Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that
plays a vital role in regulating inflammatory processes. Under
abnormal conditions, excessive NO levels can promote the
oxidation of cellular components, which may cause or exacerbate
diseases such as hypertension, cardiovascular dysfunction,
and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Previous
studies have shown that reducing NO levels in the lumen can
attenuate the clinical symptoms of IBD. Thus, we aimed to
identify bacteria that can reduce RNS and that can be used
as valuable probiotics. In this study, we isolated bacteria resistant
to nitrite stress from human feces and used 16S and
whole-genome sequencing to identify them as Lactiplantibacillus
plantarum LP7 (LP7). The ability to survive at high
nitrite levels and to decrease them was greater in the LP7 strain
than in the reference strain L. plantarum ATCC14917 (ATCC-
14917). To characterize the LP7 genome in more detail, we
performed a comparative genome analysis. However, the unique
genes that directly confer the ability to withstand nitrite
stress were not present in the LP7 genome. Furthermore, we
performed transcriptomic analysis of LP7 and ATCC14917
cells treated with nitrite. We found that the expression levels
of genes involved in the cell division process were induced in
LP7, which showed a more regular rod-shape than ATCC-
14917. This could explain why LP7 can survive better than
ATCC14917 under nitrite stress. Based on its ability to survive
better in nitrite stress and decrease nitrite concentration,
we suggest that LP7 could be a valuable probiotic strain.
Getah virus (GETV), which was first isolated in Malaysia in
1955, and Sagiyama virus (SAGV), isolated in Japan in 1956,
are members of the genus Alphavirus in the family Togaviridae.
It is a consensus view that SAGV is a variant of GETV.
In the present study, we determined the complete sequences
of the prototype GETV MM2021 and SAGV M6-Mag132
genomic RNA extracted from plaque-purified viruses. The
MM2021 genome was 11,692 nucleotides (nt) in length in the
absence of 3poly(A) tail, and the length of M6-Mag132 genome
was 11,698 nt. Through sequence alignment of MM2021
and M6-Mag132, we located all the amino acid differences
between these two strains, which were scattered in all the encoded
proteins. Subsequently, we validated the close evolutionary
relationship between GETV and SAGV by constructing
phylogenetic trees based on either complete genomes or
structural genomes. We eventually analyzed the growth kinetics
of GETV and SAGV as well as other representative alphaviruses
in various mammalian and insect cell lines. It was
shown that human-oriented cell lines such as HEK-293T and
Hela cells were relatively resistant to GETV and SAGV infection
due to absence of proviral factors or species-specific barrier.
On the other hand, both GETV and SAGV replicated efficiently
in non-human cell lines. Our results provide essential
genetic information for future epidemiological surveillance
on Alphaviruses and lay the foundation for developing
effective interventions against GETV and SAGV.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-
2) has caused corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic and led to mass casualty. Even though much effort
has been put into development of vaccine and treatment methods to combat COVID-19, no safe and efficient
cure has been discovered. Drug repurposing or drug repositioning
which is a process of investigating pre-existing drug
candidates for novel applications outside their original medical
indication can speed up the drug development process.
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
that has been approved by FDA in 1997 for treatment and
prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer. Recently,
raloxifene demonstrates efficacy in treating viral infections
by Ebola, influenza A, and hepatitis C viruses and
shows potential for drug repurposing for the treatment of
SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review will provide an overview
of raloxifene’s mechanism of action as a SERM and present
proposed mechanisms of action in treatment of viral infections.
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Floccularia luteovirens, as an ectomycorrhizal fungus, is widely
distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As an edible
fungus, it is famous for its unique flavor. Former studies
mainly focus on the chemical composition and genetic structure
of this species. However, the phylogenetic relationship
between genotypes remains unknown. In this study, the genetic
variation and phylogenetic relationship between the
genotypes of F. luteovirens in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was estimated
through the analysis on two protein-coding genes
(rpb1 and ef-1α) from 398 individuals collected from 24 wild
populations. The sample covered the entire range of this species
during all the growth seasons from 2011 to 2015. 13 genotypes
were detected and moderate genetic diversity was
revealed. Based on the results of network analysis, the maximum
likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian
inference (BI) analyses, the genotypes H-1, H-4, H-6,
H-8, H-10, and H-11 were grouped into one clade. Additionally,
a relatively higher genotype diversity (average h value is
0.722) and unique genotypes in the northeast edge of Qinghai-
Tibet plateau have been found, combined with the results
of mismatch analysis and neutrality tests indicated that
Southeast Qinghai-Tibet plateau was a refuge for F. luteovirens
during the historical geological or climatic events (uplifting
of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or Last Glacial Maximum).
Furthermore, the present distribution of the species
on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau has resulted from the recent
population expansion. Our findings provide a foundation
for the future study of the evolutionary history and the speciation
of this species.
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