Journal of Microbiology

Review

Structural Insights into the Lipopolysaccharide Transport (Lpt) System as a Novel Antibiotic Target: Yurim Yoon, Saemee Song; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(4):261-275. Published online May 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00137-w

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Abstract: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a critical component of the extracellular leaflet within the bacterial outer membrane, forming an effective physical barrier against environmental threats in Gram-negative bacteria. After LPS is synthesized and matured in the bacterial cytoplasm and the inner membrane (IM), LPS is inserted into the outer membrane (OM) through the ATP-driven LPS transport (Lpt) pathway, which is an energy-intensive process. A trans-envelope complex that contains seven Lpt proteins (LptA-LptG) is crucial for extracting LPS from the IM and transporting it across the periplasm to the OM. The last step in LPS transport involves the mediation of the LptDE complex, facilitating the insertion of LPS into the outer leaflet of the OM. As the Lpt system plays an essential role in maintaining the impermeability of the OM via LPS decoration, the interactions between these interconnected subunits, which are meticulously regulated, may be potential targets for the development of new antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of current research concerning the structural interactions within the Lpt system and their implications to clarify the function and regulation of LPS transport in the overall process of OM biogenesis. Additionally, we explored studies on the development of therapeutic inhibitors of LPS transport, the factors that limit success, and future prospects.

Journal Articles

Coumarin-based combined computational study to design novel drugs against Candida albicans: Akhilesh Kumar Maurya , Nidhi Mishra; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1201-1207. Published online November 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2279-5

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Candida species cause the most prevalent fungal illness, candidiasis. Candida albicans is known to cause bloodstream infections. This species is a commensal bacterium, but it can cause hospital–acquired diseases, particularly in COVID-19 patients with impaired immune systems. Candida infections have increased in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Coumarins are both naturally occurring and synthetically produced. In this study, the biological activity of 40 coumarin derivatives was used to create a three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model. The training and test minimum inhibitory concentration values of C. albicans active compounds were split, and a regression model based on statistical data was established. This model served as a foundation for the creation of coumarin derivative QSARs. This is a unique way to create new therapeutic compounds for various ailments. We constructed novel structural coumarin derivatives using the derived QSAR model, and the models were confirmed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation.

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Coumarin derivatives ameliorate the intestinal inflammation and pathogenic gut microbiome changes in the model of infectious colitis through antibacterial activity
Hui-su Jung, Yei Ju Park, Bon-Hee Gu, Goeun Han, Woonhak Ji, Su mi Hwang, Myunghoo Kim
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Therapeutic Effects of Coumarins with Different Substitution Patterns
Virginia Flores-Morales, Ana P. Villasana-Ruíz, Idalia Garza-Veloz, Samantha González-Delgado, Margarita L. Martinez-Fierro
Molecules.2023; 28(5): 2413. CrossRef
Cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes combined with fluconazole: antifungal activity against resistant C. albicans
Jun-Jian Lu, Zhi-Chang Xu, Hou Zhu, Lin-Yuan Zhu, Xiu-Rong Ma, Rui-Rui Wang, Rong-Tao Li, Rui-Rong Ye
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Assessing the microcystins concentration through optimized protein phosphatase inhibition assay in environmental samples: Kyoung-Hee Oh , Kung-Min Beak , Yuna Shin , Young-Cheol Cho; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(6):602-609. Published online April 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2020-4

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Abstract

Protein phosphatase (PPase) inhibition assay (PPIA) is widely used to analyze the concentration of microcystins (MCs) because it is comparatively less expensive and faster than other assays. This study aimed to optimize the PPIA by determining a suitable reaction terminator and an optimal methanol concentration in the sample. The most suitable reaction time was 90 min, with the corresponding methanol concentration in the sample being 15% or less. When p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) was used as a substrate, copper chloride solution was suitably used as a reaction terminator, and when 4- methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MUP) was used, a glycine buffer not only increased the measurement sensitivity of the reaction product but also terminated the enzymatic reaction. When PPase 1 and MUP were used as an enzyme and a substrate, respectively, the limit of quantitation for MC-leucine/ arginine (LR) was 0.02 μg/L, whereas it was 0.1 μg/L when pNPP was used as a substrate. The proposed method facilitated the measurement of MC-LR concentration without additional pretreatments, such as concentration or purification; therefore, this method was suitable and feasible for the continuous monitoring of MCs in drinking water.

