Dengue, caused by four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is the most prevalent and widely mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been reported in over 100 countries, and approximately half of the world's population is now at risk. The paucity of universally licensed DENV vaccines highlights the urgent need to address this public health concern. Action and atten-tion to antibody-dependent enhancement increase the difficulty of vaccine development. With the worsen-ing dengue fever epidemic, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Qdenga® (TAK-003) have been approved for use in specific populations in affected areas. However, these vaccines do not provide a balanced immune response to all four DENV serotypes and the vaccination cannot cover all populations. There is still a need to develop a safe, broad-spectrum, and effective vaccine to address the increasing number of dengue cases worldwide. This review provides an overview of the existing DENV vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on DENV vaccine development, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in the field.
Subglacial ecosystems harbor diverse chemoautotrophic microbial
communities in areas with limited organic carbon,
and lithological H2 produced during glacial erosion has been
considered an important energy source in these ecosystems.
To verify the H2-utilizing potential there and to identify the
related energy-converting metabolic mechanisms of these
communities, we performed metagenomic analysis on subglacial
sediment samples from East Antarctica with and without
H2 supplementation. Genes coding for several [NiFe]-
hydrogenases were identified in raw sediment and were enriched
after H2 incubation. All genes in the dissimilatory
nitrate reduction and denitrification pathways were detected
in the subglacial community, and the genes coding for these
pathways became enriched after H2 was supplied. Similarly,
genes transcribing key enzymes in the Calvin cycle were detected
in raw sediment and were also enriched. Moreover,
key genes involved in H2 oxidization, nitrate reduction, oxidative
phosphorylation, and the Calvin cycle were identified
within one metagenome-assembled genome belonging to a
Polaromonas sp. As suggested by our results, the microbial
community in the subglacial environment we investigated
consisted of chemoautotrophic populations supported by H2
oxidation. These results further confirm the importance of
H2 in the cryosphere.
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