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- Pioneering strategies for overcoming bacterial drug resistance (2026)
- Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology (2025)
- Host-associated microbiome (2024)
- Bacterial regulatory mechanisms for the control of complex cellular mechanisms (2023)
- Two years into COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we? (2022)
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Research article
- Antiviral activity of Cirsium japonicum var. spinossimum extract and its flavonoid cirsimaritin against human coronavirus OC43
- Chunghyeon Lee, Jang Hoon Kim, Siyun Lee, Seungju Cho, Sumin Kim, Jayhyun Park, Yong-Goo Kim, Junsoo Park
- J. Microbiol. 2026;64(9):e2608018. Published online September 30, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2608018
- 18 View
- 1 Download
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Abstract
PDF
Supplementary Material -
Coronaviruses cause a wide range of diseases, ranging from the common cold to severe illnesses such as COVID-19. Although vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 have been developed, recent reports have documented the emergence of viral variants with reduced susceptibility to these interventions, suggesting that coronaviruses may continue to circulate persistently, similar to influenza viruses. Cirsium japonicum var. spinossimum Kitam. (hereafter referred to as C. japonicum) has traditionally been used to treat various medical conditions, including inflammatory diseases; however, its antiviral properties remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that C. japonicum extract inhibited human coronavirus replication and alleviated virus-induced cytotoxicity. Analysis of the chemical constituents of the extract identified cirsimaritin, a major flavonoid present in C. japonicum, as an active compound with antiviral activity against human coronavirus. The antiviral effects of both C. japonicum extract and cirsimaritin were further confirmed using scanning electron microscopy and a three-dimensional spheroid model. Finally, we demonstrated that C. japonicum extract and cirsimaritin inhibited coronavirus papain-like protease activity. These findings suggest that C. japonicum extract and cirsimaritin have potential as therapeutic candidates for coronavirus-associated diseases.
Review
- Coronavirus enzyme inhibitors-experimentally proven natural compounds from plants
- Junsoo Park , Rackhyun Park , Minsu Jang , Yea-In Park , Yeonjeong Park
- J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):347-354. Published online January 28, 2022
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1499-z
- 1,002 View
- 4 Download
- 10 Web of Science
- 10 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause critical conditions that require efficient therapeutics. Several medicines are derived from plants, and researchers are seeking natural compounds to ameliorate the symptoms of COVID-19. Viral enzymes are popular targets of antiviral medicines; the genome of coronaviruses encodes several enzymes, including RNAdependent RNA polymerase and viral proteases. Various screening systems have been developed to identify potential inhibitors. In this review, we describe the natural compounds that have been shown to exert inhibitory effects on coronavirus enzymes. Although computer-aided molecular structural studies have predicted several antiviral compound candidates, the current review focuses on experimentally proven natural compounds.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Green Synthesis and Quality-by-Design Optimization of Dacryodes edulis-Derived Silver Nanoparticles with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity
Jabulile H. Xulu, Vuyelwa J. Tembu, Sharon Moeno, Bienvenu Tsakem, Vuyisile S. Thibane, Bwalya A. Witika, Xavier Siwe Noundou
Molecules.2026; 31(11): 1821. CrossRef - Green Tea Catechins and COVID-19: Epidemiological Trends and Therapeutic Perspectives
Maksim Storozhuk
Current Pharmaceutical Design.2026; 32(20): 1612. CrossRef - Natural Inhibitors Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Main Protease From Three Vietnamese Bryophytes
Thi‐Kim‐Dung Le, Gia‐Hai Mach, Nguyen‐Khanh‐Trinh Tram, Nguyen‐Kim‐Tuyen Pham, Ngoc‐Khanh‐Van Nguyen, Thi‐Minh‐Dinh Tran, Boi‐Phong Vuong, Ngoc‐Hong Nguyen, Thuc‐Huy Duong, Kiattawee Choowongkomon
Chemistry & Biodiversity.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Eupatin, a Flavonoid, Inhibits Coronavirus 3CL Protease and Replication
Yea-In Park, Jang Hoon Kim, Siyun Lee, Ik Soo Lee, Junsoo Park
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(11): 9211. CrossRef - Structural Insights into Plasticity and Discovery of Flavonoid Allosteric Inhibitors of Flavivirus NS2B–NS3 Protease
Marielena Vogel Saivish, Gabriela de Lima Menezes, Vivaldo Gomes da Costa, Liliane Nebo, Gislaine Celestino Dutra da Silva, Carolina Colombelli Pacca, Rafael Elias Marques, Maurício Lacerda Nogueira, Roosevelt Alves Da Silva
Biophysica.2023; 3(1): 71. CrossRef - Plants as Biofactories for Therapeutic Proteins and Antiviral Compounds to Combat COVID-19
Corbin England, Jonathan TrejoMartinez, Paula PerezSanchez, Uddhab Karki, Jianfeng Xu
Life.2023; 13(3): 617. CrossRef - Computational investigation of natural compounds as potential main protease (Mpro) inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 virus
Chirag N. Patel, Siddhi P. Jani, Sivakumar Prasanth Kumar, Krunal M. Modi, Yogesh Kumar
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2022; 151: 106318. CrossRef - Two years of COVID-19 pandemic: where are we now?
Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(3): 235. CrossRef - Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors from a Library of Minor Cannabinoids by Biochemical Inhibition Assay and Surface Plasmon Resonance Characterized Binding Affinity
Chang Liu, Tess Puopolo, Huifang Li, Ang Cai, Navindra P. Seeram, Hang Ma
Molecules.2022; 27(18): 6127. CrossRef - Computational Approaches in the Discovery and Development of Therapeutic
and Prophylactic Agents for Viral Diseases
Anand Gaurav, Neetu Agrawal, Mayasah Al-Nema, Vertika Gautam
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 22(26): 2190. CrossRef
- Green Synthesis and Quality-by-Design Optimization of Dacryodes edulis-Derived Silver Nanoparticles with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activity
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
- Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Viral Protein Kinase Interacts with RNA Helicase A and Regulates Host Gene Expression
- Jae Eun Jong , Junsoo Park , Sunmi Kim , Taegun Seo
- J. Microbiol. 2010;48(2):206-212. Published online May 1, 2010
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-010-0021-1
- 699 View
- 1 Download
- 9 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- RNA helicase A (RHA) containing the DExH motif is a human homolog of maleless protein that regulates expression of genes located in the Drosophila X chromosome during dosage compensation. RHA exerts helicase activity that unwinds double-stranded RNA and DNA to a single-strand form. The protein acts as a bridging factor mediating interactions of CBP/p300 and RNA pol II, and consequently affects gene expression. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a member of the γ-herpesvirus subfamily that causes several disorders. The majority of herpesviruses commonly encode predicted viral protein kinases. KSHV open reading frame 36 (ORF36) codes for protein kinase domains, and functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase. KSHV ORF36 is classified as a late gene, as it is expressed during lytic replication and localized in the nuclei of KSHV-infected cells. Recent studies show that viral protein kinase (vPK) interacts with cellular proteins. In this study, we determined the cellular localization of vPK in KSHVinfected BCBL-1 cells using confocal microscopy. Proteomic analysis indicates that cellular proteins interacted with vPK, and co-immunoprecipitation reactions further reveal interactions between vPK and RHA. Moreover, KSHV vPK appeared to regulate the transcriptional activation of Cre promoter, and plays an important role in cellular transcription of RHA.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Population Genetic Structure and Human Adaptation of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus
Alessandra Mozzi, Diego Forni, Rachele Cagliani, Cristian Molteni, Mario Clerici, Manuela Sironi
Open Forum Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - RNA helicase A as co-factor for DNA viruses during replication
Fan Guo, Li Xing
Virus Research.2021; 291: 198206. CrossRef - Mechanism of Angiopoietin-1 Upregulation in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Infected PEL Cell Lines
Xin Zheng, Eriko Ohsaki, Keiji Ueda, R. M. Longnecker
Journal of Virology.2015; 89(9): 4786. CrossRef - The Expanding Functions of Cellular Helicases: The Tombusvirus RNA Replication Enhancer Co-opts the Plant eIF4AIII-Like AtRH2 and the DDX5-Like AtRH5 DEAD-Box RNA Helicases to Promote Viral Asymmetric RNA Replication
Nikolay Kovalev, Peter D. Nagy, Lee Gehrke
PLoS Pathogens.2014; 10(4): e1004051. CrossRef - A Co-Opted DEAD-Box RNA Helicase Enhances Tombusvirus Plus-Strand Synthesis
Nikolay Kovalev, Judit Pogany, Peter D. Nagy, Shou-Wei Ding
PLoS Pathogens.2012; 8(2): e1002537. CrossRef - Application of Proteomics to Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Tadashi Kondo, Daisuke Kubota, Akira Kawai
International Journal of Proteomics.2012; 2012: 1. CrossRef - Similar roles for yeast Dbp2 and Arabidopsis RH20 DEAD-box RNA helicases to Ded1 helicase in tombusvirus plus-strand synthesis
Nikolay Kovalev, Daniel Barajas, Peter D. Nagy
Virology.2012; 432(2): 470. CrossRef - The function and architecture of DEAH/RHA helicases
Yangzi He, Gregers R. Andersen, Klaus H. Nielsen
bmc.2011; 2(4): 315. CrossRef - Recognition of herpesviruses by the innate immune system
Søren R. Paludan, Andrew G. Bowie, Kristy A. Horan, Katherine A. Fitzgerald
Nature Reviews Immunology.2011; 11(2): 143. CrossRef
- Population Genetic Structure and Human Adaptation of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus
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