Journal of Microbiology

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Role of the LAMMER kinase LkhA in fungal development and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus: Seong-Hwan Jeong, He-Jin Cho, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Moon Park, Hee-Soo Park; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(5):e2503007. Published online May 27, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2503007

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Abstract PDF: A well-conserved LAMMER kinase in yeast and filamentous fungi, is a dual-specificity kinase with multiple roles in fungal biology. In this study, we assessed the roles of LkhA in Aspergillus flavus, a toxigenic fungus that produces aflatoxin B1. lkhA deletion mutants exhibited defects in fungal growth, conidiophore development, and sclerotia formation. These mutants exhibited impaired tolerance to oxidative and cell wall stresses. Moreover, the absence of lkhA resulted in a decrease in aflatoxin B1 production. The kernel assay revealed that the lkhA deletion mutants exhibited reduced production of conidia and aflatoxin B1, implying that LkhA can affect fungal toxigenesis and pathogenicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LkhA is important for differentiation, mycotoxin production, and pathogenicity in A. flavus.

Journal Articles

The putative sensor histidine kinase VadJ coordinates development and sterigmatocystin production in Aspergillus nidulans: Yanxia Zhao , Mi-Kyung Lee , Jieyin Lim , Heungyun Moon , Hee-Soo Park , Weifa Zheng , Jae-Hyuk Yu; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(8):746-752. Published online July 5, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1055-2

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The VosA-VelB heterocomplex governs expression of several genes associated with fungal development and secondary metabolism. In this study, we have investigated the functions of one of the VosA-VelB-activated developmental genes vadJ in development and production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin in the model fungus Aspergillus nidulans. The vadJ gene is predicted to encode a 957-amino acid length protein containing a highly conserved sensor histidine kinase domain. The deletion of vosA or velB resulted in decreased mRNA levels of vadJ throughout the life cycle, suggesting that VosA and VelB are necessary for proper expression of vadJ. Nullifying vadJ led to highly restricted colony growth, lowered formation of asexual spores, and about two-fold reduction in conidial viability. Conversely, the deletion of vadJ resulted in elevated production of sexual fruiting bodies and sterigmatocystin. These suggest that VadJ is necessary for proper coordination of asexual and sexual development, and sterigmatocystin production. In accordance with this idea, the deletion of vadJ led to elevated mRNA levels of the two key sexual developmental activators esdC and nsdD. In summary, the putative sensor histidine kinase VadJ represses sexual development and sterigmatocystin production, but activates asexual development in A. nidulans.

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Yuxing Wu, Sen Han, Yajiao Wang, Qiusheng Li, Lingxiao Kong
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Involvement of LaeA and Velvet Proteins in Regulating the Production of Mycotoxins and Other Fungal Secondary Metabolites
Xuwen Hou, Liyao Liu, Dan Xu, Daowan Lai, Ligang Zhou
Journal of Fungi.2024; 10(8): 561. CrossRef
Adaptative responses of Neurospora crassa by histidine kinases upon the attack of the arthropod Sinella curviseta
Ting Lu, Xiao-meng Wang, Peng-xu Chen, Juan Xi, Han-bing Yang, Wei-fa Zheng, Yan-xia Zhao
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Nadia Tahtah, Chrystian Zetina-Serrano, Ophélie Rocher, Claire Naylies, Yannick Lippi, André El Khoury, Ali Atoui, Emilien L. Jamin, Isabelle P. Oswald, Sophie Lorber, Olivier Puel
Postharvest Biology and Technology.2023; 195: 112121. CrossRef
Regulators of the Asexual Life Cycle of Aspergillus nidulans
Ye-Eun Son, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
Cells.2023; 12(11): 1544. CrossRef
Post‐translational modifications drive secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Aspergillus: a review
Kunlong Yang, Jun Tian, Nancy P. Keller
Environmental Microbiology.2022; 24(7): 2857. CrossRef
The Putative C2H2 Transcription Factor VadH Governs Development, Osmotic Stress Response, and Sterigmatocystin Production in Aspergillus nidulans
Xiaoyu Li, Yanxia Zhao, Heungyun Moon, Jieyin Lim, Hee-Soo Park, Zhiqiang Liu, Jae-Hyuk Yu
Cells.2022; 11(24): 3998. CrossRef

The velvet repressed vidA gene plays a key role in governing development in Aspergillus nidulans: Min-Ju Kim , Won-Hee Jung , Ye-Eun Son , Jae-Hyuk Yu , Mi-Kyung Lee , Hee-Soo Park; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(10):893-899. Published online August 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9214-4

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Abstract

Fungal development is regulated by a variety of transcription factors in Aspergillus nidulans. Previous studies demonstrated that the NF-κB type velvet transcription factors regulate certain target genes that govern fungal differentiation and cellular metabolism. In this study, we characterize one of the VosA/VelB-inhibited developmental genes called vidA, which is predicted to encode a 581-amino acid protein with a C2H2 zinc finger domain at the C-terminus. Levels of vidA mRNA are high during the early and middle phases of asexual development and decrease during the late phase of asexual development and asexual spore (conidium) formation. Deletion of either vosA or velB results in increased vidA mRNA accumulation in conidia, suggesting that vidA transcript accumulation in conidia is repressed by VosA and VelB. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that deletion of vidA causes decreased colony growth, reduced production of asexual spores, and abnormal formation of sexual fruiting bodies. In addition, the vidA deletion mutant conidia contain more trehalose and β-glucan than wild type. Overall, these results suggest that VidA is a putative transcription factor that plays a key role in governing proper fungal growth, asexual and sexual development, and conidia formation in A. nidulans.

