral agents affect actively replicating viruses, but not their latent forms. Novel antiviral agents must be active on both the replicating and the latent forms of the virus. Gardenia jasminoides is an evergreen flowering plant belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is most commonly found growing wild in Vietnam, Southern China, Taiwan, Japan, Myanmar, and India. Genipin is an aglycone derived from an iridoid glycoside called geniposide, which is present in large quantities in the fruit of G. jasminoides. In this study, genipin was evaluated for its role as an antitumor and antiviral agent that produces inhibitory effects against EBV and EBV associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). In SNU719 cells, one of EBVaGCs, genipin caused significant cytotoxicity (70 μM), induced methylation on EBV C promoter and tumor suppressor gene BCL7A, arrested cell-cycle progress (S phases), upregulated EBV latent/lytic genes in a dose-dependent manner, stimulated EBV progeny production, activated EBV F promoter for EBV lytic activation, and suppressed EBV infection. These
results
indicated that genipin could be a promising candidate for antiviral and antitumor agents against EBV and EBVaGC.

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Hypermethylation of the interferon regulatory factor 5 promoter in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma
Seung Myung Dong , Hyun Gyu Lee , Sung-Gyu Cho , Seung-Hyun Kwon , Heejei Yoon , Hyun-Jin Kwon , Ji Hae Lee , Hyemi Kim , Pil-Gu Park , Hoguen Kim , S. Diane Hayward , Jeon Han Park , Jae Myun Lee
J. Microbiol. 2015;53(1):70-76.   Published online January 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4654-3
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AbstractAbstract
Interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF-5), a member of the mammalian IRF transcription factor family, is regulated by p53, type I interferon and virus infection. IRF-5 participates in virus-induced TLR-mediated innate immune responses and may play a role as a tumor suppressor. It was suppressed in various EBV-infected transformed cells, thus it is valuable to identify the suppression mechanism. We focused on a promoter CpG islands methylation, a kind of epigenetic regulation in EBV-associated Burkitt’s lymphomas (BLs) and gastric carcinomas. IRF-5 is not detected in most of EBV-infected BL cell lines due to hypermethylation of IRF-5 distal promoter (promoter-A), which was restored by a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2􍿁-deoxycytidine. Hypomethylation of CpG islands in promoter-A was observed only in EBV type III latent infected BL cell lines (LCL and Mutu III). Similarly, during EBV infection to Akata-4E3 cells, IRF-5 was observed at early time periods (2 days to 8 weeks), concomitant unmethylation of promoter-A, but suppressed in later infection periods as observed in latency I BL cell lines. Moreover, hypermethylation in IRF-5 promoter-A region was also observed in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) cell lines or primary gastric carcinoma tissues, which show type I latent infection. In summary, IRF-5 is suppressed by hypermethylation of its promoter-A in most of EBV-infected transformed cells, especially BLs and EBVaGC. EBV-induced carcinogenesis takes an advantage of proliferative effects of TLR signaling, while limiting IRF-5 mediated negative effects in the establishment of EBVaGCs.