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Analyzing MC-LR distribution characteristics in natural lakes by a novel fluorescence technology
Xiangyu Hu, Zhaomin Wang, Xiao Ye, Ping Xie, Yong Liu
Environmental Pollution.2024; 342: 123123. CrossRef
Magnetic solid phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection based on assembled magnetic covalent organic frameworks for selective extraction and detection of microcystins in aquatic foods
Tianliang Wang, Hongzhen Xie, Yuting Cao, Qing Xu, Ning Gan
Journal of Chromatography A.2022; 1685: 463614. CrossRef

Review

Coordinated regulation of interferon and inflammasome signaling pathways by SARS-CoV-2 proteins: Na-Eun Kim , Yoon-Jae Song; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(3):300-307. Published online January 28, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1502-8

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Abstract

Type I and III interferons (IFNs) and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. While optimal IFN and inflammasome responses are essential for limiting SARS-CoV-2 infection, aberrant activation of these innate immune responses is associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. In this review, we focus our discussion on recent findings on SARS-CoV-2-induced type I and III IFNs and NLRP3 inflammasome responses and the viral proteins regulating these mechanisms.

Citations

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The impact of polymorphic variants of interferon receptor genes on COVID-19 severity and antibiotic resistance
E. A. Krieger, O. V. Samodova, O. A. Svitich, R. V. Samoilikov, E. A. Meremianina, L. V. Ivanova, N. A. Bebyakova, E. N. Ilina, A. V. Pavlenko, Yu. I. Esin, A. L. Arkhipova, S. N. Kovalchuk, A. V. Kudryavtsev
Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity.2024; 13(6): 1027. CrossRef
SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 as a Modulator of Cytokine Induction: Evidence and Search for Molecular Mechanisms
Marília Inês Móvio, Giovana Waner Carneiro de Almeida, Isabella das Graças Lopes Martines, Gilmara Barros de Lima, Sergio Daishi Sasaki, Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara, Emma Poole, Michael Nevels, Maria Cristina Carlan da Silva
Viruses.2024; 16(1): 161. CrossRef
Sensing of viral lung infections by cGAS-STING
Lei Fang, Michael Roth
Exploration of Immunology.2022; : 303. CrossRef
Two years of COVID-19 pandemic: where are we now?
Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology.2022; 60(3): 235. CrossRef
The Potential of Purinergic Signaling to Thwart Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2
Davide Ferrari, Michele Rubini, Jorge S. Burns
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Journal Articles

The relationship between bacterial diversity and organic carbon mineralization in soft rock and sand compound soil: Zhen Guo , Juan Li , Lei Ge , Chenxi Yang , Jichang Han; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(9):750-760. Published online July 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0130-4

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Abstract

The soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization rate in sandy soil plays an important role in improving soil quality, and a research is needed to determine management practices that optimize the mineralization rate. When sandy soil is improved by adding soft rock, the specific promotion process of bacterium to SOC mineralization remain unclear. To investigate these mechanisms, we selected four treatments with soft rock to sand volume ratios of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (C1), 1:2 (C2) and 1:1 (C3) to study. The mineralization rate of organic carbon was measured using the lye absorption method. Highthroughput sequencing and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the bacterial community structure and soil microstructure, respectively. The results showed that the organic carbon content of the sandy soil increased significantly (182.22–276.43%) after using the soft rock treatments. The SOC mineralization rate could be divided into two stages: a rapid decline during days 1–8 and a slow decline during days 8–60. With increased incubation time, the intensity of the cumulative release of organic carbon gradually weakened. Compared with the CK treatment, the SOC mineralization accumulation (Ct) and the potential mineralizable organic carbon content (C0) in the C1, C2, and C3 treatments increased significantly, by 106.98–225.94% and 112.22– 254.08%, respectively. The cumulative mineralization rate (Cr) was 18.11% and 21.38% smaller with treatments C2 and C3, respectively. The SOC mineralization rate constant (k) decreased significantly after the addition of soft rock, while the half-turnover period (Th) changed inversely with k. Compared with the CK treatment, the number of gene copies of the soil bacteria increased by 15.38–272.53% after adding soft rock, with the most significant increase in treatment C3. The bacterial diversity index also increased significantly under treatment C3. The three dominant bacteria were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Chloroflexi. The correlation between Cr and one of the non-dominant bacteria, Firmicutes, was large, and the bacteria had a significant positive correlation with k. At the same time, the abundance of Firmicutes under treatments C2 and C3 was small. As the proportion of soft rock increased, the soil particles changed from point contact to surface contact, and the adhesion on the surface of the particles gradually increased. Results from this study show that the retention time of SOC can be increased and the carbon sequestration effect is better when the ratio of soft rock to sand is set to 1:2.

