We isolated three novel strains, S1T, S2T, and S5T, from human oral cavities and identified them as distinct novel species. All these strains are facultatively anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, and non-flagellated bacteria. Their optimal growth conditions for these strains were observed in Columbia broth (CB) at 37 °C, pH 7.0, and in the absence of NaCl. Phylogenetic analyses, employing the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequencing, confirmed that all three strains belong to the genus Streptococcus. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains S1T, S2T, and S5T showed the highest similarities to Streptococcus parasanguinis, 98.57%, 99.05%, and 99.05%, respectively, and the orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) values between the three strains and S. parasanguinis were 93.82%, 93.67%, and 94.04%, respectively. The pairwise OrthoANI values between the novel strains were 94.37% (S1T-S2T), 95.03% (S2T-S5T), and 94.71% (S1T-S5T). All strains had C20:1 ω9c and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c and/or C18:1 ω6c) as major cellular fatty acids. Additionally, diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine (OH-PE) were identified as major polar lipids. Menaquinone was undetected in all strains. The results from the phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic analyses collectively indicated that strains S1T, S2T, and S5T represent three distinct novel species within the genus Streptococcus, and we propose the names Streptococcus dentalis sp. nov. for strain S1T (= KCTC 21234T = JCM 36526T), Streptococcus gingivalis sp. nov. for strain S2T (= KCTC 21235T = JCM 36527T), and Streptococcus lingualis sp. nov. for strain S5T (= KCTC 21236T = JCM 36528T).
Two Gram-stain-positive, oxidase-negative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, α-hemolytic, coccus-shaped bacteria (zg-86T and zg-70) were isolated from the respiratory tracts of marmots (Marmota Himalayana) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and 545 core genes revealed that these two strains belong to the Streptococcus genus. These strains were most closely related to Streptococcus respiraculi HTS25T, Streptococcus cuniculi CCUG 65085T, and Streptococcus marmotae HTS5T. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA‒DNA hybridization (dDDH) were below the threshold for species delineation. The predominant cellular fatty acids (CFAs) in this novel species were C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1ω9c, whereas the primary polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and an unknown phosphoglycolipid (PGL). The optimal growth conditions for the strains were 37 °C, pH 7.0, and 0.5% (w/v) NaCl on brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. Comparative genomics analyses revealed the potential pathogenicity of strain zg-86T through comparisons with suis subclade strains in terms of virulence factors, pathogen-host interactions (PHIs) and mobile genetic factors (MGEs). Based on the phenotypic characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, we propose that these two isolates represent novel species in the genus Streptococcus, for which the names Streptococcus zhangguiae sp. nov. (the type strain zg-86T=GDMCC 1.1758T=JCM 34273T) is proposed.
Adenoviral vectors are crucial for gene therapy and vaccine development, offering a platform for gene delivery into host cells. Since the discovery of adenoviruses, first-generation vectors with limited capacity have evolved to third-generation vectors flacking viral coding sequences, balancing safety and gene-carrying capacity. The applications of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy and anti-viral treatments have expanded through the use of in vitro ligation and homologous recombination, along with gene editing advancements such as CRISPR-Cas9. Current research aims to maintain the efficacy and safety of adenoviral vectors by addressing challenges such as pre-existing immunity against adenoviral vectors and developing new adenoviral vectors from rare adenovirus types and non-human species. In summary, adenoviral vectors have great potential in gene therapy and vaccine development. Through continuous research and technological advancements, these vectors are expected to lead to the development of safer and more effective treatments.
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Two novel bacterial strains CJ74T
and CJ75T
belonging to the genus Flavobacterium were isolated from freshwater of Han
River and ginseng soil, South Korea, respectively. Strain CJ74T
was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile,
and non-flagellated, and did not produce flexirubin-type pigments. Strain CJ75T
was Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rodshaped,
motile by gliding, and non-flagellated, and produced flexirubin-type pigments. Both strains were shown to grow
optimally at 30 °C in the absence of NaCl on R2A medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed
that strains CJ74T
and CJ75T
belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and were most closely related to Flavobacterium niveum
TAPW14T
and Flavobacterium foetidum CJ42T
with 96.17% and 97.29% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively.
