Journal of Microbiology

Full article

Efficient and modular reverse genetics system for rapid generation of recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2025;63(7):e2504015. Published online July 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2504015

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Abstract PDF: The global spread of COVID-19 has underscored the urgent need for advanced tools to study emerging coronaviruses. Reverse genetics systems have become indispensable for dissecting viral gene functions, developing live-attenuated vaccine candidates, and identifying antiviral targets. In this study, we describe a robust and efficient reverse genetics platform for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The system is based on the assembly of a full-length infectious cDNA clone from seven overlapping fragments, each flanked by homologous sequences to facilitate seamless assembly using the Gibson assembly method. Individual cloning of each fragment into plasmids enables modular manipulation of the viral genome, allowing rapid site-directed mutagenesis by fragment exchange. Infectious recombinant virus was successfully recovered from the assembled cDNA, exhibiting uniform plaque morphology and genetic homogeneity compared to clinical isolates. Additionally, fluorescent reporter viruses were generated to enable real-time visualization of infection, and the effects of different mammalian promoters on viral rescue were evaluated. This reverse genetics platform enables efficient generation and manipulation of recombinant SARS-CoV-2, providing a valuable resource for virological research and the development of preventive and therapeutic antiviral measures.

Review

T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in humans and animals: Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo , Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):276-289. Published online February 14, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1624-z

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SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, first emerged in 2019. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been given a lot of attention. However, the armamentarium of humoral and T cells may have differing roles in different viral infections. Though the exact role of T cells in COVID-19 remains to be elucidated, prior experience with human coronavirus has revealed an essential role of T cells in the outcomes of viral infections. Moreover, an increasing body of evidence suggests that T cells might be effective against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes the role of T cells in mouse CoV, human pathogenic respiratory CoV in general and SARSCoV- 2 in specific.

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Intradermal Fractional ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Booster Vaccine Induces Memory T Cells: A Follow-Up Study
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Safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine immunization during pregnancy in 1024 pregnant women infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron virus in Shanghai, China
Hongmei Deng, Yinpeng Jin, Minmin Sheng, Min Liu, Jie Shen, Wei Qian, Gang Zou, Yixin Liao, Tiefu Liu, Yun Ling, Xiaohong Fan
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Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(12): 2506. CrossRef
Animal models for COVID-19 and tuberculosis
Björn Corleis, Max Bastian, Donata Hoffmann, Martin Beer, Anca Dorhoi
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A mathematical model and simulation scenarios for T and B cells immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2
L Cuesta-Herrera, F Córdova-Lepe, L Pastenes, A D Arencibia, Y Baldera-Moreno, H A Torres-Mantilla
Journal of Physics: Conference Series.2023; 2516(1): 012007. CrossRef
Distinctive Combinations of RBD Mutations Contribute to Antibody Evasion in the Case of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta Variant
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Sunggeun Goo, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2023; 33(12): 1587. CrossRef
Two years of COVID-19 pandemic: where are we now?
Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(3): 235. CrossRef
Escape and Over-Activation of Innate Immune Responses by SARS-CoV-2: Two Faces of a Coin
Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo, Seong-Jun Kim, Dae-Gyun Ahn, Jinjong Myoung
Viruses.2022; 14(3): 530. CrossRef
Development of a T Cell-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Using a Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Viral Vector
Irina Isakova-Sivak, Ekaterina Stepanova, Victoria Matyushenko, Sergei Niskanen, Daria Mezhenskaya, Ekaterina Bazhenova, Elena Krutikova, Tatiana Kotomina, Polina Prokopenko, Bogdan Neterebskii, Aleksandr Doronin, Elena Vinogradova, Kirill Yakovlev, Konst
Vaccines.2022; 10(7): 1142. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Methyltransferase of a cell culture-adapted hepatitis E inhibits the MDA5 receptor signaling pathway: Jinjong Myoung , Jeong Yoon Lee , Kang Sang Min; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1126-1131. Published online November 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9478-8

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Abstract PDF

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a causative agent of acute hepatitis and jaundice. The number of human infections is approximated to be over 20 million cases per year. The transmission is mainly via the fecal-oral route and contaminated water and food are considered to be a major source of infection. As a mouse model is not available, a recent development of a cell culture-adapted HEV strain (47832c) is considered as a very important tools for molecular analysis of HEV pathogenesis in cells. Previously, we demonstrated that HEV-encoded methyltransferase (MeT) encoded by the 47832c strain inhibits MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated activation of interferon β (IFN-β) promoter. Here, we report that MeT impairs the phosphorylation and activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the MeT encoded by the 47832c, but not that of HEV clinical or field isolates (SAR-55, Mex-14, KC-1, and ZJ-1), displays the inhibitory effect. A deeper understanding of MeTmediated suppression of IFN-β expression would provide basis of the cell culture adaptation of HEV.