Citations

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Siltation of check dams alters microbial communities and thus limits organic carbon mineralization
Xiaojun Liu, Yi Zhang, Peng Li, Lie Xiao
Soil and Tillage Research.2024; 236: 105949. CrossRef
Tree species mixing enhances rhizosphere soil organic carbon mineralization of conifers in subtropical plantations
Wen-Qing Li, Zi-Jun Wu, Ying-Ying Zong, G. Geoff Wang, Fu-Sheng Chen, Yuan-Qiu Liu, Jian-Jun Li, Xiang-Min Fang
Forest Ecology and Management.2022; 516: 120238. CrossRef
Response of soil structure and crop yield to soft rock in Mu Us sandy land, China
Jian Zhang, Zhen Guo
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

The effects of deletion of cellobiohydrolase genes on carbon source-dependent growth and enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis in Trichoderma reesei: Meibin Ren , Yifan Wang , Guoxin Liu , Bin Zuo , Yuancheng Zhang , Yunhe Wang , Weifeng Liu , Xiangmei Liu , Yaohua Zhong; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(8):687-695. Published online June 10, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9630-5

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Abstract

The saprophytic fungus Trichoderma reesei has long been used as a model to study microbial degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. The major cellulolytic enzymes of T. reesei are the cellobiohydrolases CBH1 and CBH2, which constitute more than 70% of total proteins secreted by the fungus. However, their physiological functions and effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose substrates are not sufficiently elucidated. Here, the cellobiohydrolase-encoding genes cbh1 and cbh2 were deleted, individually or combinatively, by using an auxotrophic marker-recycling technique in T. reesei. When cultured on media with different soluble carbon sources, all three deletion strains (Δcbh1, Δcbh2, and Δcbh1Δcbh2) exhibited no dramatic variation in morphological phenotypes, but their growth rates increased apparently when cultured on soluble cellulase-inducing carbon sources. In addition, Δcbh1 showed dramatically reduced growth and Δcbh1Δcbh2 could hardly grew on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), whereas all strains grew equally on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), suggesting that the influence of the CBHs on growth was carbon source-dependent. Moreover, five representative cellulose substrates were used to analyse the influence of the absence of CBHs on saccharification efficiency. CBH1 deficiency significantly affected the enzymatic hydrolysis rates of various cellulose substrates, where acid pre-treated corn stover (PCS) was influenced the least. CBH2 deficiency reduced the hydrolysis of MCC, PCS, and acid pre-treated and delignified corncob but improved the hydrolysis ability of filter paper. These results demonstrate the specific contributions of CBHs to the hydrolysis of different types of biomass, which could facilitate the development of tailor-made strains with highly efficient hydrolysis enzymes for certain biomass types in the biofuel industry.