Genomic analyses including the reconstruction of phylogenomic tree, average nucleotide identity, and digital DNA-DNA
hybridization suggested that they were novel species of the genus Flavobacterium. Both strains contained menaquinone 6
(MK-6) as the primary respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid. The predominant fatty acids
of both strains were iso-C15:0 and summed feature 3 (
C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:
1 ω6c). Based on the polyphasic taxonomic study,
strains CJ74T
and CJ75T
represent novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which names Flavobacterium psychrotrophum
sp. nov. and Flavobacterium panacagri sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains are CJ74T
(=KACC
19819T
=JCM 32889T)
and CJ75T
(=KACC 23149T
=JCM 36132T).
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high morbidity and mortality globally but some of its pathogenesis
remains unknown. Previous research has provided
evidence that aminopeptidase N (PepN) is most likely a virulence
factor of S. pneumoniae. However, its role in S. pneumoniae
virulence and its interaction with the host remains
to be confirmed. We generated a pepN gene deficient mutant
strain and found that its virulence for mice was significantly
attenuated as were in vitro adhesion and invasion of host
cells. The PepN protein could induce a strong innate immune
response in vivo and in vitro and induced secretion of IL-6
and TNF-α by primary peritoneal macrophages via the rapid
phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways
and this was confirmed using specific pathway inhibitors.
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essential for the virulence of S. pneumoniae and induces host
innate immunity via MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling.
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pyogenes are strict human pathogens responsible for
mild to severe fatal invasive infections. Even with enormous
number of reports exploring the role of S. pyogenes exotoxins
in its pathogenesis, inadequate knowledge on the biofilm
process and the potential role of exotoxins in bacterial dissemination
from matured biofilms has been a hindrance in
development of effective and targeted treatments. Therefore,
the present study was aimed in investigating the uncharted
role of these exotoxins in biofilm process. Through our study
the putative role of ciaRH in the SpeA dependent ablation
of biofilm formation could be speculated and thus helping
in bacterial dissemination. The seed-dispersal effect of SpeA
was time and concentration dependent and seen to be consistent
within various streptococcal species. Transcriptome
analysis of SpeA treated S. pyogenes biofilms revealed the involvement
of many transcriptional regulators (ciaRH) and
response genes (luxS, shr, shp, SPy_0572), hinting towards
specific mechanisms underlying the dispersal effect by SpeA.
This finding opens up a discussion towards understanding a
new mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus
pyogenes and might help in understanding the bacterial infections
in a better way.
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their protein conjugates are currently-available, low-cost
vaccines with wide serotype coverage still remain to be developed,
especially for developing countries. Recently, gamma-
irradiation has been considered as an effective inactivation method to prepare S. pneumoniae vaccine candidate.
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immunity of gamma-irradiated S. pneumoniae (r-SP),
by comparing with heat-inactivated S. pneumoniae (h-SP)
and formalin-inactivated S. pneumoniae (f-SP), both of which
were made by traditional inactivation methods. Intranasal
immunization of C57BL/6 mice with r-SP in combination
with cholera toxin as an adjuvant enhanced S. pneumoniaespecific
antibodies on the airway mucosal surface and in sera
more potently than that with h-SP or f-SP under the same
conditions. In addition, sera from mice immunized with r-
SP potently induced opsonophagocytic killing activity more
effectively than those of h-SP or f-SP, implying that r-SP
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peptide that has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against bacteria and fungi. A synthetic peptide consisting of
the C-terminal 15 amino acids of HBD3 (HBD3-C15) was
recently shown to be sufficient for its antimicrobial activity.
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attention. In this study, we investigated whether HBD3-C15
inhibits the growth of the representative cariogenic pathogen
Streptococcus mutans and its biofilm formation. HBD3-C15
inhibited bacterial growth, exhibited bactericidal activity,
and attenuated bacterial biofilm formation in a dose-dependent
manner. HBD3-C15 potentiated the bactericidal and
anti-biofilm activity of calcium hydroxide (CH) and chlorhexidine
digluconate (CHX), which are representative disinfectants
used in dental clinics, against S. mutans. Moreover,
HBD3-C15 showed antimicrobial activity by inhibiting biofilm
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for HBD3-C15 alone and for HBD3-C15 in combination with
CH or CHX. Therefore, we suggest that HBD3-C15 is a potential
alternative or additive disinfectant that can be used
for the treatment of oral infectious diseases, including dental
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