Journal of Microbiology

Review

Biological and Chemical Approaches for Controlling Harmful Microcystis Blooms: Wonjae Kim, Yerim Park, Jaejoon Jung, Che Ok Jeon, Masanori Toyofuku, Jiyoung Lee, Woojun Park; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(3):249-260. Published online April 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00115-2

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The proliferation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa has become an increasingly serious problem in freshwater ecosystems due to climate change and eutrophication. Microcystis-blooms in freshwater generate compounds with unpleasant odors, reduce the levels of dissolved O₂, and excrete microcystins into aquatic ecosystems, potentially harming various organisms, including humans. Various chemical and biological approaches have thus been developed to mitigate the impact of the blooms, though issues such as secondary pollution and high economic costs have not been adequately addressed. Red clays and H₂O₂ are conventional treatment methods that have been employed worldwide for the mitigation of the blooms, while novel approaches, such as the use of plant or microbial metabolites and antagonistic bacteria, have also recently been proposed. Many of these methods rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species, the inhibition of photosynthesis, and/or the disruption of cellular membranes as their mechanisms of action, which may also negatively impact other freshwater microbiota. Nevertheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of anticyanobacterial chemicals and antagonistic bacteria remain unclear. This review thus discusses both conventional and innovative approaches for the management of M. aeruginosa in freshwater bodies.

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Journal Articles

Dynamic variation of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis proportion in the eutrophic Daechung Reservoir in Korea: Seung-Hyun Joung , Hee-Mock Oh , Kyung-A You; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(8):543-550. Published online August 2, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6141-5

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Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the environmental factors affecting the level of potentially toxic Microcystis. The long-term tendencies of temperature, precipitation, and water quality factors were analyzed to determine the environmental characteristics of the Daechung Reservoir in Korea, and water samples were directly collected to analyze the dynamics of toxic and non-toxic Microcystis at weekly intervals from May to October 2012. Microcystis was the dominant genus during the study period, and it was composed of potentially toxic and non-toxic Microcystis. The fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis ranged from 6.0% to 61.1%. The amount of toxic Microcystis was highly related to the intracellular microcystin concentration (r = 0.760, P < 0.01). Therefore, the fraction of potentially toxic Microcystis is an important concern in Microcystis blooming because the intracellular microcystin concentration may reflect microcystin levels in the water. The prevalence of potentially toxic Microcystis was highly related to water temperature in Daechung Reservoir (r = 0.585, P < 0.01). Thus, temperature increase during Microcystis blooming may lead to more frequent toxic Microcystis blooms in eutrophic water bodies.

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Research on the Analysis of and Countermeasures for the Eutrophication of Water Bodies: Waihu Reservoir as a Case Study
Yiting Qi, Xin Cao, Ruisi Cao, Mingjie Cao, Ailan Yan, Erpeng Li, Dong Xu
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Water Quality Assessment and Genetic Insights into Cyanobacterial Toxin Presence in Gyeonggi Province Reservoirs
Soon-Mi Go, Yong-Jun Kim, Yeong-Yeon Kim, Kyeong-Hui Kang, Kyu-Seung Shim, Hee-Cheon Moon, Ju-Yong Jeong
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Charlotte Schampera, Ferdi L. Hellweger
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Seungjun Lee, Boseung Choi, Sung Jae Kim, Jinnam Kim, Dayun Kang, Jiyoung Lee
Environmental Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Environmental factors associated with cyanobacterial assemblages in a mesotrophic subtropical plateau lake: A focus on bloom toxicity
Lili Hu, Kun Shan, Licheng Huang, Yuanrui Li, Lei Zhao, Qichao Zhou, Lirong Song
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Emma Johansson, Catherine Legrand, Caroline Björnerås, Anna Godhe, Hanna Mazur-Marzec, Torbjörn Säll, Karin Rengefors
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Dominant genera of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu and their relationships with environmental factors: Lijun Feng , Shiyou Liu , Wenxian Wu , Jiawen Ma , Pei Li , Hailing Xu , Na Li , Yaoyu Feng; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(7):468-476. Published online June 28, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6037-4

