To elucidate the function of proteorhodopsin in Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum strain IMCC1322, a cultivated representative of SAR116, we produced RNA-seq data under laboratory conditions. We examined the transcriptomes of six different cultures, including sets of expression changes under constant dark (DD), constant light (LL), and diel-cycled (LD; 14 h light: 10 h dark) conditions at the exponential and stationary/death phases. Prepared mRNA extracted from the six samples was analyzed on the Solexa Genome Analyzer with 36 cycles.
Differentially expressed genes on the IMCC1322 genome were distinguished as four clusters by K-mean clustering and each CDS (n = 2546) was annotated based on the KEGG BRITE hierarchy. Cluster 0 (n = 1573) covered most constitutive genes including proteorhodopsin, retinoids, and glycolysis/TCA cycle. Cluster 1 genes (n = 754) were upregulated in stationary/death phase under constant dark conditions and included genes associated with bacterial defense, membrane transporters, nitrogen metabolism, and senescence signaling. Cluster 2 genes (n = 197) demonstrated upregulation in exponential phase cultures and included genes involved in genes for oxidative phosphorylation, translation factors, and transcription machinery. Cluster 3 (n = 22) contained light-stimulated upregulated genes expressed under stationary/phases. Stringent response genes belonged to cluster 2, but affected genes spanned various cellular processes such as amino acids, nucleotides, translation, transcription, glycolysis, fatty acids, and cell wall components. The coordinated expression of antagonistic stringent genes, including mazG, ppx/gppA, and spoT/relA may provide insight into the controlled cultural response observed between constant light and constant dark conditions in IMCC1322 cultures, regardless of cell numbers and biomass.
Dengue virus (DENV) consists of four serotypes in the family
Flaviviridae and is a causative agent of dengue fever, dengue
hemorrhagic fever, and dengue shock syndrome. DENV is
transmitted by mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus,
and is mainly observed in areas where vector mosquitoes live.
The number of dengue cases reported by the World Health
Organization increased more than 8-fold over the last two
decades from 505,430 in 2000 to over 2.4 million in 2010 to
5.2 million in 2019. Although vaccine is the most effective method against DENV, only one commercialized vaccine exists,
and it cannot be administered to children under 9 years of
age. Currently, many researchers are working to resolve the
various problems hindering the development of effective dengue
vaccines; understanding of the viral antigen configuration
would provide insight into the development of effective
vaccines against DENV infection. In this review, the current
status and perspectives on effective vaccine development for
DENV are examined. In addition, a plausible direction for
effective vaccine development against DENV is suggested.
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an obligatory human pathogen causes
the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea, which remains
a global health problem. N. gonorrhoeae primarily infects the
mucosa of the genitourinary tract, which in women, is colonized
by natural microbiota, dominated by Lactobacillus spp.,
that protect human cells against pathogens. In this study, we
demonstrated that precolonization of human epithelial cells
with Lactobacillus crispatus, one of the most prevalent bacteria
in the female urogenital tract, or preincubation with the
L. crispatus enolase or glutamine synthetase impairs the adhesion
and invasiveness of N. gonorrhoeae toward epithelial
cells, two crucial steps in gonococcal pathogenesis. Furthermore,
decreased expression of genes encoding the proinflammatory
cytokines, TNFα and CCL20, which are secreted as
a consequence of N. gonorrhoeae infection, was observed in
N. gonorrhoeae-infected epithelial cells that had been precolonized
with L. crispatus or preincubated with enolase and
glutamine synthetase. Thus, our results indicate that the protection
of human cells against N. gonorrhoeae infection is a
complex process and that L. crispatus and its proteins enolase
and glutamine synthetase can have a potential role in protecting
epithelial cells against gonococcal infection. Therefore,
these results are important since disturbances of the microbiota
or of its proteins can result in dysbiosis, which is associated
with increased susceptibility of epithelium to pathogens.
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