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- Antibiotic hybrids: A promising strategy to replenish the pipeline and combat antimicrobial resistance
- Yeongseo Lee, Yeo Jin Kim, Minhee Oh, Joon-Ho Lee, Saemee Song, Jaesung Kwak
- Received October 13, 2025 Accepted December 24, 2025 Published online February 25, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2510006 [Epub ahead of print]
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Abstract
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an ongoing threat to global health, with the number of deaths directly attributable to AMR projected to rise to 8 million. One of the main reasons for the current crisis is the depletion of antibiotic candidates in clinical pipelines. To address this, more preclinical candidates must be advanced into development. However, the scientific challenges and limited economic incentives associated with antibiotic research have further aggravated the situation. Antibiotic hybrids, which combine two antibiotics with different modes of action, have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome AMR and are already being developed for clinical use. This approach takes advantage of the strong selective pressure exerted when two bactericidal agents act simultaneously. Importantly, because hybrids are administered as a single chemical entity, they may offer advantages over conventional combination therapies, such as simplified pharmacokinetics and dosing. Furthermore, since clinically validated antibiotics are used as the building blocks of hybrids, this strategy provides an efficient platform for generating new lead compounds. Recently, the concept of antibiotic hybrids has expanded beyond antibiotic–antibiotic conjugates to include the attachment of functional molecules designed to mitigate the disadvantages of the parent antibiotics. In this review, we summarize the definition of antibiotic hybrids, highlight representative compounds that have entered clinical evaluation, and discuss recent advances in their development.
- The Identification of a Novel Pleurotus ostreatus dsRNA Virus and Determination of the Distribution of Viruses in Mushroom Spores
- Yeo Jin Kim , Ji Yeon Kim , Ji Hye Kim , Seon Mee Yoon , Young-Bok Yoo , Se Won Yie
- J. Microbiol. 2008;46(1):95-99.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0171-y
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- 12 Crossref
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Abstract
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- Double-stranded RNAs and virus particles were identified in Pleurotus ostreatus strain Shin-Nong in Korea. Isometric virus particles with a diameter of 33 nm were purified, which are similar to other Pleurotus viruses reported previously. This strain contains 5 dsRNAs, 8.0, 2.5, 2.4, 2.0, and 1.8 kb in size. The virus particles contain 2 dsRNAs, designated RNA-1 (2.5 kb), and RNA-2 (2.4 kb) which is a typical pattern of Partitiviridae. A non-encapsidated dsRNA of about 8.0 kb also was identified. Partial cDNA from RNA-1 was cloned, and sequence analysis revealed that this gene codes for RdRp. The comparison of the sequence from partial cDNA clone showed 35% amino acid homology with the C-terminal end of the RdRp gene of Helicobasidum mompa virus and Rosalinia necatrix virus. Specific primers designed from the partial sequences successfully amplified RT-PCR product from the infected mycelium and a single spore culture. We used these primers to determine the pattern of distribution of viruses in spores. Of the 96 different single spore cultures generated from Shin-Nong strain, a specific RT-PCR product was identified in 25 cultures, indicating that about 26% of basidiospores contain viruses.
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