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Viral Hepatitis: Host Immune Interaction, Pathogenesis and New Therapeutic Strategies
Angela Quirino, Nadia Marascio, Francesco Branda, Alessandra Ciccozzi, Chiara Romano, Chiara Locci, Ilenia Azzena, Noemi Pascale, Grazia Pavia, Giovanni Matera, Marco Casu, Daria Sanna, Marta Giovanetti, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Pierfrancesco Alaimo di Loro,
Pathogens.2024; 13(9): 766. CrossRef
Hepatitis E virus: from innate sensing to adaptive immune responses
Yannick Brüggemann, Mara Klöhn, Heiner Wedemeyer, Eike Steinmann
Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2024; 21(10): 710. CrossRef
Structural aspects of hepatitis E virus
Florencia Cancela, Ofelia Noceti, Juan Arbiza, Santiago Mirazo
Archives of Virology.2022; 167(12): 2457. CrossRef
Host Innate Immunity Against Hepatitis Viruses and Viral Immune Evasion
Chonghui Xu, Jizheng Chen, Xinwen Chen
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
A Promising Vaccination Strategy against COVID-19 on the Horizon: Heterologous Immunization
Sameer-ul-Salam Mattoo, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2021; 31(12): 1601. CrossRef
Hepatitis E Virus: How It Escapes Host Innate Immunity
Sébastien Lhomme, Marion Migueres, Florence Abravanel, Olivier Marion, Nassim Kamar, Jacques Izopet
Vaccines.2020; 8(3): 422. CrossRef
Chikungunya Virus nsP2 Impairs MDA5/RIG-I-Mediated Induction of NF-κB Promoter Activation: A Potential Target for Virus-Specific Therapeutics
Sojung Bae, Jeong Yoon Lee, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 30(12): 1801. CrossRef
Zika Virus-Encoded NS2A and NS4A Strongly Downregulate NF-κB Promoter Activity
Jeong Yoon Lee, Thi Thuy Ngan Nguyen, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2020; 30(11): 1651. CrossRef

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-encoded ORF8b strongly antagonizes IFN-β promoter activation: its implication for vaccine design: Jeong Yoon Lee , Sojung Bae , Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(9):803-811. Published online August 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9272-7

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Abstract PDF

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a causative agent of severe-to-fatal pneumonia especially in patients with pre-existing conditions, such as smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MERS-CoV transmission continues to be reported in the Saudi Arabian Peninsula since its discovery in 2012. However, it has rarely been epidemic outside the area except one large outbreak in South Korea in May 2015. The genome of the epidemic MERS-CoV isolated from a Korean patient revealed its homology to previously reported strains. MERS-CoV encodes 5 accessory proteins and generally, they do not participate in the genome transcription and replication but rather are involved in viral evasion of the host innate immune responses. Here we report that ORF8b, an accessory protein of MERSCoV, strongly inhibits both MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated activation of interferon beta promoter activity while downstream signaling molecules were left largely unaffected. Of note, MDA5 protein levels were significantly down-regulated by ORF8b and co-expression of ORF4a and ORF4b. These novel findings will facilitate elucidation of mechanisms of virus-encoded evasion strategies, thus helping design rationale antiviral countermeasures against deadly MERS-CoV infection.

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Review

[Minireview] Primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas: Sangmin Kang , Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(5):319-329. Published online April 29, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7075-2

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Abstract PDF

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the latest addition to the human herpesvirus family. Unlike alpha- and beta-herpesvirus subfamily members, gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV, cause vari-ous tumors in humans. KSHV primarily infects endothelial and B cells in vivo, and is associated with at least three malig-nancies: Kaposi’s sarcoma and two B cell lymphomas, res-pectively. Although KSHV readily infects endothelial cells in vitro and thus its pathogenic mechanisms have been exten-sively studied, B cells had been refractory to KSHV infection. As such, functions of KSHV genes have mostly been eluci-dated in endothelial cells in the context of viral infection but not in B cells. Whether KSHV oncogenes, defined in endo-thelial cells, play the same roles in the tumorigenesis of B cells remains an open question. Only recently, through a few ground-breaking studies, B cell infection models have been established. In this review, those models will be compared and contrasted and putative mechanisms of KSHV-induced B cell transformation will be discussed.

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Editorial

[SPECIAL ISSUE]Two years of COVID-19 pandemic: where are we now?: Jinjong Myoung; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):235-237.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1679-x

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