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Abstract

Cyanobacterial blooms in freshwaters have become one of the most widespread of environmental problems and threaten water resources worldwide. Previous studies on cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu often collected samples from one site (like Meiliang Bay or Zhushan Bay) and focused on the variation in patterns or abundance of Microcystis during the blooming season. However, the distribution of cyanobacteria in Lake Taihu shows differing pattern in various seasons. In this study, water samples were collected monthly for one year at five sites in Lake Taihu with different trophic status and a physicochemical analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were conducted. DGGE fingerprint analysis showed that Microcystis (7/35 bands) and Synechococcus (12/35 bands) were the two most dominant genera present during the study period at all five sites. Cyanobium (3/35 bands) was the third most common genus which has seldom been previously reported in Lake Taihu. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that the cyanobacterial community structure was significantly correlated with NO3 --N, CODMn, and NH4 +-N in the winter and spring, whereas it was correlated with water temperature in the summer and autumn. Limiting the nutrient input (especially of N and C loading) in Lake Taihu would be a key factor in controlling the growth of different genera of cyanobacteria.

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Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms: Going beyond the “Green” to Monitor and Predict HCBs
Daniela R. de Figueiredo
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Xiangyu Hu, Zhaomin Wang, Xiao Ye, Ping Xie, Yong Liu
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The β-Lactamase Activity at the Community Level Confers β-Lactam Resistance to Bloom-Forming Microcystis aeruginosa Cells
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Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(9): 807. CrossRef
Identification of driving factors for chlorophyll‐a in multi‐stable shallow lakes of China employing machine learning methods
Shan Qu, Jian‐jian Wang, Amit Kumar, Zhi‐Guo Yu, Wan‐Qi Zhao
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Sisi Ye, Li Gao, Arash Zamyadi, Caitlin M. Glover, Ning Ma, Haiming Wu, Ming Li
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Killing effect of deinoxanthins on cyanobloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa: Eco-friendly production and specific activity of deinoxanthins
Wonjae Kim, Minkyung Kim, Minyoung Hong, Woojun Park
Environmental Research.2021; 200: 111455. CrossRef
Alteration of dominant cyanobacteria in different bloom periods caused by abiotic factors and species interactions
Zhenyan Zhang, Xiaoji Fan, W.J.G.M. Peijnenburg, Meng Zhang, Liwei Sun, Yujia Zhai, Qi Yu, Juan Wu, Tao Lu, Haifeng Qian
Journal of Environmental Sciences.2021; 99: 1. CrossRef
Mechanism and control strategy of cyanobacterial bloom in Lake Taihu
YANG Liuyan, YANG Xinyan, REN Liman, QIAN Xin, XIAO Lin
Journal of Lake Sciences.2019; 31(1): 18. CrossRef
Effects of nitrogen on interspecific competition between two cell-size cyanobacteria: Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechococcus sp.
Xiao Tan, Huihui Gu, Yinlan Ruan, Jiajia Zhong, Keshab Parajuli, Jianyong Hu
Harmful Algae.2019; 89: 101661. CrossRef
Effects of Phosphorus on Interspecific Competition between two cell-size Cyanobacteria: Synechococcus sp. and Microcystis aeruginosa
Xiao Tan, Huihui Gu, Xidong Zhang, Keshab Parajuli, Zhipeng Duan
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology.2019; 102(2): 231. CrossRef
High-throughput DNA sequencing reveals the dominance of pico- and other filamentous cyanobacteria in an urban freshwater Lake
Hanyan Li, Anwar Alsanea, Michael Barber, Ramesh Goel
Science of The Total Environment.2019; 661: 465. CrossRef
Influence of cyanobacteria, mixotrophic flagellates, and virioplankton size fraction on transcription of microcystin synthesis genes in the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa
Pia I. Scherer, Carolin Absmeier, Maria Urban, Uta Raeder, Juergen Geist, Katrin Zwirglmaier
MicrobiologyOpen.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Parameter uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of water quality model in Lake Taihu, China
Long Jiang, Yiping Li, Xu Zhao, Martin R. Tillotson, Wencai Wang, Shuangshuang Zhang, Linda Sarpong, Qhtan Asmaa, Baozhu Pan
Ecological Modelling.2018; 375: 1. CrossRef
Microbial Communities Shaped by Treatment Processes in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant and Their Contribution and Threat to Drinking Water Safety
Qi Li, Shuili Yu, Lei Li, Guicai Liu, Zhengyang Gu, Minmin Liu, Zhiyuan Liu, Yubing Ye, Qing Xia, Liumo Ren
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Species Composition and Spatio-Temporal Variations of Phytoplankton of Lake Uluabat
Nurhayat DALKIRAN, Didem KARACAOĞLU, Şükran DERE, Şakir ÇINAR, Cafer BULUT, Soner SAVAŞER
Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research.2016; 2(3): 121. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Quantification of Toxigenic Microcystis spp. in Freshwaters by Quantitative Real-time PCR Based on the Microcystin Synthetase A Gene: Kyoung-Hee Oh , Dong-Hwan Jeong , Young-Cheol Cho; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):18-24. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2354-z

