Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-
2) has caused corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic and led to mass casualty. Even though much effort
has been put into development of vaccine and treatment
methods
to combat COVID-19, no safe and efficient
cure has been discovered. Drug repurposing or drug repositioning
which is a process of investigating pre-existing drug
candidates for novel applications outside their original medical
indication can speed up the drug development process.
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
that has been approved by FDA in 1997 for treatment and
prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and cancer. Recently,
raloxifene demonstrates efficacy in treating viral infections
by Ebola, influenza A, and hepatitis C viruses and
shows potential for drug repurposing for the treatment of
SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review will provide an overview
of raloxifene’s mechanism of action as a SERM and present
proposed mechanisms of action in treatment of viral infections.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Enhanced oral bioavailability of levormeloxifene and raloxifene by nanoemulsion: simultaneous bioanalysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Divya Chauhan, Debalina Maity, Pavan K Yadav, Sachin Vishwakarma, Arun Agarwal, Manish K Chourasia, Jiaur R Gayen
Nanomedicine.2024; 19(12): 1051. CrossRef - RNA splicing factor RBFOX2 is a key factor in the progression of cancer and cardiomyopathy
Jinze Shen, Jianqiao Shentu, Chenming Zhong, Qiankai Huang, Shiwei Duan
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Retrospective Analysis of the Effect of Postmenopausal Women Medications on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Progression
Veronica Cocetta, Manuel Zorzi, Stefano Bejor, Maria Candida Cesta, Maria De Pizzol, Jean-Philippe Theurillat, Marcello Allegretti, Andrea Alimonti, Monica Montopoli, Massimo Rugge
Life.2024; 14(9): 1107. CrossRef - A real‑world pharmacovigilance study of raloxifene based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS)
Hao Liu, Wei Yan, Di Luo, Jinsong Li, Dezhi Yan
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2024; : 1. CrossRef - Overcoming antibiotic resistance: the potential and pitfalls of drug repurposing
Mohammad Abavisani, Alireza Khoshrou, Souzan Eshaghian, Sercan Karav, Amirhossein Sahebkar
Journal of Drug Targeting.2024; : 1. CrossRef - Effectiveness of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Breast
Cancer Therapy: An Update
Agnidipta Das, Kanamarlapudi Joshna Lavanya, Nandini, Kamalpreet Kaur, Vikas Jaitak
Current Medicinal Chemistry.2023; 30(29): 3287. CrossRef - Rapid discovery and classification of inhibitors of coronavirus infection by pseudovirus screen and amplified luminescence proximity homogeneous assay
Kwiwan Jeong, JuOae Chang, Sun-mi Park, Jinhee Kim, Sangeun Jeon, Dong Hwan Kim, Young-Eui Kim, Joo Chan Lee, Somyoung Im, Yejin Jo, Ji-Young Min, Hanbyeul Lee, Minjoo Yeom, Sang-Hyuk Seok, Da In On, Hyuna Noh, Jun-Won Yun, Jun Won Park, Daesub Song, Je K
Antiviral Research.2023; 209: 105473. CrossRef - Synthesis of raloxifene-like quinoxaline derivatives by intramolecular electrophilic cyclization with disulfides
Yuhi Umezu, Eito Horiyama, Yuto Nakai, Masayuki Ninomiya, Atsuyoshi Nishina, Mamoru Koketsu
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2023; 93: 129415. CrossRef - The potential renoprotective effect of Raloxifene in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in a male rat model
Raghad Abdul Hameed Ali, Murooj Altimimi, Najah Rayish Hadi
Journal of Medicine and Life.2023; 16(8): 1274. CrossRef - Multimodal representation learning for predicting molecule–disease relations
Jun Wen, Xiang Zhang, Everett Rush, Vidul A Panickan, Xingyu Li, Tianrun Cai, Doudou Zhou, Yuk-Lam Ho, Lauren Costa, Edmon Begoli, Chuan Hong, J Michael Gaziano, Kelly Cho, Junwei Lu, Katherine P Liao, Marinka Zitnik, Tianxi Cai, Zhiyong Lu
Bioinformatics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - A Systematic Review of Molecular Pathway Analysis of Drugs for Potential Use in Liver Cancer Treatment
Ruchi Jakhmola Mani, Mridul Anand, Kritie Agarwal, Avi Tiwari, Qazi Amanur Rahman Hashmi, Tumul Vikram Singh, Potshangbam Nongdam, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Angamba Meetei Potshangabam
Drugs and Drug Candidates.2023; 2(2): 210. CrossRef - A phase 2 randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of raloxifene for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19
Emanuele Nicastri, Franco Marinangeli, Emanuele Pivetta, Elena Torri, Francesco Reggiani, Giuseppe Fiorentino, Laura Scorzolini, Serena Vettori, Carolina Marsiglia, Elizabeth Marie Gavioli, Andrea R. Beccari, Giuseppe Terpolilli, Maria De Pizzol, Giovanni
eClinicalMedicine.2022; 48: 101450. CrossRef - Repurposing the estrogen receptor modulator raloxifene to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection
Marcello Allegretti, Maria Candida Cesta, Mara Zippoli, Andrea Beccari, Carmine Talarico, Flavio Mantelli, Enrico M. Bucci, Laura Scorzolini, Emanuele Nicastri
Cell Death & Differentiation.2022; 29(1): 156. CrossRef - Mechanism of Caspase-1 Inhibition by Four Anti-inflammatory Drugs Used in COVID-19 Treatment
Francesco Caruso, Jens Z. Pedersen, Sandra Incerpi, Sarjit Kaur, Stuart Belli, Radu-Mihai Florea, Miriam Rossi
