Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

CalR Inhibits the Swimming Motility and Polar Flagellar Gene Expression in Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Jingyang Chang, Yining Zhou, Miaomiao Zhang, Xue Li, Nan Zhang, Xi Luo, Bin Ni, Haisheng Wu, Renfei Lu, Yiquan Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(12):1125-1132. Published online December 6, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00179-0

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus has two flagellar systems, the polar flagellum and lateral flagella, which are both intricately regulated by a multitude of factors. CalR, a LysR-type transcriptional regulator, is sensitive to calcium (Ca) and plays a crucial role in regulating the virulence and swarming motility of V. parahaemolyticus. In this study, we have demonstrated that the deletion of calR significantly enhances the swimming motility of V. parahaemolyticus under low Ca conditions but not under high Ca conditions or in the absence of Ca. CalR binds to the regulatory DNA regions of flgM, flgA, and flgB, which are located within the polar flagellar gene loci, with the purpose of repressing their transcription. Additionally, it exerts an indirect negative control over the transcription of flgK. The overexpression of CalR in Escherichia coli resulted in a reduction in the expression levels of flgM, flgA, and flgB, while having no impact on the expression of flgK. In summary, this research demonstrates that the negative regulation of V. parahaemolyticus swimming motility by CalR under low Ca conditions is achieved through its regulation on the transcription of polar flagellar genes.

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A DHH/DHHA1 family 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-monophosphate (pAp) phosphoesterase Vp2835 is essential for regulating motility, biofilm formation and type III secretion system 1 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Chenzhi Zhuhuang, Chenxi Wang, Yu Sun, Min Chu, Menghua Yang, Guangzhi Xu
Food Bioscience.2025; 69: 106836. CrossRef
Chlorogenic Acid Targets Cell Integrity and Virulence to Combat Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Huan Liu, Jie Zhao, Yile Shi, Juanjuan Cao, Yanni Zhao
Foods.2025; 14(19): 3416. CrossRef
CalR is an activator of biofilm formation in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Jingyang Chang, Yining Zhou, Miaomiao Zhang, Xue Li, Nan Zhang, Xi Luo, Bin Ni, Renfei Lu, Yiquan Zhang, Sophie Roussel
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
LtrA is critical for biofilm formation and colonization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus on food-related surfaces
Shuhui Xiong, Nan Zhang, Hui Sun, Miaomiao Zhang, Xue Li, Xi Luo, Yiquan Zhang, Renfei Lu
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2025; 441: 111327. CrossRef

Chryseobacterium paludis sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium foetidum sp. nov. Isolated from the Aquatic Environment, South Korea: Miryung Kim , Yong Seok Kim , Chang Jun Cha; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(1):37-47. Published online February 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-00008-2

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Two novel bacterial species CJ51T and CJ63T belonging to the genus Chryseobacterium were isolated from the Upo wetland and the Han River, South Korea, respectively. Cells of these strains were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, rodshaped, and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Both strains were shown to grow optimally at 30 °C and pH 7 in the absence of NaCl on tryptic soy agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains CJ51T and CJ63T belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium and were most closely related to Chryseobacterium piperi CTMT and Chryseobacterium piscicola VQ-6316sT with 98.47% and 98.46% 16S rRNA sequence similarities, respectively. The average nucleotide identity values of strains CJ51T and CJ63T with its closely related type strains Chryseobacterium piperi CTMT and Chryseobacterium piscicola VQ-6316sT were 81.9% and 82.1%, respectively. The major fatty acids of strains CJ51T and CJ63T were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH and summed feature 9 ( C16:0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17:1ω9c). Menaquinone 6 (MK-6) was identified as the primary respiratory quinone in both strains. The major polar lipids of strains CJ51T and CJ63T were phosphatidylethanolamine and several unidentified amino lipids and lipids. Based on polyphasic taxonomy data, strains CJ51T and CJ63T represent novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which names Chryseobacterium paludis sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium foetidum sp. nov. are proposed respectively. The type strains are CJ51T (= KACC 22749T = JCM 35632T) and CJ63T (= KACC 22750T = JCM 35633T).

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Pilin regions that select for the small RNA phages in Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus
Hee-Won Bae, Hyeong-Jun Ki, Shin-Yae Choi, You-Hee Cho, Kristin N. Parent
Journal of Virology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genomic insights into multidrug and heavy metal resistance in Chryseobacterium sp. BI5 isolated from sewage sludge
Mrinmoy Patra, Anand Kumar Pandey, Suresh Kumar Dubey
Total Environment Microbiology.2025; 1(1): 100005. CrossRef
Chryseobacterium cupriresistens sp. nov., a copper-resistant bacterium isolated from soil contaminated with heavy metals in Chapala Basin, Mexico
Ivan Arroyo-Herrera, Ana Laura Reséndiz-Martínez, Brenda Román-Ponce, Joseph Guevara-Luna, Xiaoxia Zhang, Ayixon Sánchez-Reyes, Paulina Estrada-de los Santos, En Tao Wang, María Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation List no. 212. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Flavihumibacter fluminis sp. nov. and Flavihumibacter rivuli sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater stream: Miri S. Park , Hyeonuk Sa , Ilnam Kang , Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(8):806-813. Published online July 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2298-2

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Two Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, designated IMCC34837T and IMCC34838T, were isolated from a freshwater stream. Results of 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analyses showed that strains IMCC34837T and IMCC- 34838T shared 96.3% sequence similarity and were most closely related to Flavihumibacter profundi Chu64-6-1T (99.6%) and Flavihumibacter cheonanensis WS16T (96.4%), respectively. Complete whole-genome sequences of strains IMCC- 34837T and IMCC34838T were 5.0 Mbp and 4.3 Mbp of genome size with 44.5% and 47.9% of DNA G + C contents, respectively. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA- DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between the two strains were 70.0% and 17.9%, repectively, revealing that they are independent species. The two strains showed ≤ 75.2% ANI and ≤ 19.3% dDDH values to each closely related species of the genus Flavihumibacter, indicating that the two strains represent each novel species. Major fatty acid constituents of strain IMCC34837T were iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G and anteiso-C15:0 and those of strain IMCC34838T were iso-C15:0 and iso-C15:1 G. The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in both strains was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Major polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylethanolamine, aminolipids, and glycolipids. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization, strains IMCC34837T and IMCC34838T were considered to represent two novel species within the genus Flavihumibacter, for which the names Flavihumibacter fluminis sp. nov. and Flavihumibacter rivuli sp. nov. are proposed with IMCC34837T (= KACC 21752T = NBRC 115292T) and IMCC34838T (= KACC 21753T = NBRC 115293T) as the type strains, respectively.

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Update on the proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes
Raúl Riesco, Martha E. Trujillo
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Leuconostoc aquikimchii sp. nov., a Lactic Acid Bacterium Isolated from Cabbage Watery Kimchi
Subin Kim, Se Hee Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Misun Yun
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(12): 1089. CrossRef
Congregibacter variabilis sp. nov. and Congregibacter brevis sp. nov. Within the OM60/NOR5 Clade, Isolated from Seawater, and Emended Description of the Genus Congregibacter
Hyeonsu Tak, Miri S. Park, Hyerim Cho, Yeonjung Lim, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(9): 739. CrossRef
Flavobacterium rivulicola sp. nov., Isolated from a Freshwater Stream
Sumin Kim, Miri S. Park, Ilnam Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Current Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Validation List no. 211. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Proposal of Flavihumibacter fluvii sp. nov. as a replacement name for the effectively published but invalidated epithet Flavihumibacter fluminis Park et al. 2022
Miri S. Park, Hyeonuk Sa, Ilnam Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(6): 649. CrossRef

Application of fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking to discern fecal contamination in rivers exposed to low fecal inputs: Youfen Xu , Ganghua Han , Hongxun Zhang , Zhisheng Yu , Ruyin Liu; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):594-601. Published online April 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1651-9

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Community-based microbial source tracking (MST) can be used to determine fecal contamination from multiple sources in the aquatic environment. However, there is little scientific information on its application potential in water environmental management. Here, we compared SourceTracker and Fast Expectation-maximization Microbial Source Tracking (FEAST) performances on environmental water bodies exposed to low fecal pollution and evaluated treatment effects of fecal pollution in the watershed utilizing community-based MST. Our results showed that FEAST overall outperformed SourceTracker in sensitivity and stability, and was able to discern multi-source fecal contamination (mainly chicken feces) in ambient water bodies exposed to low fecal inputs. Consistent with our previous PCR/qPCR-based MST assays, FEAST analysis indicates that fecal pollution has been significantly mitigated through comprehensive environmental treatment by the local government. This study suggests that FEAST can be a powerful tool for accurately evaluating the contribution of multi-source fecal contamination in environmental water, facilitating environmental management.

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Novel Microbial Engraftment Trajectories Following Microbiota Transplant Therapy in Ulcerative Colitis
Daphne Moutsoglou, Aneesh Syal, Sharon Lopez, Elizabeth C Nelson, Lulu Chen, Amanda J Kabage, Monika Fischer, Alexander Khoruts, Byron P Vaughn, Christopher Staley
Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrating microbial community dynamics and emerging contaminants (ECs) for precisely quantifying the sources in groundwater affected by livestock farming
Kai Liu, Jinrong Qiu, Chih-Huang Weng, Zhongen Tang, Renchuan Fu, Xiaojun Lin, Xiujuan Wang, Na Liu, Jingwen Zeng
Journal of Hazardous Materials.2025; 494: 138691. CrossRef
SourceApp: A Novel Metagenomic Source Tracking Tool that can Distinguish between Fecal Microbiomes Using Genome-To-Source Associations Benchmarked Against Mixed Input Spike-In Mesocosms
Blake G. Lindner, Katherine E. Graham, Jacob R. Phaneuf, Janet K. Hatt, Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis
Environmental Science & Technology.2025; 59(19): 9507. CrossRef
A Practical Framework for Environmental Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring in Freshwater Ecosystems
Irene Beltrán de Heredia, Itziar Alkorta, Carlos Garbisu, Estilita Ruiz-Romera
Antibiotics.2025; 14(8): 840. CrossRef
Maternal–to–neonatal microbial transmission and impact of prenatal probiotics on neonatal gut development
Lulu Meng, Ge Fan, Haishan Xie, Kian Deng Tye, Lianyi Xia, Huijuan Luo, Xiaomei Tang, Ting Huang, Jiaxin Lin, Guangyu Ma, Xiaomin Xiao, Zhe Li
Journal of Translational Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Faecal source apportionment using molecular methods: A proof of concept using the FEAST algorithm
Laura T. Kelly, Jack Sissons, Lucy Thompson, John K. Pearman
Water Research.2024; 266: 122365. CrossRef
Computational methods and challenges in analyzing intratumoral microbiome data
Qi Wang, Zhaoqian Liu, Anjun Ma, Zihai Li, Bingqiang Liu, Qin Ma
Trends in Microbiology.2023; 31(7): 707. CrossRef
Response and recovery mechanisms of river microorganisms to gradient concentrations of estrogen
Dan Qin, Yan Li, Nengwang Chen, Anyi Hu, Chang-Ping Yu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving the Identification of Fecal Contamination in Recreational Water through the Standardization and Normalization of Microbial Source Tracking
Megan N. Jamison, John J. Hart, David C. Szlag
ACS ES&T Water.2022; 2(12): 2305. CrossRef

Whole genome and RNA sequencing of oral commensal bacterium Streptococcus anginosus subsp. anginosus with vancomycin tolerance: Kyu Hwan Kwack , Jae-Hyung Lee , Ji-Hoi Moon; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(2):167-176. Published online January 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1425-4

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“Antibiotic tolerance” promotes the rapid subsequent evolution of “antibiotic resistance,” however, it is often overlooked because it is difficult to distinguish between tolerant and susceptible organisms. A commensal bacterium S. anginosus subsp. anginosus strain KHUD_S1, isolated from dental biofilm was found to exhibit a high MBC/MIC ratio of 32 against vancomycin. We observed KHUD_S1 cells exposed to vancomycin did not grow but maintained viability. Transmission electron microscope showed KHUD_S1 cells possessed a dense, thick capsule and maintained the cell wall integrity upon vancomycin exposure. To infer the underlying mechanisms of the vancomycin tolerance in KHUD_S1, we performed whole genome sequencing and RNA sequencing. The KHUD_S1 genome carried three genes encoding branching enzymes that can affect peptidoglycan structure through interpeptide bridge formation. Global gene expression profiling revealed that the vancomycin-induced downregulation of carbohydrate and inorganic ion transport/metabolism as well as translation is less prominent in KHUD_S1 than in the vancomycin susceptible strain KHUD_S3. Based on the transcriptional levels of genes related to peptidoglycan synthesis, KHUD_S1 was determined to have a 3D peptidoglycan architecture distinct from KHUD_S3. It was found that, under vancomycin exposure, the peptidoglycan was remodeled through changes in the interpeptide bridge and transpeptidation reactions. Collectively, these features of S. anginosus KHUD_S1, including a dense capsule and differential gene expression in peptidoglycan synthesis, may contribute to vancomycin tolerance. Our results showing the occurrence of vancomycin tolerance amongst oral commensal bacteria highlight the need for considering future strategies for screening of antibiotic tolerance as an effort to reduce antibiotic resistance.