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Abstract: A method to estimate the abundance of toxigenic Microcystis in environmental samples by using quantitative real-time PCR was developed and optimized. The basis of this method is the amplification of a highly conserved region of the mcyA gene within the microcystin synthetase gene cluster. Using this method, the average copy number of mcyA gene per cell in toxigenic Microcystis strains was estimated. The molecular markers and method developed in this study can be used to monitor toxigenic strains of Microcystis in Korean freshwaters, in which harmful cyanobacterial blooms are routinely found.

Identification and Enumeration of Microcystis Using a Sandwich Hybridization Assay: Jing Ping Zhu , Xian Li , Shi Du; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):186-190. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1418-9

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Abstract: Based on sequence analyses of phycocyanin intergenic spacers (PC-IGS) from Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) strains, a genus-specific probe pair TF/TR was designed, and a sandwich hybridization assay was established to quantitatively detect Microcystis. Through BLAST and cyanobacterial culture tests, TF/TR was demonstrated to be specific for Microcystis. A calibration curve for the sandwich hybridization assay was established, and the lowest detected concentration was 100 cell/ml. Laboratory and field samples were analyzed with both sandwich hybridization assay and microscopy. The biotic and abiotic components of the samples were of little disturbance to the sandwich hybridization assay. The results showed no distinct difference between the two methods. In this study, a sandwich hybridization assay was established to detect Microcystis, providing an alternative to traditional microscopic, morphology- based methods.

Ecological Development and Genetic Diversity of Microcystis aeruginosa from Artificial Reservoir in Russia: Nikolay A. Gaevsky , Vladimir I. Kolmakov , Olga I. Belykh , Irina V. Tikhonova , Yochan Joung , Tae Seok Ahn , Valentina A. Nabatova , Anna S. Gladkikh; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(5):714-720. Published online November 9, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0523-5

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Abstract: Microcystis aeruginosa is a well-known Cyanobacterium responsible for the formation of toxic water blooms around the world. Shallow, warm, and eutrophic reservoirs provide the most favourable conditions for M. aeruginosa development. Numerous studies have been devoted to this species, but there still is a necessity to develop additional approaches for the monitoring of cyanobacteria in reservoirs. In this study, M. aeruginosa in the water column of a hypereutrophic Siberian reservoir was investigated by fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy as well as genetic analysis using a mcyE marker. Here, we demonstrate the genetic diversity and features of the fluorescence spectra for different ecotypes of this species. We suggest that a fluorescence approach can be used to identify M. aeruginosa in a natural environment in order to increase the effectiveness of ecological monitoring and water quality evaluation.

Simple Method for a Cell Count of the Colonial Cyanobacterium, Microcystis sp.: Seung-Hyun Joung , Choong-Jae Kim , Chi-Yong Ahn , Kam-Yong Jang , Sung Min Boo , Hee-Mock Oh; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(5):562-565.; DOI: https://doi.org/2440 [pii]

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Abstract: The cell counting of colonial Microcystis spp. is a rather difficult and error-prone proposition, as this genus forms irregularly-shaped and irregularly-sized colonies, which are packed with cells. Thus, in order to facilitate a cell count, four methods of dividing the colonies into single cells were compared, including vortexing, sonication, TiO2 treatment, and boiling. As a result, the boiling method was determined to generate the greatest number of single cells from a colony, and all colonies were found to have divided completely after only 6 min of treatment. Furthermore, no significant cell destruction, which might alter the actual cell density, was detected in conjunction with the boiling method (P = 0.158). In order to compute the cell number more simply, the relationship between the colony size and the cell number was determined, via the boiling method. The colony volume, rather than the area or diameter was correlated more closely with the cell number (r2 = 0.727), thereby suggesting that the cell numbers of colonial Microcystis sp. can also be estimated effectively from their volumes.

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