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(3): 1849. CrossRef - The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds and modulates estrogen receptors
Oscar Solis, Andrea R. Beccari, Daniela Iaconis, Carmine Talarico, Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya, Jerome C. Nwachukwu, Annamaria Cimini, Vanessa Castelli, Riccardo Bertini, Monica Montopoli, Veronica Cocetta, Stefano Borocci, Ingrid G. Prandi, Kelly Flavahan, Mel
Science Advances.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Immunomodulatory mechanisms of abatacept: A therapeutic strategy for COVID-19
Dinglong Yang, Hetong Li, Yujing Chen, Weiping Ren, Mingjie Dong, Chunjiang Li, Qiang Jiao
Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Characterization of raloxifene as a potential pharmacological agent against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants
Daniela Iaconis, Licia Bordi, Giulia Matusali, Carmine Talarico, Candida Manelfi, Maria Candida Cesta, Mara Zippoli, Francesca Caccuri, Antonella Bugatti, Alberto Zani, Federica Filippini, Laura Scorzolini, Marco Gobbi, Marten Beeg, Arianna Piotti, Monica
Cell Death & Disease.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Inhibition of KIF20A suppresses the replication of influenza A virus by inhibiting viral entry
Hoyeon Jeon, Younghyun Lim, In-Gu Lee, Dong-In Kim, Keun Pil Kim, So-Hee Hong, Jeongkyu Kim, Youn-Sang Jung, Young-Jin Seo
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(11): 1113. CrossRef - Repurposing of Chemotherapeutics to Combat COVID-19
Sisir Nandi, Bhabani Shankar Nayak, Mayank Kumar Khede, Anil Kumar Saxena
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.2022; 22(32): 2660. CrossRef - Raloxifene prevents intracellular invasion of pathogenic bacteria through modulation of cell metabolic pathways
JuOae Chang, Jihoon Kim, Wonsik Lee
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.2022; 77(6): 1617. CrossRef - Sex- and gender-related differences linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection among the participants in the web-based EPICOVID19 survey: the hormonal hypothesis
Federica Prinelli, Caterina Trevisan, Marianna Noale, Michela Franchini, Andrea Giacomelli, Liliana Cori, Nithiya Jesuthasan, Raffaele Antonelli Incalzi, Stefania Maggi, Fulvio Adorni
Maturitas.2022; 158: 61. CrossRef - Estrogen and Estrogen Receptor Modulators: Potential Therapeutic Strategies for COVID-19 and Breast Cancer
Shuying Hu, Feiying Yin, Litao Nie, Yuqin Wang, Jian Qin, Jian Chen
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - [Retracted] Discovering Common Pathophysiological Processes between COVID‐19 and Cystic Fibrosis by Differential Gene Expression Pattern Analysis
Md. Tanvir Hasan, Lway Faisal Abdulrazak, Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Md. Rezwan Islam, Yeasmin Hena Sathi, Fahad Ahmed Al-Zahrani, Kawsar Ahmed, Francis M. Bui, Mohammad Ali Moni, B. D. Parameshachari
BioMed Research International.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Raloxifene HCl – quercetin co-amorphous system: preparation, characterization, and investigation of its behavior in phosphate buffer
Navya Sree K. S., Swapnil J. Dengale, Srinivas Mutalik, Krishnamurthy Bhat
Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.2022; 48(6): 227. CrossRef - Microwave-assisted palladium catalysed C–H acylation with aldehydes: synthesis and diversification of 3-acylthiophenes
Carlos Santiago, Xabier Jiménez-Aberasturi, Eztizen Leicea, Marta G. Lete, Nuria Sotomayor, Esther Lete
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry.2022; 20(4): 852. CrossRef - Estrogen Receptor Modulators in Viral Infections Such as SARS−CoV−2: Therapeutic Consequences
Nikita Abramenko, Fréderic Vellieux, Petra Tesařová, Zdeněk Kejík, Robert Kaplánek, Lukáš Lacina, Barbora Dvořánková, Daniel Rösel, Jan Brábek, Adam Tesař, Milan Jakubek, Karel Smetana
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(12): 6551. CrossRef - Sex-tailored pharmacology and COVID-19: Next steps towards appropriateness and health equity
Andrea Spini, Valentina Giudice, Vincenzo Brancaleone, Maria Grazia Morgese, Silvia De Francia, Amelia Filippelli, Anna Ruggieri, Marina Ziche, Elena Ortona, Andrea Cignarella, Luigia Trabace
Pharmacological Research.2021; 173: 105848. CrossRef - The role of human C5a as a non-genomic target in corticosteroid therapy for management of severe COVID19
Aurosikha Das, Soumendra Rana
Computational Biology and Chemistry.2021; 92: 107482. CrossRef - Challenges and Opportunities for Osteoporosis Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Sara J Cromer, Elaine W Yu
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Comprehensive Consensus Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Drug Repurposing Campaigns
Hazem Mslati, Francesco Gentile, Carl Perez, Artem Cherkasov
Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling.2021; 61(8): 3771. CrossRef - Raloxifene Protects Cisplatin-Induced Renal Injury in Mice via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress
Jian-Hong An, Chun-Yan Li, Chun-Ya Chen, Jian-Bin Wu, Hong Shen
OncoTargets and Therapy.2021; Volume 14: 4879. CrossRef - Vaccination for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Relationship to Osteoporosis Care: Current Evidence and Suggested Approaches
Elena Tsourdi, Elaine W. Yu, Suzanne M. Jan de Beur, Matthew T. Drake
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research.2020; 36(6): 1042. CrossRef
MSK
Cite this Article