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Development of a Novel Multi‐Epitope Vaccine Against Streptococcus anginosus Infection via Reverse Vaccinology Approach
Linglan Xu, Nan Xie, Yiqing Liu, Hongmei Tang, Tian Li, Jiaofeng Peng, Ranhui Li
Immunology.2025; 175(3): 339. CrossRef
Gut resistome profiling reveals high diversity and fluctuations in pancreatic cancer cohorts
Xudong Liu, Kexin Li, Yun Yang, Dingyan Cao, Xinjie Xu, Zilong He, Wenming Wu
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Sexome ‐ A proof of concept study into microbial transfer between heterosexual couples after sexual intercourse
Ruby Dixon, Siobhon Egan, Sheree Hughes, Brendan Chapman
Forensic Science International.2023; 348: 111711. CrossRef

Isolation of a novel strain, Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21 and characterization of its enantioselective epoxide hydrolase activity: Jung-Hee Woo , Hae-Seon Kim , Nyun-Ho Park , Ho Young Suk; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(7):675-680. Published online June 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-1023-x

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Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21, a novel microbial strain with an enantioselective epoxide hydrolase activity, was isolated from tidal samples contaminated by accidental oil spills subjected to enriched culture with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. This strain was able to optically decompose (R)-styrene oxide (SO) and showed 100% optical purity. In addition, it showed a good enantioselectivity for the derivatives of (S)- SO, (S)-2-chlorostyrene oxide (CSO), (S)-3-CSO and (S)-4- CSO. For (S)-2-CSO, (S)-3-CSO and (S)-4-CSO, 99.9%ee was obtained with the yield of 26.2%, 24.8%, and 11.0%, respectively, when using 10 mg cells of Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21 at pH 8.0 with 4 mM racemic substrates at pH 8.0 and 25°C. The values obtained in this study for (S)-2-CSO, particularly the yield of 26.2%, is noteworthy, considering that obtaining an enantiomerically pure form is difficult. Taken together, Sphingorhabdus sp. YGSMI21 can be regarded as a wholecell biocatalyst in the production of various (S)-CSO with the chlorine group at a different position.

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Epoxide Hydrolases: Multipotential Biocatalysts
Marek Bučko, Katarína Kaniaková, Helena Hronská, Peter Gemeiner, Michal Rosenberg
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(8): 7334. CrossRef
Effects of submerged macrophytes (Elodea nuttallii) on water quality and microbial communities of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) ponds
Zhijuan Nie, Zhaowei Zheng, Haojun Zhu, Yi Sun, Jun Gao, Jiancao Gao, Pao Xu, Gangchuan Xu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Description of Polaribacter batillariae sp. nov., Polaribacter cellanae sp. nov., and Polaribacter pectinis sp. nov., novel bacteria isolated from the gut of three types of South Korean shellfish
Su-Won Jeong, Jeong Eun Han, June-Young Lee, Ji-Ho Yoo, Do-Yeon Kim, In Chul Jeong, Jee-Won Choi, Yun-Seok Jeong, Jae-Yun Lee, So-Yeon Lee, Euon Jung Tak, Hojun Sung, Hyun Sik Kim, Pil Soo Kim, Dong-Wook Hyun, Jin-Woo Bae
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(6): 576. CrossRef

Paradesulfovibrio onnuriensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a chemolithoautotrophic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from the Onnuri vent field of the Indian Ocean and reclassification of Desulfovibrio senegalensis as Paradesulfovibrio senegalensis comb. nov.: Yun Jae Kim , Jhung-Ahn Yang , Jae Kyu Lim , Mi-Jeong Park , Sung-Hyun Yang , Hyun Sook Lee , Sung Gyun Kang , Jung-Hyun Lee , Kae Kyoung Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):252-259. Published online February 27, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9376-0

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An anaerobic, rod-shaped, mesophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, sulfate-reducing bacterial strain IOR2T was isolated from a newly found deep-sea hydrothermal vent (OVF, Onnuri Vent Field) area in the central Indian Ocean ridge (11°24􍿁88􍿂􀁇 S 66°25􍿁42􍿂􀁇E, 2021 m water depth). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the strain IOR2T was most closely related to Desulfovibrio senegalensis BLaC1T (96.7%). However, it showed low similarity with the members of the family Desulfovibrionaceae, such as Desulfovibrio tunisiensis RB22T (94.0%), D. brasiliensis LVform1T (93.9%), D. halophilus DSM 5663T (93.7%), and Pseudodesulfovibrio aespoeensis Aspo-2T (93.2%). The strain IOR2T could grow at 23– 42°C (optimum 37°C), pH 5.0–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0.5–6.5% (optimum 3.0%) NaCl. The strain could use lactate, pyruvate, H2, and glycerol as electron donors and sulfate, thiosulfate, and sulfite as electron acceptors. The major fatty acids of the strain IOR2T were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0, anteiso- C15:0, and summed feature 9 (C16:0 methyl/iso-C17:1ω9c). Both the strains IOR2T and BLaC1T could grow with CO2 and H2 as the sole sources of carbon and energy, respectively. Genomic evidence for the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in both the strains reflects chemolithoautotrophic growth. The DNA G + C content of the strain IOR2T and BLaC1T was 58.1–60.5 mol%. Based on the results of the phylogenetic and physiologic studies, Paradesulfovibrio onnuriensis gen. nov., sp. nov. with the type strain IOR2T (= KCTC 15845T = MCCC 1K04559T) was proposed to be a member of the family Desulfovibrionaceae. We have also proposed the reclassification of D. senegalensis as Paradesulfovibrio senegalensis comb. nov.

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Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Isolated from an Oil Field in Kazakhstan and a Description of Pseudodesulfovibrio karagichevae sp. nov.
Salimat K. Bidzhieva, Tatyana P. Tourova, Denis S. Grouzdev, Salima R. Samigullina, Diyana S. Sokolova, Andrey B. Poltaraus, Alexander N. Avtukh, Vera M. Tereshina, Andrey V. Mardanov, Nurlan S. Zhaparov, Tamara N. Nazina
Microorganisms.2024; 12(12): 2552. CrossRef
Sulfur fertilization integrated with soil redox conditions reduces Cd accumulation in rice through microbial induced Cd immobilization
Quan Zhang, Hai-Fei Chen, Dao-You Huang, Xiao-Bin Guo, Chao Xu, Han-Hua Zhu, Bo Li, Tong-Tong Liu, Ren-Wei Feng, Qi-Hong Zhu
Science of The Total Environment.2022; 824: 153868. CrossRef
Pseudodesulfovibrio sediminis sp. nov., a mesophilic and neutrophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from sediment of a brackish lake
Ayaka Takahashi, Hisaya Kojima, Miho Watanabe, Manabu Fukui
Archives of Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diversity and biogenesis contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria in arsenic-contaminated soils from realgar deposits
Xianbin Zhu, Liyuan Chen, Hongzhong Pan, Lei Wang, Xun Zhang, Dan Wang
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2022; 29(21): 31110. CrossRef
A sulfate-reducing bacterial genus, Desulfosediminicola gen. nov., comprising two novel species cultivated from tidal-flat sediments
Jaeho Song, Juchan Hwang, Ilnam Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Desulfomarina profundi gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel mesophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulphate-reducing chemolithoautotroph isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney
Yurina Hashimoto, Akihiro Tame, Shigeki Sawayama, Junichi Miyazaki, Ken Takai, Satoshi Nakagawa
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Pseudodesulfovibrio mercurii sp. nov., a mercury-methylating bacterium isolated from sediment
Cynthia C. Gilmour, Ally Bullock Soren, Caitlin M. Gionfriddo, Mircea Podar, Judy D. Wall, Steven D. Brown, Joshua K. Michener, Maria Soledad Goñi Urriza, Dwayne A. Elias
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Repositioning of a mucolytic drug to a selective antibacterial against Vibrio cholerae: In-Young Chung† , Bi-o Kim† , Hye-Jeong Jang† , You-Hee Cho; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):61-66. Published online January 2, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9590-9

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Drug repositioning, the approach to explore existing drugs for use in new therapeutic indications, has emerged as an alternative drug development strategy. In this study, we found that a mucolytic drug, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed antibacterial activity against Vibrio cholerae. NAC can provide acid stress that selectively inhibited the growth of V. cholerae among other bacterial pathogens. To address the antibacterial mechanism of NAC against V. cholerae, six acr (acetylcysteine- resistant) mutants were isolated from 3,118 random transposon insertion clones. The transposon insertion sites of the six mutants were mapped at the five genes. All these mutants did not display NAC resistance under acidic conditions, despite their resistance to NAC under alkaline conditions, indicating that the NAC resistance directed by the acr mutations was independent of the unusual pH-sensitivity of V. cholerae. Furthermore, all these mutants displayed attenuated virulence and reduced biofilm formation, suggesting that the acr genes are required for pathogenesis of V. cholerae. This study validates the relevance of drug repositioning for antibacterials with new modes of action and will provide an insight into a novel antibacterial therapy for V. cholerae infections to minimize side effects and resistance emergence.

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Identification of brevinin-1EMa-derived stapled peptides as broad-spectrum virus entry blockers
Mi Il Kim, Thanh K. Pham, Dahee Kim, Minkyung Park, Bi-o Kim, You-Hee Cho, Young-Woo Kim, Choongho Lee
Virology.2021; 561: 6. CrossRef

Vibrio parahaemolyticus cqsA controls production of quorum sensing signal molecule 3-hydroxyundecan-4-one and regulatessensing signal molecule 3-hydroxyundecan-4-one and regulates colony morphology: Kui Wu , Yangyun Zheng , Qingping Wu , Haiying Chen , Songzhe Fu , Biao Kan , Yongyan Long , Xiansheng Ni , Junling Tu; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(12):1105-1114. Published online November 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9379-x

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In order to adapt to different environments, Vibrio parahaemolyticus employed a complicated quorum sensing system to orchestrate gene expression and diverse colony morphology patterns. In this study, the function of the putative quorum sensing signal synthase gene cqsA (VPA0711 in V. parahaemolyticus strain RIMD2210633 genome) was investigated. The cloning and expression of V. parahaemolyticus cqsA in Escherichia coli system induced the production of a new quorum sensing signal that was found in its culture supernatant. The signal was purified by high performance liquid chromatography
methods
and determined to be 3-hydroxyundecan- 4-one by indirect and direct mass spectra assays. The deletion of cqsA in RIMD2210633 changed V. parahaemolyticus colony morphology from the classical ‘fried-egg’ shape (thick and opaque in the center, while thin and translucent in the edge) of the wild-type colony to a ‘pancake’ shape (no significant difference between the centre and the edge) of the cqsAdeleted colony. This morphological change could be restored by complementary experiment with cqsA gene or the signal extract. In addition, the expression of opaR, a well-known quorum sensing regulatory gene, could be up-regulated by cqsA deletion. Our results suggested that V. parahaemolyticus used cqsA to produce 3-hydroxyundecan-4-one signal and thereby regulated colony morphology and other quorum sensing-associated behaviors.

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Antimicrobial resistance, virulence factors and phylogenetic profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the eastern coast of Shenzhen
Xian Qiang Lian, Guo Dong Liu, Miao Fen Huang, Qiu Hua Fan, Zi Dan Lin
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Quorum sensing signal synthases enhance Vibrio parahaemolyticus swarming motility
Fuwen Liu, Fei Wang, Yixuan Yuan, Xiaoran Li, Xiaojun Zhong, Menghua Yang
Molecular Microbiology.2023; 120(2): 241. CrossRef
Regulation of Virulence Factors Expression During the Intestinal Colonization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Jingyu Wang, Yuming Zhan, Han Sun, Xiaodan Fu, Qing Kong, Changliang Zhu, Haijin Mou
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2022; 19(3): 169. CrossRef
Supplementation of ex situ produced bioflocs improves immune response against AHPND in Pacific whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae
Magdalena Lenny Situmorang, Umaporn Uawisetwathana, Sopacha Arayamethakorn, Nitsara Karoonuthaisiri, Wanilada Rungrassamee, Haniswita Haniswita, Peter Bossier, Gede Suantika
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology.2022; 106(9-10): 3751. CrossRef
A novel finding of intra-genus inhibition of quorum sensing in Vibrio bacteria
Huong Thanh Hoang, Thuy Thu Thi Nguyen, Ha Minh Do, Thao Kim Nu Nguyen, Hai The Pham
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
CqsA-introduced quorum sensing inhibits type VI secretion system 2 through an OpaR-dependent pathway in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
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Probiotic potential of novel Lactobacillus strains isolated from salted-fermented shrimp as antagonists for Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Bao Le , Seung Hwan Yang; J. Microbiol. 2018;56(2):138-144. Published online February 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-018-7407-x

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Abstract PDF

Lactobacillus strains have been considered good candidates as biological control agents for prevention or treatment of plant and animal infections. One L. plantarum strain FB003 and three strains (FB011, FB081, and FB110) which closed to L. sakei were isolated from fermented and salted shrimp and their abilities in inhibiting growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized. These strains were selected as potential probiotics based on their oro-gastro-intestinal resistance, gut colonization, adhesion to Caco-2 cells, antimicrobial activities, antibiotic resistance, and safety aspects.
Results
of this study revealed that these isolates possessed high aggregation activities against pathogens in host intestines. Strain FB011 strain showed higher coaggregation and immunomodulatory activity in the gastro-intestinal tract than L. plantarum. These difference effects of Lactobacillus strains provide valuable information about using them to prevent Vibrio infections in the aquaculture industry.