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Sequence Analysis of the Latent Membrane Protein 1 Genes of Epstein-Barr Virus isolataes in Korea
Cho, Shin , Cho, Sung Gyu , Shim, Young Shik , Lee, Won Keun
J. Microbiol. 1998;36(2):130-138.
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AbstractAbstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is essential for Blymphocyte transformation, and activates NF-kB transcription factior in lymphocytes. LMP1 genes were isolated and sequenced from three type 1 isolates (SNU-321, SNU-538, and SNU-1103) and a type 2 isolate (SNU-20), all derived from Korean cancer pstients, to assess sequence variations in the LMP1 of Korean EBV isolates. Sequence analysis revealed that the SNU-1103 and SNU-20 LNP1 genes were nearly identical to that of the prototype B95-8 type 1 EBV strain, with 98% and 96% identities at the nucleotide and protein level, respectively. The SNU-321 and SNU-538 type 1 LMP1 genes both had a G to T substitution at nucleotide position 169,426, resulting in the loss of a XhoI site, and a carboxy-termina 30 base pair deletion (position 168,287-168,256), indicating they were variant LMP1 genes, as initially described in a Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived EBV isolate (CAO). These two variant LMP1 genes shared more sequence variations than the SNU-20 and SNU-1103 IMP1 geres presumably associated with the LMP1 XhoI polymorphism, and showed 96% and 94% sequence identities, respectively, at the nucleotide and amino acid level to respective sequences of B95-8. There were consistent variations between all four isolates and B95-8, including 8-amino acid changes (B95-8 residues 85, 122, 129, 222, 309, 312, 334, 338, and 366) and a 5-amino acid deletion in the carboxy-terminal third 11-amino acid repeat. Transfection of each of these cloned LMP1 genes into Jurkat cells resulted in tenfold stimulation of NF-kB activity, confirming functionality of LMP1 proteins expressed from these genes. Taken together, these results indicate that there is a high degree of overall conservation in sequences of LMP1 between different EBV isolates, yet the distinct sequence variation patterns are consistent with the notion that there are at least two distinct LMP1 variants.
Deletion Analysis of the Major NF-[kappa]B Activation Domain in Latent Membrane Protein 1 of Epstein-Barr Virus
Shin Cho , Won-Keun Lee
J. Microbiol. 1999;37(4):256-262.
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AbstractAbstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an integral membrane protein with six transmembrane domains, which is essential for EBV-induced B cell transformation. LMP1 functions as a constitutively active tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) like membrane receptor, whose signaling requires recruitment of TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) and leads to NF-[kappa]B activation. NF-[kappa]B activation by LMP1 is critical for B cell transformation and has been linked to many phenotypic changes associated with EBV-induced B cell transformation. Deletion analysis has identified two NF-[kappa]B activation regions in the carboxy terminal cytoplasmic domains of LMP1, termed CTAR1 (residues 194-232) and CTAR2 (351-386). The membrane proximal C-terminal domain was precisely mapped to a PXQXT motif (residues 204-208) involved in TRAF binding as well as NF-[kappa]B activation. In this study, we dissected the CTAR2 region, which is the major NF-[kappa]B signaling effector of LMP1, to determine a minimal functional sequence. A series of LMP1 mutant constructs systematically deleted for the CTAR2 region were prepared, and NF-[kappa]B activation activity of these mutants were assessed by transiently expressing them in 293 cells and Jurkat T cells. The NF-[kappa]B activation domain of CTAR2 appears to reside in a stretch of 6 amino acids (residues 379-384) at the end of the carboxy terminus.
High Prevalence of the China 1 Strain of Epstein-Barr Virus in Korea as Determined by Sequence Polymorphisms in the Carboxy-Terminal Tail of LMP1
Sung-Gyu Cho , Won-Keun Lee
J. Microbiol. 2003;41(2):129-136.
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AbstractAbstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) exhibits considerable sequence heterogeneity among EBV isolates. Seven distinct EBV strains have been defined based on sequence polymorphisms in the LMP1 gene, which are designated China 1, China 2, China 3, Alaskan, Mediterranean, NC, and the B95-8 strains. In this study, we analyzed a 30-bp deletion and sequence variations in the carboxy-terminal region of the LMP1 gene in 12 EBV isolates from spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from individuals with non-EBV associated cancers in Korea. Eleven of the 12 isolates showed a 30-bp deletion spanning LMP1 amino acids 342 to 353, suggesting a high prevalence of the LMP1 30-bp deletion variant among EBV isolates in Korea. In addition, all 12 isolates had a 15-bp common deletion in the 33-bp repeat region and multiple base-pair changes relative to the prototype B95-8 EBV strain along with variations in the number of the 33-bp repeats. The bp changes at positions 168746, 168694, 168687, 168395, 168357, 168355, 168631, 168320, 168308, 168295, and 168225 were highly conserved among the isolates. Comparative analysis of sequence change patterns in the LMP1 carboxy-terminal coding region identified nine 30-bp deletion variants as China 1, two deletion variants as a possible interstrain between the Alaskan and China 1 strains, and a single undeleted variant as a possible variant of the Alaskan strain. These results suggest the predominance of the China 1 EBV strain in the Korean population.

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