Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been identified as an important
causative agent of airway infection, mainly in cystic fibrosis.
This disease is characterized by defective mucociliary clearance
induced in part by mucus hyper-production. Mucin is
a major component of airway mucus and is heavily O-glycosylated,
with a protein backbone. Airway infection is known
to be established with bacterial adhesion to mucin. However,
the genes involved in mucin degradation or utilization remain
elusive. In this study, we sought to provide a genetic basis of
P. aeruginosa airway growth by identifying those genes. First,
using RNASeq analyses, we compared genome-wide expression
profiles of PAO1, a prototype P. aeruginosa laboratory
strain, grown in M9-mucin (M9M) and M9-glucose (M9G)
media. Additionally, a PAO1 transposon (Tn) insertion mutants
library was screened for mutants defective in growth
in M9M medium. One mutant with a Tn insertion in the
xcpU gene (PA3100) was determined to exhibit faulty growth
in M9M medium. This gene contributes to the type II secretion
system, suggesting that P. aeruginosa uses this secretion
system to produce a number of proteins to break down and
assimilate the mucin molecule. Furthermore, we screened
the PAO1 genome for genes with protease activity. Of 13 mutants,
one with mutation in PA3247 gene exhibited defective
growth in M9M, suggesting that the PA3247-encoded protease
plays a role in mucin utilization. Further mechanistic
dissection of this particular process will reveal new drug targets,
the inhibition of which could control recalcitrant P. aeruginosa
infections.
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Citrobacter rodentium
possesses a functional type II secretion system necessary for successful host infection
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease manifested by significantly impaired airflow, afflicts ~14.2 million cases in the United States alone with an estimated 63 million people world-wide. Although there are a number of causes, the predominant cause is excessive tobacco smoke. In fact, in China, there have been estimates of 315,000,000 people that smoke. Other less frequent causes are associated with indirect cigarette smoke, air pollutants, biomass fuels, and genetic mutations. COPD is often associated with heart disease, lung cancer, osteoporosis and conditions can worsen in patients with sudden falls. COPD also affects both innate and adaptive immune processes. Cigarette smoke increases the expression of matrix metalloproteases and proinflammatory chemokines and increases lung titers of natural killer cells and neutrophils. Yet, neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by the phagocytic respiratory burst and phagocytosis is impaired by nicotine. In contrast to innate immunity in COPD, dendritic cells represent leukocytes recruited to the lung that link the innate immune responses to adaptive immune responses by activating naïve T cells through antigen presentation. The autoimmune process that is also a significant part of inflammation associated with COPD. Moreover, coupled with restricted FEV1 values, are the prevalence of patients with single or multiple infections by bacteria, viruses and fungi. Finally, we focus on one of the more problematic infectious agents, the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogenic bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Specifically, we delve into the development of highly problematic biofilm infections that are highly refractory to conventional antibiotic therapies in COPD. We offer a nonconventional, biocidal treatment that may be effective for COPD airway infections as well as with combinations of current antibiotic regimens for more effective treatment outcomes and relief for patients with COPD.
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