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Guinea pig complement potently measures vibriocidal activity of human antibodies in response to cholera vaccines: Kyoung Whun Kim , Soyoung Jeong , Ki Bum Ahn , Jae Seung Yang , Cheol-Heui Yun , Seung Hyun Han; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(12):973-978. Published online December 7, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7478-0

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The vibriocidal assay using guinea pig complement is widely used for the evaluation of immune responses to cholera vaccines in human clinical trials. However, it is unclear why guinea pig complement has been used over human complement in the measurement of vibriocidal activity of human sera and there have not been comparison studies for the use of guinea pig complement over those from other species. Therefore, we comparatively investigated the effects of complements derived from human, guinea pig, rabbit, and sheep on vibriocidal activity. Complements from guinea pig, rabbit, and human showed concentration-dependent vibriocidal activity in the presence of quality control serum antibodies. Of these complements, guinea pig complement was the most sensitive and effective over a wide concentration range. When the vibriocidal activity of complements was measured in the absence of serum antibodies, human, sheep, and guinea pig complements showed vibriocidal activity up to 40-fold, 20- fold, and 1-fold dilution, respectively. For human pre- and post-vaccination sera, the most potent vibriocidal activity was observed when guinea pig complement was used. In addition, the highest fold-increases between pre- and post- vaccinated sera were obtained with guinea pig complement. Furthermore, human complement contained a higher amount of V. cholerae- and its lipopolysaccharide-specific antibodies than guinea pig complement. Collectively, these results suggest that guinea pig complements are suitable for vibriocidal assays due to their high sensitivity and effectiveness to human sera.

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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live, oral cholera vaccine formulation stored outside-the-cold-chain for 140 days
Tew Hui Xian, Kurunathan Sinniah, Chan Yean Yean, Venkateskumar Krishnamoorthy, Mohd Baidi Bahari, Manickam Ravichandran, Guruswamy Prabhakaran
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A high-throughput, bead-based, antigen-specific assay to assess the ability of antibodies to induce complement activation
Stephanie Fischinger, Jonathan K. Fallon, Ashlin R. Michell, Thomas Broge, Todd J. Suscovich, Hendrik Streeck, Galit Alter
Journal of Immunological Methods.2019; 473: 112630. CrossRef
Characterization of antibody response in patients with acute and chronic chikungunya virus disease
Fatih Anfasa, Stephanie M. Lim, Susan Fekken, Robert Wever, Albert D.M.E. Osterhaus, Byron E.E. Martina
Journal of Clinical Virology.2019; 117: 68. CrossRef

NMR-based metabolomics reveals the metabolite profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus under ferric iron stimulation: Jun Zhou , Chenyang Lu , Dijun Zhang , Chennv Ma , Xiurong Su; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(8):628-634. Published online July 28, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6551-z

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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium endemic to coastal areas, and its pathogenicity has caused widespread seafood poisoning. In our previous research, the protein expression of V. parahaemolyticus in Fe3+ medium was determined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). Here, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to detect changes in the V. parahaemolyticus metabolome. NMR spectra were obtained using methanol-water extracts of intracellular metabolites from V. parahaemolyticus under various culture conditions, and 62 metabolites were identified, including serine, arginine, alanine, ornithine, tryptophan, glutamine, malate, NAD+, NADP+, oxypurinol, xanthosine, dCTP, uracil, thymine, hypoxanthine, and betaine. Among these, 21 metabolites were up-regulated after the stimulation of the cells by ferric iron, and 9 metabolites were down-regulated. These metabolites are involved in amino acid and protein synthesis, energy metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis and osmolality. Based on these results, we conclude that Fe3+ influences the metabolite profiles of V. parahaemolyticus.

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Biosynthesis and uptake of glycine betaine as cold-stress response to low temperature in fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum: Yue Ma , Qiyao Wang , Xiating Gao , Yuanxing Zhang; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(1):44-55. Published online December 30, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-6370-2

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Fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, a mesophile bacterium, is usually found in estuarine and marine coastal ecosystems worldwide that pose a constant stress to local organism by its fluctuation in salinity as well as notable temperature change. Though V. anguillarum is able to proliferate while maintain its pathogenicity under low temperature (5–18°C), so far, coldadaption molecular mechanism of the bacteria is unknown. In this study, V. anguillarum was found possessing a putative glycine betaine synthesis system, which is encoded by betABI and synthesizes glycine betaine from its precursor choline. Furthermore, significant up-regulation of the bet gene at the transcriptional level was noted in log phase in response to cold-stress. Moreover, the accumulation of betaine glycine was only found appearing at low growth temperatures, suggesting that response regulation of both synthesis system and transporter system are cold-dependent. Furthermore, in-frame deletion mutation in the two putative ABC transporters and three putative BCCT family transporters associated with glycine betaine uptake could not block cellular accumulation of betaine glycine in V. anguillarum under coldstress, suggesting the redundant feature in V. anguillarum betaine transporter system. These findings confirmed that glycine betaine serves as an effective cold stress protectant and highlighted an underappreciated facet of the acclimatization of V. anguillarum to cold environments.

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Crystal structure of the bacterial type VI secretion system component TssL from Vibrio cholerae: Jeong Ho Chang , Yeon-Gil Kim; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(1):32-37. Published online December 4, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4539-0

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The type VI secretion system (T6SS), commonly found in Gram-negative bacteria, is responsible for exporting effector proteins. The T6SS has been reported to be cytotoxic to host cells. While the components and assembly of the T6SS complex have been largely assessed, structural data on T6SS components from virulent bacteria is remarkably insufficient. Here, we report the crystal structure of Vibrio cholerae TssL (VcTssL), a core component of T6SS. In spite of a relatively low sequence identity, the overall structure of VcTssL is largely similar to those from other bacterial homologs except for several differences found in local structural elements. A unique feature attributed to the C-terminal fragment of Vc- TssL is a crystallographic artifact. This incidental feature of VcTssL may provide insights into screening of molecular partners for the cytoplasmic domain of TssL. Additionally, our results may help in the design of molecular probes for a detailed understanding of the functional relationship between TssL and other T6SS components.

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Federico M. Ruiz, Juvenal Lopez, C. Gastón Ferrara, Elena Santillana, Yanis R. Espinosa, Mario F. Feldman, Antonio Romero, Ann M. Stock
Journal of Bacteriology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
In situ and high‐resolution cryo‐ EM structure of a bacterial type VI secretion system membrane complex
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Crystal Structure of the Type VI Secretion System Accessory Protein TagF from Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Protein & Peptide Letters.2019; 26(3): 204. CrossRef
Structure and Activity of the Type VI Secretion System
Yassine Cherrak, Nicolas Flaugnatti, Eric Durand, Laure Journet, Eric Cascales, Maria Sandkvist, Peter J. Christie
Microbiology Spectrum.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Crystal structure of the periplasmic domain of TssL, a key membrane component of Type VI secretion system
Xiangbei Wang, Bo Sun, Mengxue Xu, Shenshen Qiu, Dongqing Xu, Tingting Ran, Jianhua He, Weiwu Wang
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2018; 120: 1474. CrossRef
Tryptophan-mediated Dimerization of the TssL Transmembrane Anchor Is Required for Type VI Secretion System Activity
Abdelrahim Zoued, Jean-Pierre Duneau, Eric Durand, Alexandre P. España, Laure Journet, Françoise Guerlesquin, Eric Cascales
Journal of Molecular Biology.2018; 430(7): 987. CrossRef
Structure–Function Analysis of the TssL Cytoplasmic Domain Reveals a New Interaction between the Type VI Secretion Baseplate and Membrane Complexes
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Biogenesis and structure of a type VI secretion membrane core complex
Eric Durand, Van Son Nguyen, Abdelrahim Zoued, Laureen Logger, Gérard Péhau-Arnaudet, Marie-Stéphanie Aschtgen, Silvia Spinelli, Aline Desmyter, Benjamin Bardiaux, Annick Dujeancourt, Alain Roussel, Christian Cambillau, Eric Cascales, Rémi Fronzes
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Type VI secretion system: secretion by a contractile nanomachine
Marek Basler
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VvpM, an Extracellular Metalloprotease of Vibrio vulnificus, Induces Apoptotic Death of Human Cells: Mi-Ae Lee , Jeong-A Kim , Yu Jin Yang , Mee-Young Shin , Soon-Jung Park , Kyu-Ho Lee; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(12):1036-1043. Published online November 3, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4531-0

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A pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio vulnificus produces various extracellular proteases including the elastolytic metalloprotease, VvpE. In silico analysis of its genome revealed a VvpEhomologous protease, VvpM whose proteolytic activity was abolished by specific inhibitors against metalloproteases. To investigate whether this newly identified protease has pathogenic role in host interaction in addition to proteolytic role, human cell lines were incubated with recombinant VvpM (rVvpM). rVvpM-challenged cells showed typical morphological changes found in cells under apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death was further evidenced by estimating the Annexin V-stained cells, whose proportions were dependent upon the concentrations of rVvpM treated to human cells. To elucidate the signaling pathway for VvpM-induced apoptosis, three MAPKs were tested if their activation were mediated by rVvpM. ERK1/2 was phosphorylated by treatment of rVvpM and rVvpM-induced cell death was blocked by a specific inhibitor against ERK1/2. In rVvpM-treated cells, the cytosolic levels of cytochrome c were increased in a VvpM concentration- dependent manner, while the levels of cytochrome c in mitochondria were decreased. Cell deaths were accompanied by apparent cleavages of procaspases-9 and -3 to the active caspases-9 and -3, respectively. Therefore, this study demonstrates that an extracellular metalloprotease of V. vulnificus, VvpM induces apoptosis of human cells via a pathway consisting of ERK activation, cytochrome c release, and then activation of caspases-9 and -3.

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Pathology and pathogenesis of Vibrio infection in fish: A review
Tilusha Manchanayake, Annas Salleh, Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal, Ina Salwany Md Yasin, Mohd Zamri-Saad
Aquaculture Reports.2023; 28: 101459. CrossRef
Direct and indirect effects of pathogenic bacteria on the integrity of intestinal barrier
Lin-Zhen Shu, Yi-Dan Ding, Qing-Ming Xue, Wei Cai, Huan Deng
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Vibrio vulnificus PlpA facilitates necrotic host cell death induced by the pore forming MARTX toxin
Changyi Cho, Sanghyeon Choi, Myung Hee Kim, Byoung Sik Kim
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(2): 224. CrossRef
The DNA binding domain of theVibrio vulnificusSmcR transcription factor is flexible and binds diverse DNA sequences
Jane D Newman, Meghan M Russell, Lixin Fan, Yun-Xing Wang, Giovanni Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Julia C van Kessel
Nucleic Acids Research.2021; 49(10): 5967. CrossRef
Melatonin restores Muc2 depletion induced by V. vulnificus VvpM via melatonin receptor 2 coupling with Gαq
Young-Min Lee, Jong Pil Park, Young Hyun Jung, Hyun Jik Lee, Jun Sung Kim, Gee Euhn Choi, Ho Jae Han, Sei-Jung Lee
Journal of Biomedical Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of Vibrio vulnificus virulence factors and regulators in its infection-induced sepsis
Gang Li, Ming-Yi Wang
Folia Microbiologica.2020; 65(2): 265. CrossRef
Intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis due to a hemolytic toxin from Vibrio vulnificus and protection by a 36 kDa glycoprotein from Rhus verniciflua Stokes
Young-Min Lee, Jong Pil Park, Kye-Taek Lim, Sei-Jung Lee
Food and Chemical Toxicology.2019; 125: 46. CrossRef
The extracellular proteases produced by Vibrio parahaemolyticus
George Osei-Adjei, Xinxiang Huang, Yiquan Zhang
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Repression of VvpM Protease Expression by Quorum Sensing and the cAMP-cAMP Receptor Protein Complex in Vibrio vulnificus
Jeong-A Kim, Mi-Ae Lee, You-Chul Jung, Bo-Ram Jang, Kyu-Ho Lee, Victor J. DiRita
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Classification and structural insight into vibriolysin-like proteases of Vibrio pathogenicity
JiaFeng Huang, BingQi Zeng, Dan Liu, RiBang Wu, Jiang Zhang, BinQiang Liao, HaiLun He, Fei Bian
Microbial Pathogenesis.2018; 117: 335. CrossRef
A Vibrio vulnificus VvpM Induces IL-1β Production Coupled with Necrotic Macrophage Death via Distinct Spatial Targeting by ANXA2
Sei-Jung Lee, Young Hyun Jung, Jun Sung Kim, Hyun Jik Lee, Sang Hun Lee, Kyu-Ho Lee, Kyung Ku Jang, Sang Ho Choi, Ho Jae Han
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Vibrio vulnificus: An Environmental and Clinical Burden
Sing-Peng Heng, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Chuan-Yan Deng, Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib, Tahir M. Khan, Lay-Hong Chuah, Kok-Gan Chan, Bey-Hing Goh, Priyia Pusparajah, Learn-Han Lee
Frontiers in Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Crystal Structure of the Regulatory Domain of AphB from Vibrio vulnificus, a Virulence Gene Regulator
Nohra Park, Saemee Song, Garam Choi, Kyung Ku Jang, Inseong Jo, Sang Ho Choi, Nam-Chul Ha
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The hydrogen peroxide hypersensitivity of OxyR2 in Vibrio vulnificus depends on conformational constraints
Inseong Jo, Dukyun Kim, Ye-Ji Bang, Jinsook Ahn, Sang Ho Choi, Nam-Chul Ha
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The Makes Caterpillars Floppy (MCF)-Like Domain of Vibrio vulnificus Induces Mitochondrion-Mediated Apoptosis
Shivangi Agarwal, Yeuming Zhu, David R. Gius, Karla J. F. Satchell, S. M. Payne
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Stationary‐phase induction of vvpS expression by three transcription factors: repression by LeuO and activation by SmcR and CRP
Jeong‐A. Kim, Jin Hwan Park, Mi‐Ae Lee, Hyun‐Jung Lee, Soon‐Jung Park, Kun‐Soo Kim, Sang‐Ho Choi, Kyu‐Ho Lee
Molecular Microbiology.2015; 97(2): 330. CrossRef