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Regulators of the Asexual Life Cycle of Aspergillus nidulans
Ye-Eun Son, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
Cells.2023; 12(11): 1544. CrossRef
The Forkhead Gene fkhB is Necessary for Proper Development in Aspergillus nidulans
Seo-Yeong Jang, Ye-Eun Son, Dong-Soon Oh, Kap-Hoon Han, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
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The Putative C2H2 Transcription Factor VadH Governs Development, Osmotic Stress Response, and Sterigmatocystin Production in Aspergillus nidulans
Xiaoyu Li, Yanxia Zhao, Heungyun Moon, Jieyin Lim, Hee-Soo Park, Zhiqiang Liu, Jae-Hyuk Yu
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The Role of Chromatin and Transcriptional Control in the Formation of Sexual Fruiting Bodies in Fungi
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Sung-Hun Son, Seo-Yeong Jang, Hee-Soo Park
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The putative sensor histidine kinase VadJ coordinates development and sterigmatocystin production in Aspergillus nidulans
Yanxia Zhao, Mi-Kyung Lee, Jieyin Lim, Heungyun Moon, Hee-Soo Park, Weifa Zheng, Jae-Hyuk Yu
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(8): 746. CrossRef
Unveiling the Functions of the VosA-VelB Target GenevidDinAspergillus nidulans
Ye-Eun Son, Hee-Soo Park
Mycobiology.2021; 49(3): 258. CrossRef
Velvet activated McrA plays a key role in cellular and metabolic development in Aspergillus nidulans
Mi-Kyung Lee, Ye-Eun Son, Hee-Soo Park, Ahmad Alshannaq, Kap-Hoon Han, Jae-Hyuk Yu
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of the VosA-repressed dnjA gene in development and metabolism in Aspergillus species
Ye-Eun Son, He-Jin Cho, Wanping Chen, Sung-Hun Son, Mi-Kyung Lee, Jae-Hyuk Yu, Hee-Soo Park
Current Genetics.2020; 66(3): 621. CrossRef
Homeobox proteins are essential for fungal differentiation and secondary metabolism in Aspergillus nidulans
Sung-Hun Son, Ye-Eun Son, He-Jin Cho, Wanping Chen, Mi-Kyung Lee, Lee-Han Kim, Dong-Min Han, Hee-Soo Park
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum
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Characterization of the velvet regulators in Aspergillus flavus: Tae-Jin Eom , Heungyun Moon , Jae-Hyuk Yu , Hee-Soo Park; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(12):893-901. Published online October 25, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-8417-4

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Abstract

Fungal development and secondary metabolism are closely associated via the activities of the fungal NK-kB-type velvet regulators that are highly conserved in filamentous fungi. Here, we investigated the roles of the velvet genes in the aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus. Distinct from other Aspergillus species, the A. flavus genome contains five velvet genes, veA, velB, velC, velD, and vosA. The deletion of velD blocks the production of aflatoxin B1, but does not affect the formation of sclerotia. Expression analyses revealed that vosA and velB mRNAs accumulated at high levels during the late phase of asexual development and in conidia. The absence of vosA or velB decreased the content of conidial trehalose and the tolerance of conidia to the thermal and UV stresses. In addition, double mutant analyses demonstrated that VosA and VelB play an inter-dependent role in trehalose biosynthesis and conidial stress tolerance. Together with the findings of previous studies, the results of the present study suggest that the velvet regulators play the conserved and vital role in sporogenesis, conidial trehalose biogenesis, stress tolerance, and aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.

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Review

REVIEW] Developmental regulators in Aspergillus fumigatus: Hee-Soo Park , Jae-Hyuk Yu; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(3):223-231. Published online February 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-5619-5

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Abstract

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent airborne fungal pathogen causing severe and usually fatal invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. This fungus produces a large number of small hydrophobic asexual spores called conidia as the primary means of reproduction, cell survival, propagation, and infectivity. The initiation, progression, and completion of asexual development (conidiation) is controlled by various regulators that govern expression of thousands of genes associated with formation of the asexual developmental structure conidiophore, and biogenesis of conidia. In this review, we summarize key regulators that directly or indirectly govern conidiation in this important pathogenic fungus. Better understanding these developmental regulators may provide insights into the improvement in controlling both beneficial and detrimental aspects of various Aspergillus species.

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The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum
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C-terminus Proteolysis and Palmitoylation Cooperate for Optimal Plasma Membrane Localization of RasA in Aspergillus fumigatus
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