A Novel Retron of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Is Closely Related to Retron-Vc95 of Vibrio cholerae: Toshi Shimamoto , Ashraf M. Ahmed , Tadashi Shimamoto; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):323-328. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2715-7

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Abstract PDF

Some bacteria produce a satellite RNA-DNA complex termed msDNA, multicopy single-stranded DNA. In this report, msDNA from Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a cause of acute gastroenteritis, was identified and named msDNA-Vp96. The retron element containing the ret gene, encoding the reverse transcriptase (RT) that is responsible for msDNA production, was cloned and characterized. Comparison of msDNAVp96 and msDNA-Vc95, from Vibrio cholerae, showed a high level of sequence similarity. We exchanged the two ret genes to examine whether msDNA was produced by the RT from different sources. We found that RT-Vp96 of V. parahaemolyticus was able to synthesize msDNA-Vc95 of V. cholerae and vice versa. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that RT from different bacterial species can synthesize msDNA.

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Retrons and their applications in genome engineering
Anna J Simon, Andrew D Ellington, Ilya J Finkelstein
Nucleic Acids Research.2019; 47(21): 11007. CrossRef
An Unexplored Diversity of Reverse Transcriptases in Bacteria
Steven Zimmerly, Li Wu, Alan Lambowitz, Nancy Craig
Microbiology Spectrum.2015;[Epub] CrossRef

Live and Dead GFP-Tagged Bacteria Showed Indistinguishable Fluorescence in Caenorhabditis elegans Gut: Ju-Ya Hsiao , Chun-Yao Chen , Mei-Jun Yang , Han-Chen Ho; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):367-372. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2589-8

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Abstract PDF: Caenorhabditis elegans has been used for studying hostpathogen interactions since long, and many virulence genes of pathogens have been successfully identified. In several studies, fluorescent pathogens were fed to C. elegans and fluorescence observed in the gut was considered an indicator for bacterial colonization. However, the grinder in the pharynx of these nematodes supposedly crushes the bacterial cells, and the ground material is delivered to the intestine for nutrient absorption. Therefore, it remains unclear whether intact bacteria pass through the grinder and colonize in the intestine. Here we investigated whether the appearance of fluorescence is indicative of intact bacteria in the gut using both fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In wild-type N2 C. elegans, Escherichia coli DH5α, and Vibrio vulnificus 93U204, both of which express the green fluorescence protein, were found intact only proximal to the grinder, while crushed bacterial debris was found in the post-pharyngeal lumen. Nevertheless, the fluorescence was evident throughout the lumen of worm intestines irrespective of whether the bacteria were intact or not. We further investigated the interaction of the bacteria with C. elegans phm-2 mutant, which has a dysfunctional grinder. Both strains of bacteria were found to be intact and accumulated in the pharynx and intestine owing to the defective grinder. The fluorescence intensity of intact bacteria in phm-2 worms was indistinguishable from that of crushed bacterial debris in N2 worms. Therefore, appearance of fluorescence in the C. elegans intestine should not be directly interpreted as successful bacterial colonization in the intestine.

Review

REVIEW] The Role of Type III Secretion System 2 in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pathogenicity: Hyeilin Ham , Kim Orth; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):719-725. Published online November 4, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2550-2

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Abstract

Vibrio parahaemolyticus, a Gram-negative marine bacterial pathogen, is emerging as a major cause of food-borne illnesses worldwide due to the consumption of raw seafood leading to diseases including gastroenteritis, wound infection, and septicemia. The bacteria utilize toxins and type III secretion system (T3SS) to trigger virulence. T3SS is a multi-subunit needle-like apparatus used to deliver bacterial proteins, termed effectors, into the host cytoplasm which then target various eukaryotic signaling pathways. V. parahaemolyticus carries two T3SSs in each of its two chromosomes, named T3SS1 and T3SS2, both of which play crucial yet distinct roles during infection: T3SS1 causes cytotoxicity whereas T3SS2 is mainly associated with enterotoxicity. Each T3SS secretes a unique set of effectors that contribute to virulence by acting on different host targets and serving different functions. Emerging studies on T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus, reveal its regulation, translocation, discovery, characterization of its effectors, and development of animal models to understand the enterotoxicity. This review on recent findings for T3SS2 of V. parahaemolyticus highlights a novel mechanism of invasion that appears to be conserved by other marine bacteria.

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Structural and Functional Importance of Outer Membrane Proteins in Vibrio cholerae Flagellum: Wasimul Bari , Kang-Mu Lee , Sang Sun Yoon; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(4):631-637. Published online August 25, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2116-3

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Abstract PDF

Vibrio cholerae has a sheath-covered monotrichous flagellum that is known to contribute to virulence. Although the structural organization of the V. cholerae flagellum has been extensively studied, the involvement of outer membrane proteins as integral components in the flagellum still remains elusive. Here we show that flagella produced by V. cholerae O1 El Tor strain C6706 were two times thicker than those from two other Gram-negative bacteria. A C6706 mutant strain (SSY11) devoid of two outer membrane proteins (OMPs), OmpU and OmpT, produced thinner flagella. SSY11 showed significant defects in the flagella-mediated motility as compared to its parental strain. Moreover, increased shedding of the flagella-associated proteins was observed in the culture supernatant of SSY11. This finding was also supported by the observation that culture supernatants of the SSY11 strain induced the production of a significantly higher level of IL-8 in human colon carcinoma HT29 and alveolar epithelial A549 cells than those of the wild-type C6706 strain. These results further suggest a definite role of these two OMPs in providing the structural integrity of the V. cholerae flagellum as part of the surrounding sheath.

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Audrey Sophie Vanhove, Marylise Duperthuy, Guillaume M. Charrière, Frédérique Le Roux, David Goudenège, Benjamin Gourbal, Sylvie Kieffer‐Jaquinod, Yohann Couté, Sun Nyunt Wai, Delphine Destoumieux‐Garzón
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Cyclic AMP-Receptor Protein Activates Aerobactin Receptor IutA Expression in Vibrio vulnificus: Choon-Mee Kim , Seong-Jung Kim , Sung-Heui Shin; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(2):320-325. Published online April 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2056-y

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Abstract PDF: The ferrophilic bacterium Vibrio vulnificus can utilize the siderophore aerobactin of Escherichia coli for iron acquisition via its specific receptor IutA. This siderophore piracy by V. vulnificus may contribute to its survival and proliferation, especially in mixed bacterial environments. In this study, we examined the effects of glucose, cyclic AMP (cAMP), and cAMP-receptor protein (Crp) on iutA expression in V. vulnificus. Glucose dose-dependently repressed iutA expression. A mutation in cya encoding adenylate cyclase required for cAMP synthesis severely repressed iutA expression, and this change was recovered by in trans complementing cya or the addition of exogenous cAMP. Furthermore, a mutation in crp encoding Crp severely repressed iutA expression, and this change was recovered by complementing crp. Accordingly, glucose deprivation under iron-limited conditions is an environmental signal for iutA expression, and Crp functions as an activator that regulates iutA expression in response to glucose availability.

Molecular Characterization Reveals Involvement of Altered El Tor Biotype Vibrio cholerae O1 Strains in Cholera Outbreak at Hyderabad, India: Ajay Kumar Goel , Meenu Jain , Pramod Kumar , Pennagaram Sarguna , Meera Bai , Neha Ghosh , Natrajan Gopalan; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):280-284. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0317-9

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Thirty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a cholera outbreak in Hyderabad, South India were found to belong to serogroup O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa. The genotype of all the isolates was confirmed by PCR assays. All the isolates were found PCR positive for ctxAB, ompW, rfbO1, rtxC, and tcpA genes. All the isolates but one harboured rstREl Tor allele. However, one isolate carried both rstREl Tor as well as rstRClassical alleles. Cholera toxin (ctxB) genotyping of the isolates confirmed the presence of altered cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the isolates. All the isolates except VCH35 harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array on the large chromosome. The isolate VCH35 contained a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. The clonal relationship among the V. cholerae isolates as carried out by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR, BOX PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, uniformly showed a genetic relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India.

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Smruti Ranjan Nayak, Ashish Kumar Nayak, Bhagya Laxmi Biswal, Sanghamitra Pati, Bibhuti Bhusan Pal
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2021; 74(2): 137. CrossRef
Cholera in selected countries in Asia
Anna Lena Lopez, Shanta Dutta, Firdausi Qadri, Ly Sovann, Basu Dev Pandey, Wan Mansor Bin Hamzah, Iqbal Memon, Sopon Iamsirithaworn, Duc Anh Dang, Fahima Chowdhury, Seng Heng, Suman Kanungo, Vittal Mogasale, Ashraf Sultan, Michelle Ylade
Vaccine.2020; 38: A18. CrossRef
Changing epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae: AMR surveillance findings (2006–2016) from Nepal
Nisha Rijal, Jyoti Acharya, Shailaja Adhikari, Bishnu Psd Upadhaya, Geeta Shakya, Palpasa Kansakar, Piyush Rajbhandari
BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa Strains Carrying the ctxB7 Allele Caused a Large Cholera Outbreak during 2014 in the Tribal Areas of Odisha, India
Bibhuti Bhusan Pal, Hemant Kumar Khuntia, Smruti Ranjan Nayak, Anima Mohanty, Bhagyalaxmi Biswal
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases.2017; 70(5): 549. CrossRef
Retrospective genomic analysis ofVibrio choleraeO1 El Tor strains from different places in India reveals the presence ofctxB-7allele found in Haitian isolates
R. DE, T. RAMAMURTHY, B. L. SARKAR, A. K. MUKHOPADHYAY, G. P. PAZHANI, S. SARKAR, S. DUTTA, G. B. NAIR
Epidemiology and Infection.2017; 145(11): 2212. CrossRef
Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant and emergence of Haitian ctxB variant in the strains isolated from South India
Debdutta Bhattacharya, Shuchismita Dey, Gururaja Perumal Pazhani, Thandavarayan Ramamurthy, Mahantesh V. Parande, Sanjiva D. Kholkute, Subarna Roy
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Soubhagya K. Bhuyan, Mohan G. Vairale, Neha Arya, Priti Yadav, Vijay Veer, Lokendra Singh, Pramod K. Yadava, Pramod Kumar
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G. G. Onischenko, A. Yu. Popova, V. V. Kutyrev, N. I. Smirnova, S. A. Scherbakova, E. A. Moskvitina, S. V. Titova
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Abhishek Jaiswal, Sounak Sarkar, Parijat Das, Suman Nandy, Hemanta Koley, Banwarilal Sarkar
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Cholera outbreaks (2012) in three districts of Nepal reveal clonal transmission of multi-drug resistant Vibrio choleraeO1
Sameer M Dixit, Fatema-Tuz Johura, Sulochana Manandhar, Abdus Sadique, Rajesh M Rajbhandari, Shahnewaj B Mannan, Mahamud-ur Rashid, Saiful Islam, Dibesh Karmacharya, Haruo Watanabe, R Bradley Sack, Alejandro Cravioto, Munirul Alam
BMC Infectious Diseases.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic Characteristics and Relatedness of ImportedVibrio choleraeO1 Biotype El Tor in Korea
HyeonHee Kim, Semi Jeon, JunYoung Kim, SeongHan Kim, Deog-Yong Lee
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Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 Reveals Continuous Evolution of Its New Variants in India
M. Jain, K. S. Kushwah, P. Kumar, A. K. Goel
Indian Journal of Microbiology.2013; 53(2): 137. CrossRef
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization ofVibrio choleraeO1, Non-O1 and Non-O139 in Tropical Seafood in Cochin, India
Rakesh Kumar, Kuttannappilly V. Lalitha
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Multidrug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 in Belgaum, south India
Subarna Roy, M. V. Parande, B. G. Mantur, S. Bhat, R. Shinde, A. M. Parande, Rajanish S. Meti, M. R. Chandrasekhar, S. D. Kholkute, A. Saini, M. Joshi, A. Gaonkar
Journal of Medical Microbiology .2012; 61(11): 1574. CrossRef

Seasonal Abundance and Distribution of Vibrio Species in the Treated Effluents of Wastewater Treatment Facilities in Suburban and Urban Communities of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa: Etinosa O. Igbinosa , Chikwelu L. Obi , Anthony I. Okoh; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(2):224-232. Published online May 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0227-x

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Abstract PDF: We assessed the seasonal abundance and distribution of Vibrio species as well as some selected environmental parameters in the treated effluents of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), one each located in a suburban and urban community of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Vibrio population density ranged from 2.1×101 to 4.36×104 CFU/ml in the suburban community and from 2.80×101 to 1.80×105 CFU/ml in the urban community. Vibrio species associated with 180 μm, 60 μm, and 20 μm plankton sizes were observed at densities of 0-1.36×103 CFU/ml, 0-8.40×102 CFU/ml, and 0-6.80×102 CFU/ml, respectively at the suburban community’s WWTP. In the urban community, observed densities of culturable Vibrio were 0-2.80×102 CFU/ml (180 μm), 0-6.60×102 CFU/ml (60 μm), and 0-1.80×103 CFU/ml (20 μm). The abundance of free-living Vibrio species ranged from 0 to 1.0×102 and 1.0×103 CFU/ml in the suburban and urban communities’ WWTPs, respectively. Molecular confirmation of the presumptive Vibrio isolates revealed the presence of V. fluvialis (41.38%), V. vulnificus (34.48%), and V. parahaemolyticus (24.14%) in the suburban community effluents. In the urban community molecular confirmation revealed that the same species were present at slightly different percentages, V. fluvialis (40%), V. vulnificus (36%), and V. parahaemolyticus (24%). There was no significant correlation between Vibrio abundance and season, either as free-living or planktonassociated entities, but Vibrio species abundance was positively correlated with temperature (r=0.565; p<0.01), salinity, and dissolved oxygen (p<0.05). Turbidity and pH showed significant seasonal variation (p<0.05) across the seasons in both locations. This study underscores the potential of WWTPs to be sources of Vibrio pathogens in the watershed of suburban and urban communities in South Africa.

Journal Article

Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae Isolates from Cholera Outbreaks in North India: Joseph J. Kingston , Kuruvilla Zachariah , Urmil Tuteja , Sanjay Kumar , Harsh Vardhan Batra; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(1):110-115. Published online February 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0162-7

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Vibrio cholerae isolates recovered from cholera outbreaks in Bhind district of Madhya Pradesh and Delhi, Northern India were characterized. The O1 serogroup isolates from Bhind outbreak were of Inaba serotype whereas both Ogawa and Inaba serotypes were recovered from Delhi. PCR analysis revealed that only O1 serogroup V. cholerae isolates carried the virulence-associated genes like ctxA, tcpA, ace, and zot. Molecular typing by repetitive sequence based ERIC, VCR1, and VC1 PCR’s revealed similar DNA profile for both Inaba and Ogawa serotypes. A discrete VC1-PCR band identified among the El Tor strains had greater similarity (>97%) to the V. cholerae genome sequence and therefore has the potential to be used as a marker for the identification of the V. cholerae strains. Non-O1 strains recovered from Bhind region differed among themselves as well as from that of the O1 isolates. All the O1 serogroup isolates possessed SXT element and were uniformly resistant to the antibiotics nalidixic acid, polymyxin-B, furazolidone, cloxacilin, trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole, and vibriostatic agent O129. Inaba strains from both Delhi and Bhind differed from Ogawa strains by their resistance to streptomycin despite sharing similar DNA patterns in all the three rep-PCRs. Though Delhi and Bhind are separate geographical regions in Northern India, Inaba strains from both these places appear to be closely related owing to their similarity in antibiogram and genetic profile.

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Clonal relationship among Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and grooved carpet shells (Ruditapes decussatus) harvested in Sardinia (Italy)
Sonia Lamon, Asmine Bastardo, Domenico Meloni, Simonetta Gianna Consolati, Federica Fois, Gabriella Porcheddu, Vanessa Agus, Margherita Pes, Maria Giovanna Cambula, Anna Mureddu, Jesus L. Romalde
Food Microbiology.2019; 84: 103258. CrossRef
Virulence gene profiles, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 bacteria isolated from West Bengal, India
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Heliyon.2018; 4(12): e01040. CrossRef
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FEMS Microbiology Ecology.2011; 77(3): 611. CrossRef
Continuing challenge of infectious diseases in India
T Jacob John, Lalit Dandona, Vinod P Sharma, Manish Kakkar
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Ludovic Reveiz, Evelina Chapman, Pilar Ramon-Pardo, Tracey Perez Koehlmoos, Luis Gabriel Cuervo, Sylvain Aldighieri, Amy Chambliss, Lorenz von Seidlein
PLoS ONE.2011; 6(11): e27060. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Cys-92, Cys-95, and the C-Terminal 12 Residues of the Vibrio harveyi Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) are Functionally Inessential: Kun Sun , Shuang Cheng , Min Zhang , Fang Wang , Li Sun; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(6):670-680. Published online December 24, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0113-3

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Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) is a global regulator involved in multiple aspects of bacterial life. The gene encoding the Vibrio harveyi Fur (FurVh) was cloned from a pathogenic V. harveyi strain isolated from diseased fish. FurVh shares 77% overall sequence identity with the Escherichia coli Fur (FurEc) and could complement a mutant of FurEc. Like FurEc, FurVh possesses two cysteine residues at positions 92 and 95, yet unlike FurEc, in which these cysteine residues constitute part of the metal ion coordination site and hence are vital to the repressor activity, C92 and C95 of FurVh proved to be functionally inessential. Further study identified a Vibrio Fur signature sequence, which is preserved in all the ten Vibrio Fur proteins that have been discovered to date but in none of the non-vibrio Fur proteins. Site-directed and random mutation analyses of the signature residues, the cysteine residues, and seven highly charged amino acid residues indicated that D9, H32, C137, and K138 of FurVh are functionally important but D9, C137, and K138 can be replaced by more than one functional substitutes. Systematic deletion analysis demonstrated that the C-terminal 12 residues of FurVh are functionally inessential. These results (i) indicated that the activation mechanism, or certain aspects of which, of FurVh is possibly different from that of FurEc; and (ii) suggested that it is not very likely that the C-terminal 12 residues play any significant role in the activation or stability of FurVh; and (iii) provided insights into the potential function of the local structure involving C137 and K138.

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Comparative analysis of the survival and gene expression of pathogenic strainsVibrio harveyiafter starvation
Jingjing Sun, Xiaojian Gao, Jiang Qun, Xuedi Du, Keran Bi, Xiaojun Zhang, Li Lin, Alejandra Bravo
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The FUR (ferric uptake regulator) superfamily: Diversity and versatility of key transcriptional regulators
María F. Fillat
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics.2014; 546: 41. CrossRef
DNA adenine methylase is involved in the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella tarda
Kun Sun, Xu-dong Jiao, Min Zhang, Li Sun
Veterinary Microbiology.2010; 141(1-2): 149. CrossRef
Experimental and computational characterization of the ferric uptake regulator from Aliivibrio salmonicida (Vibrio salmonicida)
Hege Lynum Pedersen, Rafi Ahmad, Ellen Kristin Riise, Hanna-Kirsti Schrøder Leiros, Stefan Hauglid, Sigrun Espelid, Bjøn Olav Brandsdal, Ingar Leiros, Nils-Peder Willassen, Peik Haugen
The Journal of Microbiology.2010; 48(2): 174. CrossRef
Helicobacter pylori apo-Fur regulation appears unconserved across species
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A ZnS4 Structural Zinc Site in the Helicobacter pylori Ferric Uptake Regulator
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Crystal structure of the Vibrio cholerae ferric uptake regulator (Fur) reveals insights into metal co‐ordination
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Journal Article

NOTE] Bioluminescent Assay for Sphingolipid Ceramide N-Deacylase Using Vibrio harveyi Dark Mutant M-17: Ki Woong Cho; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(5):585-589. Published online October 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0114-2

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A new bioluminescent assay method for the activity of sphingolipid ceramide N-deacylase (SCDase: EC3.5.1.69) as well as ceramidase (CDase: EC 3.5.1.23) was developed using bioluminescent marine bacteria. Enzymatically synthesized ceramide (N-myristoyl sphigosine, C14:0-18:1) and commercial SCDase were used in this demonstration, and myristic (tetradecanoic, C14:0) acid produced by the SCDase hydrolysis was quantified using Vibrio harveyi M-17, a dark mutant of V. harveyi. The in vivo light intensity of M-17 was stimulated up to thousands fold in the presence of myristic acid, was used for this assay. SCDase activity with as little as 10 μU and 5 nM of myristic acid production were detected in less than one min. <br>The assay worked well for the determination of Km and chromatographic fraction assay.

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Control of metabolism and signaling of simple bioactive sphingolipids: Implications in disease
Patricia Gangoiti, Luz Camacho, Lide Arana, Alberto Ouro, Maria H. Granado, Leyre Brizuela, Josefina Casas, Gemma Fabriás, José Luis Abad, Antonio Delgado, Antonio Gómez-Muñoz
Progress in Lipid Research.2010; 49(4): 316. CrossRef

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Two Forms of Vibrio vulnificus Metalloprotease VvpE are Secreted via the Type II General Secretion System: Jong Park , So-Yeon Ryu , Choon-Mee Kim , Sung-Heui Shin; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(3):338-343. Published online July 5, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0058-6

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Vibrio vulnificus has been known to secrete one form of metalloprotease VvpE (45 kDa) that is cleaved to 34 kDa-VvpE and 11 kDa-C-terminal propeptide via extracellular autoproteolysis. However, we found that extracellular secretion of both the 34 and 45 kDa forms of VvpE began in the early growth phase; moreover, 34 kDa-VvpE existed as the major form in V. vulnificus cell lysates and culture supernatants. In addition, extracellular secretion of both 34 and 45 kDa-VvpE was blocked by mutation of the pilD gene, which encodes for the type IV leader peptidase/N-methyltransferase of the type II general secretion system, and the blocked VvpE secretion was recovered by in trans-complementation of the wild-type pilD gene. These results indicate that 34 kDa-VvpE is the major form secreted along with 45 kDa-VvpE from the early growth phase via the PilD-mediated type II general secretion system.

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S. Peter Howard, Leandro F. Estrozi, Quentin Bertrand, Carlos Contreras-Martel, Timothy Strozen, Viviana Job, Alexandre Martins, Daphna Fenel, Guy Schoehn, Andréa Dessen, Tomoko Kubori
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Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2012; 42(1): 29. CrossRef
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Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2011; 41(3): 147. CrossRef
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Won Hwang, Na Yeon Lee, Juri Kim, Mi-Ae Lee, Kun-Soo Kim, Kyu-Ho Lee, Soon-Jung Park, S. R. Blanke
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Nippon Saikingaku Zasshi.2010; 65(3): 369. CrossRef

The Ecology of Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in North Carolina Estuaries: Karen Dyer Blackwell , James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(2):146-153. Published online June 11, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0216-2

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While numerous studies have characterized the distribution and/or ecology of various pathogenic Vibrio spp., here we have simultaneously examined several estuarine sites for Vibrio vulnificus, V. cholerae, and V. parahaemolyticus. For a one year period, waters and sediment were monitored for the presence of these <br>three pathogens at six different sites on the east coast of North Carolina in the United States. All three pathogens, identified using colony hybridization and PCR methods, occurred in these estuarine environments, although V. cholerae occurred only infrequently and at very low levels. Seventeen chemical, physical, and biological parameters were investigated, including salinity, water temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, levels of various inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic carbon, as well as total vibrios, total coliforms, and E. coli. We found each of the Vibrio spp. in water and sediment to correlate to several of these environmental measurements, with water temperature and total Vibrio levels correlating highly (P<0.0001) with occurrence of the three pathogens. Thus, these two parameters may represent simple assays for characterizing the potential public health hazard of estuarine waters.

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2023; 20(8): 5543. CrossRef
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BMC Infectious Diseases.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
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Meghan A. Hartwick, Erin A. Urquhart, Cheryl A. Whistler, Vaughn S. Cooper, Elena N. Naumova, Stephen H. Jones
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(22): 4341. CrossRef
Ability of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from fish of the Lagoa dos Patos estuary in south Brazil to form biofilms after sublethal stress and bacterial resistance to antibiotics and sanitizers
Débora Rodrigues Silveira, Janaina Viana da Rosa, Kauana Kaefer, Luiz Gustavo Bach, Amanda de Oliveira Barbosa, Cláudio Dias Timm
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2019; 303: 19. CrossRef
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Brett Froelich, Raul Gonzalez, Denene Blackwood, Kellen Lauer, Rachel Noble, Iddya Karunasagar
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Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae in Turbid Alkaline Lakes as Determined by Quantitative PCR
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Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Timothy J. Sullivan, Joseph E. Neigel
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology.2018; 151: 82. CrossRef
Environmental Calcium Initiates a Feed-Forward Signaling Circuit That Regulates Biofilm Formation and Rugosity in Vibrio vulnificus
Daniel M. Chodur, Patrick Coulter, Jacob Isaacs, Meng Pu, Nico Fernandez, Chris M. Waters, Dean A. Rowe-Magnus, Matthew R. Parsek
mBio.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Marine Environmental Research.2018; 139: 27. CrossRef
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Abolade A. Oyelade, Olawale Olufemi Adelowo, Obasola Ezekiel Fagade
Environmental Science and Pollution Research.2018; 25(33): 33538. CrossRef
Isolation, molecular characterization, and antibiotic resistance patterns of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from coastal water in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
Lubna Ghenem, Nasreldin Elhadi
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Vibrio Ecology in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, Characterized by Next-Generation Amplicon Sequencing of the Gene Encoding Heat Shock Protein 60 ( hsp60 )
Kelsey J. Jesser, Rachel T. Noble, Christopher A. Elkins
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jake D. Thickman, Christopher J. Gobler, Adelaide Almeida
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Deep-sequencing of the bacterial microbiota in commercial-scale recirculating and semi-closed aquaculture systems for Atlantic salmon post-smolt production
Ida Rud, Jelena Kolarevic, Astrid Buran Holan, Ingunn Berget, Sara Calabrese, Bendik Fyhn Terjesen
Aquacultural Engineering.2017; 78: 50. CrossRef
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Lidita Khandeparker, Ranjith Eswaran, Laxman Gardade, Nishanth Kuchi, Kaushal Mapari, Sneha D. Naik, Arga Chandrashekar Anil
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Léa Girard, Sébastien Peuchet, Pierre Servais, Annabelle Henry, Nadine Charni-Ben-Tabassi, Julia Baudart
Microbes and environments.2017; 32(3): 210. CrossRef
Environmental Determinants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay
Benjamin J. K. Davis, John M. Jacobs, Meghan F. Davis, Kellogg J. Schwab, Angelo DePaola, Frank C. Curriero, Donald W. Schaffner
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
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S.M. Raszl, B.A. Froelich, C.R.W. Vieira, A.D. Blackwood, R.T. Noble
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2016; 121(5): 1201. CrossRef
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vibrio spp. within the Sydney Harbour Estuary
Nachshon Siboni, Varunan Balaraju, Richard Carney, Maurizio Labbate, Justin R. Seymour
Frontiers in Microbiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Detection and Quantification of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus in Coastal Waters of Guinea-Bissau (West Africa)
Ana Machado, Adriano A. Bordalo
EcoHealth.2016; 13(2): 339. CrossRef
The Biology of Vibrio vulnificus
James D. Oliver, Michael Sadowsky
Microbiology Spectrum.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Microbiology Spectrum.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
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Karla M. López-Hernández, Violeta T. Pardío-Sedas, Leonardo Lizárraga-Partida, José de J. Williams, David Martínez-Herrera, Argel Flores-Primo, Roxana Uscanga-Serrano, Karla Rendón-Castro
Marine Pollution Bulletin.2015; 91(1): 317. CrossRef
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Kevin Esteves, Dominique Hervio-Heath, Thomas Mosser, Claire Rodier, Marie-George Tournoud, Estelle Jumas-Bilak, Rita R. Colwell, Patrick Monfort, K. E. Wommack
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(21): 7600. CrossRef
Community-Level and Species-Specific Associations between Phytoplankton and Particle-Associated Vibrio Species in Delaware's Inland Bays
Christopher R. Main, Lauren R. Salvitti, Edward B. Whereat, Kathryn J. Coyne, C. R. Lovell
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(17): 5703. CrossRef
Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio vulnificus in the Aquacultural Environments of Taiwan
Yao Hsien Tey, Koa-Jen Jong, Shin-Yuan Fen, Hin-Chung Wong
Journal of Food Protection.2015; 78(5): 969. CrossRef
Environmental influences on the seasonal distribution ofVibrio parahaemolyticusin the Pacific Northwest of the USA
Rohinee N. Paranjpye, William B. Nilsson, Martin Liermann, Elizabeth D. Hilborn, Barbara J. George, Quanlin Li, Brian D. Bill, Vera L. Trainer, Mark S. Strom, Paul A. Sandifer, Gary King
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Host-Like Carbohydrates Promote Bloodstream Survival of Vibrio vulnificusIn Vivo
Jean-Bernard Lubin, Warren G. Lewis, Nicole M. Gilbert, Cory M. Weimer, Salvador Almagro-Moreno, E. Fidelma Boyd, Amanda L. Lewis, A. J. Bäumler
Infection and Immunity.2015; 83(8): 3126. CrossRef
Sediment and Vegetation as Reservoirs of Vibrio vulnificus in the Tampa Bay Estuary and Gulf of Mexico
Eva Chase, Suzanne Young, Valerie J. Harwood, K. E. Wommack
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2015; 81(7): 2489. CrossRef
Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae abundance in Austrian saline lakes, assessed with quantitative solid‐phase cytometry
Sonja Schauer, Stefan Jakwerth, Rupert Bliem, Julia Baudart, Philippe Lebaron, Steliana Huhulescu, Michael Kundi, Alois Herzig, Andreas H. Farnleitner, Regina Sommer, Alexander Kirschner
Environmental Microbiology.2015; 17(11): 4366. CrossRef
Snapshot of Vibrio parahaemolyticus densities in open and closed shellfish beds in Coastal South Carolina and Mississippi
J. Gooch Moore, A. Ruple, K. Ballenger-Bass, S. Bell, P. L. Pennington, G. I. Scott
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.2014; 186(11): 7949. CrossRef
Multipurpose assessment for the quantification of Vibrio spp. and total bacteria in fish and seawater using multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Ji Yeun Kim, Jung‐Lim Lee
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture.2014; 94(13): 2807. CrossRef
Interspecific Quorum Sensing Mediates the Resuscitation of Viable but Nonculturable Vibrios
Mesrop Ayrapetyan, Tiffany C. Williams, James D. Oliver, M. W. Griffiths
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2014; 80(8): 2478. CrossRef
In-house validation of novel multiplex real-time PCR gene combination for the simultaneous detection of the main human pathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus)
Alejandro Garrido-Maestu, María-José Chapela, Elvira Peñaranda, Juan M. Vieites, Ana G. Cabado
Food Control.2014; 37: 371. CrossRef
Sequence and expression divergence of an ancient duplication of the chaperonin groESEL operon in Vibrio species
Nityananda Chowdhury, Joseph J. Kingston, W. Brian Whitaker, Megan R. Carpenter, Analuisa Cohen, E. Fidelma Boyd
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Defining the Niche of Vibrio parahaemolyticus During Pre- and Post-Monsoon Seasons in the Coastal Arabian Sea
A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm, V. Atnur, A. Godhe
Microbial Ecology.2014; 67(1): 57. CrossRef
Quantification of Vibrio vulnificus in an Estuarine Environment: a Multi-Year Analysis Using QPCR
Jennifer J. Wetz, A. Denene Blackwood, J. Stephen Fries, Zachary F. Williams, Rachel T. Noble
Estuaries and Coasts.2014; 37(2): 421. CrossRef
Survival ofVibrio vulnificusGenotypes in Male and Female Serum, and Production of Siderophores in Human Serum and Seawater
Hye-young Kim, Mesrop Ayrapetyan, James D. Oliver
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease.2014; 11(2): 119. CrossRef
The role of wetland microinvertebrates in spreading human diseases
Sucharit Basu Neogi, Shinji Yamasaki, Munirul Alam, Rubén José Lara
Wetlands Ecology and Management.2014; 22(5): 469. CrossRef
Seasonal Dynamics of Prokaryotic Abundance and Activities in Relation to Environmental Parameters in a Transitional Aquatic Ecosystem (Cape Peloro, Italy)
R. Zaccone, M. Azzaro, F. Azzaro, A. Bergamasco, G. Caruso, M. Leonardi, R. La Ferla, G. Maimone, M. Mancuso, L. S. Monticelli, F. Raffa, E. Crisafi
Microbial Ecology.2014; 67(1): 45. CrossRef
Occurrence of Vibrio vulnificus and Toxigenic Vibrioparahaemolyticus on Sea Catfishes from Galveston Bay, Texas
Leslie Baumeister, Mona E. Hochman, John R. Schwarz, Robin Brinkmeyer
Journal of Food Protection.2014; 77(10): 1784. CrossRef
Detection and differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus and V. sinaloensis in water and oysters of a Gulf of Mexico estuary
Christopher Staley, Eva Chase, Valerie J. Harwood
Environmental Microbiology.2013; 15(2): 623. CrossRef
Multiplex Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus
Jie Yeun Park, Semi Jeon, Jun Young Kim, Misun Park, Seonghan Kim
Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2013; 4(3): 133. CrossRef
Quantification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae in French Mediterranean coastal lagoons
Franck Cantet, Dominique Hervio-Heath, Audrey Caro, Cécile Le Mennec, Caroline Monteil, Catherine Quéméré, Anne Jolivet-Gougeon, Rita R. Colwell, Patrick Monfort
Research in Microbiology.2013; 164(8): 867. CrossRef
Multi-drug resistant toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 is persistent in water sources in New Bell-Douala, Cameroon
Jane-Francis Tatah Kihla Akoachere, Thomas Njinuwoh Masalla, Henry Akum Njom
BMC Infectious Diseases.2013;[Epub] CrossRef
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Pathogenic Vibrios in Marine Recreational Waters of Southern California
Gregory Dickinson, Keah-ying Lim, Sunny C. Jiang
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2013; 79(1): 294. CrossRef
Temporal and Spatial Distribution Patterns of Potentially Pathogenic Vibrio spp. at Recreational Beaches of the German North Sea
Simone I. Böer, Ernst-August Heinemeyer, Katrin Luden, René Erler, Gunnar Gerdts, Frank Janssen, Nicole Brennholt
Microbial Ecology.2013; 65(4): 1052. CrossRef
Development of a Real-Time Resistance Measurement for Vibrio parahaemolyticus Detection by the Lecithin-Dependent Hemolysin Gene
Guiming Xiang, Xiaoyun Pu, Dongneng Jiang, Linlin Liu, Chang Liu, Xiaobo Liu, Richard C. Willson
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(8): e72342. CrossRef
Sialic Acid Catabolism and Transport Gene Clusters Are Lineage Specific in Vibrio vulnificus
Jean-Bernard Lubin, Joseph J. Kingston, Nityananda Chowdhury, E. Fidelma Boyd
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2012; 78(9): 3407. CrossRef
Characteristics of a sharp decrease in Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections and seafood contamination in Japan
Yukiko Hara-Kudo, Shihoko Saito, Kayoko Ohtsuka, Shogo Yamasaki, Shunsuke Yahiro, Tomohiro Nishio, Yoshito Iwade, Yoshimitsu Otomo, Hirotaka Konuma, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Hiroshi Nakagawa, Kanji Sugiyama, Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi, Susumu Kumagai
International Journal of Food Microbiology.2012; 157(1): 95. CrossRef
Prevalence and Population Structure of Vibrio vulnificus on Fishes from the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Zhen Tao, Andrea M. Larsen, Stephen A. Bullard, Anita C. Wright, Covadonga R. Arias
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2012; 78(21): 7611. CrossRef
Year round patchiness of Vibrio vulnificus within a temperate Texas bay
S.L.M. Franco, G.J. Swenson, R.A. Long
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2012; 112(3): 593. CrossRef
Apparent Loss of Vibrio vulnificus from North Carolina Oysters Coincides with a Drought-Induced Increase in Salinity
Brett A. Froelich, Tiffany C. Williams, Rachel T. Noble, James D. Oliver
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2012; 78(11): 3885. CrossRef
Ecology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus in the Coastal and Estuarine Waters of Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, and Washington (United States)
Crystal N. Johnson, John C. Bowers, Kimberly J. Griffitt, Vanessa Molina, Rachel W. Clostio, Shaofeng Pei, Edward Laws, Rohinee N. Paranjpye, Mark S. Strom, Arlene Chen, Nur A. Hasan, Anwar Huq, Nicholas F. Noriea, D. Jay Grimes, Rita R. Colwell
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2012; 78(20): 7249. CrossRef
Occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus in the German Bight over a seasonal cycle
Sonja Oberbeckmann, Antje Wichels, Karen H. Wiltshire, Gunnar Gerdts
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2011; 100(2): 291. CrossRef
Temporal and Spatial Variability in Culturable Pathogenic Vibrio spp. in Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita
Olivia D. Nigro, Aixin Hou, Gayatri Vithanage, Roger S. Fujioka, Grieg F. Steward
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2011; 77(15): 5384. CrossRef
Presence of Bacteroidales as a Predictor of Pathogens in Surface Waters of the Central California Coast
Alexander Schriewer, Woutrina A. Miller, Barbara A. Byrne, Melissa A. Miller, Stori Oates, Patricia A. Conrad, Dane Hardin, Hsuan-Hui Yang, Nadira Chouicha, Ann Melli, Dave Jessup, Clare Dominik, Stefan Wuertz
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2010; 76(17): 5802. CrossRef
Quantification and distribution of vibrio species in water from an estuary in Ceará-Brazil impacted by shrimp farming
Renata A Costa, Giselle C Silva, Jackson R. O Peixoto, Gustavo H. F Vieira, Regine H. S. F Vieira
Brazilian Journal of Oceanography.2010; 58(3): 183. CrossRef
Ecology of pathogenic and non‐pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus on the French Atlantic coast. Effects of temperature, salinity, turbidity and chlorophyll a
Deter Julie, Lozach Solen, Véron Antoine, Chollet Jaufrey, Derrien Annick, Hervio‐Heath Dominique
Environmental Microbiology.2010; 12(4): 929. CrossRef
Putative virulence factors identified inVibrio vulnificusstrains isolated from oysters and seawater in Mexico
Elsa I. Quiñones-Ramírez, Ivan Natividad Bonifacio, Miguel Betancourt-Rule, Florina Ramirez-Vives, Carlos Vázquez-Salinas
International Journal of Environmental Health Research.2010; 20(6): 395. CrossRef
Chlorophyll a might structure a community of potentially pathogenic culturable Vibrionaceae. Insights from a one‐year study of water and mussels surveyed on the French Atlantic coast
J. Deter, S. Lozach, A. Derrien, A. Véron, J. Chollet, D. Hervio‐Heath
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2010; 2(1): 185. CrossRef
Benthic ecology of Vibrio spp. and pathogenic Vibrio species in a coastal Mediterranean environment (La Spezia Gulf, Italy)
Luigi Vezzulli, Elisabetta Pezzati, Mariapaola Moreno, Mauro Fabiano, Luigi Pane, Carla Pruzzo
Microbial Ecology.2009; 58(4): 808. CrossRef
Rapid enumeration ofEscherichia coliin marine bathing waters: potential interference of nontarget bacteria
J. Baudart, P. Servais, H. De Paoli, A. Henry, P. Lebaron
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2009; 107(6): 2054. CrossRef

Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov., of the Order Pseudomonadales, Isolated from Arctic Marine Sediment: Yoo Kyung Lee , Soon Gyu Hong , Hyun Hee Cho , Kyeung Hee Cho , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(6):505-509.; DOI: https://doi.org/2644 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: An obligately aerobic bacterium, strain KOPRI 20902T, was isolated from a marine sediment in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen Islands, Norway. Cells were irregular rods and motile with polar monotrichous flagellum. The optimum growth temperature was 17-22°C. Cells grew best in pH 7.0-10.0 and 3-4% sea salts (corresponding to 2.3-3.1% NaCl). The novel strain required Ca2+ or Mg2+ in addition to NaCl for growth. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene revealed that the Arctic isolate is distantly related with established species (<92.4% sequence similarity) and formed a monophyletic group with Cellvibrio, which formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the order Pseudomonadales. Predominant cellular fatty acids [C16:1 ω7c/15:0 iso 2OH (45.3%), C16:0 (18.4%), ECL 11.799 (11.2%), C10:0 3OH (10.4%)]; DNA G+C content (37.0 mol%); nitrate reduction to nitrogen; absence of aesculin hydrolysis, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and esterase; no assimilation of arabinose, galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and trehalose differentiated the strain from the genus Cellvibrio. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, Dasania marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed in the order Pseudomonadales. Strain KOPRI 20902T (=KCTC 12566T=JCM 13441T) is the type strain of Dasania marina.

Phosphate and Carbon Source Regulation of Alkaline Phosphatase and Phospholipase in Vibrio vulnificus: Wan-Seok Oh , Young-Sun Im , Kyu-Young Yeon , Young-Jun Yoon , Jung-Wan Kim; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(4):311-317.; DOI: https://doi.org/2567 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In this study, the effects of phosphate concentration and carbon source on the patterns of alkaline phosphatase (APase) and phospholipase (PLase) expression in Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 29307 were assessed under various conditions. The activities of these enzymes were repressed by excess phosphate (4 mM) in the culture medium, but this repression was reversed upon the onset of phosphate starvation in low phosphate defined medium (LPDM) containing 0.2 mM of phosphate at approximately the end of the exponential growth phase. The expressions of the two enzymes were also influenced by different carbon sources, including glucose, fructose, maltose, glycerol, and sodium acetate at different levels. The APase activity was derepressed most profoundly in LPDM containing fructose as a sole carbon source. However, the repression/derepression of the enzyme by phosphate was not observed in media containing glycerol or sodium acetate. In LPDM-glycerol or sodium acetate, the growth rate was quite low. The highest levels of PLase activity were detected in LPDMsodium acetate, followed by LPDM-fructose. PLase was not fully repressed by high phosphate concentrations when sodium acetate was utilized as the sole carbon source. These results showed that multiple regulatory systems, including the phosphate regulon, may perform a function in the expression of both or either APase and PLC, in the broader context of the survival of V. vulnificus.

pVC, a Small Cryptic Plasmid from the Environmental Isolate of Vibrio cholerae MP-1: Ruifu Zhang , Yanling Wang , Pak Chow Leung , Ji-Dong Gu; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(3):193-198.; DOI: https://doi.org/2543 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: A marine bacterium was isolated from Mai Po Nature Reserve of Hong Kong and identified as Vibrio cholerae MP-1. It contains a small plasmid designated as pVC of 3.8 kb. Four open reading frames (ORFs) are identified on the plasmid, but none of them shows homology to any known protein. Database search indicated that a 440 bp fragment is 96% identical to a fragment found in a small plasmid of another V. cholerae. Further experiments demonstrated that a 2.3 kb EcoRI fragment containing the complete ORF1, partial ORF4 and their intergenic region could self-replicate. Additional analyses revealed that sequence upstream of ORF1 showed the features characteristic of theta type replicons. Protein encoded by ORF1 has two characteristic motifs existed in most replication initiator proteins (Rep): the leucine zipper (LZ) motif located at the N-terminal region and the alpha helix-turn-alpha helix motif (HTH) located at the C-terminal end. The results suggest that pVC replicates via the theta type mechanism and is likely a novel type of theta replicon.

Identification and Characterization of the Vibrio vulnificus rtxA Essential for Cytotoxicity in vitro and Virulence in Mice: Jeong Hyun Lee , Myung Won Kim , Byoung Sik Kim , Seung Min Kim , Byung Cheol Lee , Tae Sung Kim , Sang Ho Choi; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(2):146-152.; DOI: https://doi.org/2520 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: A mutant exhibiting decreased cytotoxic activity toward INT-407 intestinal epithelial cells and carrying a mutation in the rtx gene cluster that consists of rtxCA and rtxBDE operons was screened from a library of V. vulnificus mutants. The functions of the rtxA gene, assessed by constructing an isogenic mutant and evaluating its phenotypic changes, demonstrated that RtxA is essential for the virulence of V. vulnificus in mice as well as in tissue cultures.

The Diversity of Multi-drug Resistance Profiles in Tetracycline-Resistant Vibrio Species Isolated from Coastal Sediments and Seawater: Farzana Ashrafi Neela , Lisa Nonaka , Satoru Suzuki; J. Microbiol. 2007;45(1):64-68.; DOI: https://doi.org/2489 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In this study we examined the multi-drug resistance profiles of the tetracycline (TC) resistant genus Vibrio to determine its susceptibility to two β-lactams, ampicillin (ABPC), and mecillinam (MPC), as well as to macrolide, erythromycin (EM). The results showed various patterns of resistance among strains that were isolated from very close geographical areas during the same year, suggesting diverse patterns of drug resistance in environmental bacteria from this area. In addition, the cross-resistance patterns suggested that the resistance determinants among Vibrio spp. are acquired differently within the sediment and seawater environments.

Vibrio vulnificus Metalloprotease VvpE has no Direct Effect on Iron-uptake from Human Hemoglobin: Hui-Yu Sun , Song-Iy Han , Mi-Hwa Choi , Seong-Jung Kim , Choon-Mee Kim , Sung-Heui Shin; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(5):537-547.; DOI: https://doi.org/2443 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: This study was designed to determine whether or not Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease VvpE can promote iron uptake via the proteolytic cleavage of human hemoglobin. We found that V. vulnificus utilized hemoglobin as an iron source more efficiently via the vulnibactin-mediated iron-uptake system than via the HupA-mediated iron-uptake system and, of the proteases produced by V. vulnificus, VvpE was found to be the only protease capable of destroying hemoglobin. However, VvpE expression, on both the transcriptional and protein levels, was suppressed in iron-limited media. However, vvpE transcription, but not extracellular VvpE production, was reactivated by the addition of hemoglobin or inorganic iron into iron-limited media. Moreover, vvpE transcription began only in the late growth phase when V. vulnificus had already consumed most of the iron for growth. In addition, neither vvpE mutation nor in trans vvpE complementation affected the ability of V. vulnificus to acquire iron or to grow in iron-limited media or in cirrhotic ascites containing hemoglobin. Hemoglobin added into iron-limited media was not destroyed, but gradually formed an insoluble aggregate during culture; this aggregation of hemoglobin occurred regardless of vvpE mutation or complementation. These results indicate that VvpE is not required for efficient iron uptake from hemoglobin. On the contrary, hemoglobin or iron is required for efficient vvpE transcription. In addition, a discrepancy exists between vvpE transcription and extracellular VvpE production in iron-limited media containing inorganic iron or hemoglobin, which suggests that additional unknown posttranscriptional events may be involved in the extracellular production of VvpE.

Swarming Differentiation of Vibrio vulnificus Downregulates the Expression of the vvhBA Hemolysin Gene via the LuxS Quorum-Sensing System: Moon-Young Kim , Ra-Young Park , Mi-Hwa Choi , Hui-Yu Sun , Choon-Mee Kim , Soo-Young Kim , Joon-Haeng Rhee , Sung-Heui Shin; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(2):226-232.; DOI: https://doi.org/2361 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Swarming has proven to be a good in vitro model for bacterial surface adherence and colonization, and the swarming differentiation of a bacterium has been shown to be coupled with changes in the expression of virulence factors associated with its invasiveness, particularly in the early stages of infection. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the expression of vvhA, which encodes for hemolysin/cytolysin (VvhA), is either upregulated or downregulated during the swarming differentiation of V. vulnificus. The insertional inactivation of vvhA itself exerted no detectable effect on the expression of V. vulnificus swarming motility. However, in our lacZ-fused vvhA transcriptional reporter assay, vvhA expression decreased in swarming V. vulnificus as compared to non-swarming or planktonic V. vulnificus. The reduced expression of vvhA in swarming V. vulnificus increased as a result of the deletional inactivation of luxS, a gene associated with quorum sensing. These results show that vvhA expression in swarming V. vulnificus is downregulated via the activity of the LuxS quorum-sensing system, suggesting that VvhA performs no essential role in the invasiveness of V. vulnificus via the adherence to and colonization on the body surfaces required in the early stages of the infection. However, VvhA may play a significant role in the pathophysiological deterioration occurring after swarming V. vulnificus is differentiated into planktonic V. vulnificus.

Journal Articles

Immunization with Major Outer Membrane Protein of Vibrio vulnificus Elicits Protective Antibodies in a Murine Model: Cho-Rok Jung , Min-Jung Park , Moon-Soo Heo; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(5):437-442.; DOI: https://doi.org/2278 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Sera from rabbits were infected with Vibrio vulnificus containing an antibody against major outer membrane protein (MOMP). MOMP of V. vulnificus ATCC 27562 were isolated and purified by Sarkosyl and TritonX-100 dual treatment. Molecular size of MOMP was identified as 36-kDa on 13% SDS-PAGE. The sequence of the first 26 amino acid residues from the N-terminal end of the protein is AELYNQDGTSLDMGGRAEARLSMKDG , which is a perfect match with OmpU of V. vulnificus CMCP6 and YJ016. MOMP specific IgM and IgG were investigated in groups of mice. The group of mice immunized with MOMP and Alum showed higher levels of IgG2b than the group immunized with only MOMP. Vaccination with MOMP resulted in protective antibodies in the mouse infection experiment.

Changes in Membrane Fatty Acid Composition during Entry of Vibrio vulnificus into the Viable But Nonculturable State: Ashley P. Day , James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(2):69-73.; DOI: https://doi.org/2043 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Vibrio vulnificus, a Gram-negative bacterium found in estuarine waters, is responsible for over 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the United States. As a result of a temperature downshift to 5^oC, this organism enters the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state. Changes in the membrane fatty acid (FA) composition of V. vulnificus may be a contributing factor to the ability of this organism to enter into and survive in the VBNC state. This hypothesis was tested by incubating the organism at 5^oC in artificial sea water and analyzing the cells’ FAs during the initial hours of temperature and nutrient downshift. Prior to downshift, the predominant FAs were 16:0, 16:1 and 18:0. During the first four hours of downshift, statistically significant changes occurred in 15:0, 16:1, 16:0, 17:0, and 18:0. These results indicate that changes in FA composition occur prior to entry of V. vulnificus into the VBNC state, suggesting that the ability to maintain membrane fluidity may be a factor in this physiological response. Cells in which fatty acid synthesis was inhibited did not survive, indicating that active fatty acid metabolism is essential for entry of cells into the VBNC state.

The Viable But Nonculturable State of Kanagawa Positive and Negative Strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Tonya C. Bates , James D. Oliver; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(2):74-79.; DOI: https://doi.org/2042 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Ingestion of shellfish-associated Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the primary cause of potentially severe gastroenteritis in many countries. However, only Kanagawa phenomenon (hemolysin) positive (KP^+) strains of V. parahaemolyticus are isolated from patients, whereas >99% of strains isolated from the environment do not produce this hemolysin (i.e. are KP^-). The reasons for these differences are not known. Following a temperature downshift, Vibrio parahaemolyticus enters the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state wherein cells maintain viability but cannot be cultured on routine microbiological media. We speculated that KP^+ and KP^- strains may respond differently to the temperature and salinity conditions of seawater by entering into this state which might account for the low numbers of culturable KP^+ strains isolated from estuarine waters. The response of eleven KP^+ and KP^- strains of V. parahaemolyticus following exposure to a nutrient and temperature downshift in different salinities, similar to conditions encountered in their environment, was examined. The strains included those from which the KP^+ genes had been selectively removed or added. Our results indicated that the ability to produce hemolysin did not affect entrance into the VBNC state. Further, VBNC cells of both biotypes could be restored to the culturable state following an overnight temperature upshift.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

The Influence of NaCl and Carbonylcyanide-m-Chlorophenylhydrazone on the Production of Extracellular Proteases in a Marine Vibrio Strain: Young Jae Kim; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(2):156-159.; DOI: https://doi.org/2028 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In general, the salinity of the ocean is close to 3.5% and marine vibrios possess the respiratory chainlinked Na+ pump. The influence of sodium chloride and the proton conductor carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) on the production of extracellular proteases in a marine Vibrio strain was examined. At the concentration of 0.5 M, sodium chloride minimally inhibited the activity of extracellular proteases by approximately 16%, whereas at the same concentration, the producton of extracellular proteases was severely inhibited. On the other hand, the production of extracellular proteases was completely inhibited by the addition of 2 μM CCCP at pH 8.5, where the respiratory chain-linked Na^+ pump functions.

Identification of hemolysin as one of the important virulent factors in vibrio anguillarum V7: Choe, Young Chool , Jeong, Ga Jin; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):283-288.

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Abstract PDF: We have identified hemolysin rendering virulency of Vibrio anguilarum grown at 23℃ which was evaluated on human RBCs. Hemolysin itself was separated as a single band on non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. Vibrio hemolysin was destroyed by trypsin and proteinase K and was heat labile. Optimal pH for activity was around pH 6 while pI of the molecule was recognized as 5.7, with relative distance (R_f) on non-denaturing gel was 0.7. Addition of EDTA and FeCI₃drew the possibility that the production of hemolysin was mainly induced to overcome iron deficiency inside host animals upon infection.

Physiological characterization of kinetics and action mechanism of vibrio hemolysin: Choe, Young Chool , Jeong, Ga Jin; J. Microbiol. 1995;33(4):289-294.

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Abstract PDF: The action mechanism of hemolysin rendering virulency of Vibrio anguilarum has not clarified as yet, even though there were several possible factors explained. We have studied hemolytic kinetics performed by hemolysin from V. anguillarum strain V7 as well as binding of hemolysin to RBC membrane. Maximal rate of hemolysis and duration of lag phase were directly and inversly correlated to the concentration of hemolysin used. Hemolysin molecules are known to bind consumptively with proper diameter, while other protectants with smaller diameter could not. In conclusion, hemolysin should bind irreversibly to RBC membrane exert hemolysis distorting osmotic pressure. The binding could be hindered by spatial structure of the RBC surfacem which might be caused by sialic acid.

A detection method for vibrio vulnificus using monoclonal antibodies: Chung, Mi Sun , Rim, Bung Moo , Uhm, Tae Boong , Park, Moon Kook; J. Microbiol. 1997;35(2):87-91.

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Abstract PDF: Monoclonal antibodies were prepared in order to an assay method for Vibrio vulnificus. Sixteen mouse ybridoma cell lines were established by immunization of whole cell antigen to BALB/c mice, fusion with SP2/O myeloma cells, and cloning. Most of them secreted IgM.lambda. antibodies. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed with rabbit anti-V. vulnificus polyclonal antibodies as capture antibody, an IgM monoclonal antibody as detector antibody, and goat anti-mouse IgM-alkaline phosphatase conjugate as developer antibody. The range of detection was 10^4 to 10^7 V. vulnificus cells per microplate well. When four related Vibrio species were tested for cross-reactions, V. parahaemolyticus showed 3.5% reactively and V. carchariae, V. fluvialis, and V. furnisii showed negligibal (<1%) cross-reactivity.

Purification and Characterization of Chitinase from a Marine Bacterium, Vibrio sp. 98CJ11027: Shin Hye Park , Jung-Hyun Lee , Hong Kum Lee; J. Microbiol. 2000;38(4):224-229.

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Abstract PDF: Chitin-degrading marine bacterial strain 98CJ11027 was isolated from bryozoa from the coastal area of Cheju Island, Korea, and identified as a member of the genus Vibrio. The molecular mass of the main extracellular chitinase (chitinase I), purified from strain 98CJ11027, was estimated to be 98 kDa. The optimal condition for chitinase I activity is pH 6.0 and 45 C. The activity was inhibited by Fe^+2 and Cu^+2. Chitinase I displayed the hydrolysis type of chitobiosidase and catalyzed reversed hydrolysis leading to the synthesis of tetraacetylchitotetraose.

Characteristics of Urease from Vibrio parahaemolyticus Possessing tdh and trh Genes Isolated in Korea: Young Hee Kim , Jong Sook Kim; J. Microbiol. 2001;39(4):279-285.

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Abstract PDF: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a halophilic bacterium associated with seafood gastroenteritis. An unusual strain of Kanagawa-positive urease producing Vibrio parahaemolyticus O1 : K1 was isolated from the environment and identified. A polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that this strain harbored both the tdh and trh genes. The urease from this strain was studied. Maximum urease production was induced in LB medium containing 0.2% urea, 0.5% glucose, 2% NaCl and pH 5.5 with 6 h of cultivation at 37 C under aeration. Purification of urease was achieved by the process of whole cell lysate, 65% ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange column chromatography, Sepharose CL-6B gel filtration and oxirane activated Sepharose 6B-urea affinity chromatography with 203 fold purification and 2.2% yield. Analysis of the purified enzyme by SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of the subunits with a molecular weight of 85 kDa, 59 kDa, 41 kDa and the molecular weight for the native enzyme by nondenaturing PAGE and gel filtration chromatography was 255 kDa. The purified urease was stable at pH 7.5 and the optimal pH in HEPES buffer was 8.0. The enzyme was stable at 60 C for 2 h with a residual activity of 32%. The addition of 10 uM of NiCl_2 maintained stability for 30 min. The Km value of the purified enzyme was 35.6 mM in urea substrate. The TD_50 (median toxic dose) of the purified urease was 2.5 ug/ml on human leukemia cells.

Respiratory Chain-Linked Components of the Marine Bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus Affect Each Other: Young Jae Kim; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(2):125-128.

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Abstract PDF: The aerobic respiratory chain of Vibrio alginolyticus possesses two different kinds of NADH oxidase systems, i.e., an Na^+ -dependent NADH oxidase system and an Na^+ -independent NADH oxidase system. When deamino-NADH, which is the only substrate for the Na^+ -dependent NADH oxidase system, was used as a substrate, the maximum activities of Na^+ -dependent NADH:quinone oxidoreductase and Na^+ -dependent NADH oxidase were obtained at about 0.06 M and 0.2 M NaCl, respectively. When NADH, which is a substrate for both Na^+ -dependent and Na^+ -independent NADH oxidase systems was used as a substrate, the NADH oxidase activity had a pH optimum at about 8.0. In contrast, when deamino-NADH was used as a substrate, the NADH oxidase activity had a pH optimum at about 9.0. On the other hand, inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from the wild-type bacterium generated only a very small [delta]pH by the NADH oxidase system, whereas inside-out membrane vesicles prepared from Nap1, which is a mutant defective in the Na^+ pump, generated [delta]pH to a considerable extent by the NADH oxidase system. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that the respiratory chain-linked components of V. alginolyticus affect each other.

Rapid Identification of Vibrio vulnificus in Seawater by Real-Time Quantitative TaqMan PCR: Hye-Young Wang , Geon-Hyoung Lee; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(4):320-326.

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Abstract PDF: In order to identify Vibrio vulnificus in the Yellow Sea near Gunsan, Korea during the early and late summers, the efficiency of the real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR was compared to the efficiency of the conventional PCR and Biolog identification system^TM. Primers and a probe were designed from the hemolysin/cytolysin gene sequence of V. vulnificus strains. The number of positive detections by real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR, conventional PCR, and the Biolog identification system from seawater were 53 (36.8%), 36 (25%), and 10 strains (6.9%), respectively, among 144 samples collected from Yellow Sea near Gunsan, Korea. Thus, the detection method of the real-time quantitative TaqMan PCR assay was more effective in terms of accuracy than that of the conventional PCR and Biolog system. Therefore, our results showed that the real-time TaqMan probe and the primer set developed in this study can be applied successfully as a rapid screening tool for the detection of V. vulnificus.

Genotyping of Six Pathogenic Vibrio Species Based on RFLP of 16S rDNAs for Rapid Identification: Young-Jun Yoon , Kyung-Hwan Im , Young-Hwan Koh , Seong-Kon Kim , Jung-Wan Kim; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(4):312-319.

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Abstract PDF: In an attempt to develop a method for rapid and accurate identification of six Vibrio species that are clinically important and most frequently detected in Korea, 16S rDNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of Vibrio type strains, as well as environmental isolates obtained from the Korean coastal area, was analyzed using ten restriction endonucleases. Digestion of the 16S rDNA fragments amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the enzymes gave rise to 2~6 restriction patterns for each digestion for 47 Vibrio strains and isolates. An additional 2~3 restriction patterns were observed for five reference species, including Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Photobacterium phosphoreum, and Plesiomonas shigelloides. A genetic distance tree based on RFLP of the bacterial species correlated well with that based on 16S rDNA sequences. The very small 16S rDNA sequence difference (0.1%) between V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus was resolved clearly by RFLP with a genetic distance of more than 2%. RFLP variation within a species was also detected in the cases of V. parahaemolyticus, V. proteolyticus, and V. vulnificus. According to the RFLP analysis, six Vibrio and five reference species were assigned to 12 genotypes. Using three restriction endonucleases to analyze RFLP proved sufficient to identify the six pathogenic Vibrio species.

Molecular Pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus: Paul A. Gulig , Keri L. Bourdage , Angela M. Starks; J. Microbiol. 2005;43(1):118-131.

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Abstract PDF: Vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic pathogen of humans that has the capability of causing rare, yet devastating disease. The bacteria are naturally present in estuarine environments and frequently contaminate seafoods. Within days of consuming uncooked, contaminated seafood, predisposed individuals can succumb to sepsis. Additionally, in otherwise healthy people, V. vulnificus causes wound infection that can require amputation or lead to sepsis. These diseases share the characteristics that the bacteria multiply extremely rapidly in host tissues and cause extensive damage. Despite the analysis of virulence for over 20 years using a combination of animal and cell culture models, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms by which V. vulnificus causes disease. This is in part because of differences observed using animal models that involve infection with bacteria versus injection of toxins. However, the increasing use of genetic analysis coupled with detailed animal models is revealing new insight into the pathogenesis of V. vulnificus disease.

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