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An efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system based on a multiple sgRNA processing platform in Trichoderma reesei for strain improvement and enzyme production
Jiaxin Zhang, Kehang Li, Yu Sun, Cheng Yao, Weifeng Liu, Hong Liu, Yaohua Zhong
Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcriptome-wide analysis of a superior xylan degrading isolate Penicillium oxalicum 5–18 revealed active lignocellulosic degrading genes
Shuang Hu, Pei Han, Bao-Teng Wang, Long Jin, Hong-Hua Ruan, Feng-Jie Jin
Archives of Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Engineering the secretome of Aspergillus niger for cellooligosaccharides production from plant biomass
Fernanda Lopes de Figueiredo, Fabiano Jares Contesini, César Rafael Fanchini Terrasan, Jaqueline Aline Gerhardt, Ana Beatriz Corrêa, Everton Paschoal Antoniel, Natália Sayuri Wassano, Lucas Levassor, Sarita Cândida Rabelo, Telma Teixeira Franco, Uffe Hasb
Microbial Cell Factories.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Constitutive overexpression of cellobiohydrolase 2 in Trichoderma reesei reveals its ability to initiate cellulose degradation
Yubo Wang, Meibin Ren, Yifan Wang, Lu Wang, Hong Liu, Mei Shi, Yaohua Zhong
Engineering Microbiology.2023; 3(1): 100059. CrossRef
Inducer-free recombinant protein production in Trichoderma reesei: secretory production of endogenous enzymes and heterologous nanobodies using glucose as the sole carbon source
Toshiharu Arai, Mayumi Wada, Hiroki Nishiguchi, Yasushi Takimura, Jun Ishii
Microbial Cell Factories.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The Influence of Trctf1 Gene Knockout by CRISPR–Cas9 on Cellulase Synthesis by Trichoderma reesei with Various Soluble Inducers
Yudian Chen, Yushan Gao, Zancheng Wang, Nian Peng, Xiaoqin Ran, Tingting Chen, Lulu Liu, Yonghao Li
Fermentation.2023; 9(8): 746. CrossRef
The effect of cellobiohydrolase 1 gene knockout for composition and hydrolytic activity of the enzyme complex secreted by filamentous fungus Penicillium verruculosum
Valeriy Yu. Kislitsin, Andrey M. Chulkin, Ivan N. Zorov, Yuri А. Denisenko, Arkadiy P. Sinitsyn, Alexandra M. Rozhkova
Bioresource Technology Reports.2022; 18: 101023. CrossRef
Deciphering the efficient cellulose degradation by the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila focused on the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases
Xing Qin, Jiahuan Zou, Kun Yang, Jinyang Li, Xiaolu Wang, Tao Tu, Yuan Wang, Bin Yao, Huoqing Huang, Huiying Luo
Bioresource Technology.2022; 364: 128027. CrossRef

Review

MINIREVIEW] Bacterial persistence: Fundamentals and clinical importance: Sung-Hee Jung , Choong-Min Ryu , Jun-Seob Kim; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(10):829-835. Published online August 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9218-0

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Abstract

The threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is increasing worldwide. Bacteria utilize persistence and resistance to survive antibiotic stress. For a long time, persistence has been studied only under laboratory conditions. Hence, studies of bacterial persistence are limited. Recently, however, the high incidence of infection relapses caused by persister cells in immunocompromised patients has emphasized the importance of persister research. Furthermore, persister pathogens are one of the causes of chronic infectious diseases, leading to the overuse of antibiotics and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, understanding the precise mechanism of persister formation is important for continued use of available antibiotics. In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of the persister studies published to date and the current knowledge of persister formation mechanisms. Recent studies of the features and mechanisms of persister formation are analyzed from the perspective of the nature of the persister cell.

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Katia Ospino, Beny Spira
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Julio Adrián Martínez-Meléndez, Francisca Espiricueta-Candelaria, Flora Eduarda Cruz-López
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Flora Cruz-López, Adrián Martínez-Meléndez, Elvira Garza-González
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Yunchao Zhao, Tian Huang, Xiaodi Zhang, Yuanbo Cui, Lili Zhang, Linlin Li, Zhong Lin Wang
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Ariana S. C. Gonçalves, Miguel M. Leitão, Manuel Simões, Anabela Borges
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Xiaohan Zhai, Guoyu Wu, Xufeng Tao, Shilei Yang, Linlin Lv, Yanna Zhu, Deshi Dong, Hong Xiang
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Jia Xin Yee, Juhyun Kim, Jinki Yeom
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Mohammed F. Al Marjani, Haneen N. Mohammed, Israa M.S. Al-Kadmy, Sarah Naji Aziz
Reviews and Research in Medical Microbiology.2023; 34(2): 110. CrossRef
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Beatriz Miguelena Chamorro, Karelle De Luca, Gokul Swaminathan, Stéphanie Longet, Egbert Mundt, Stéphane Paul
Clinical Microbiology Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Heliyon.2023; 9(9): e19287. CrossRef
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Adrián Martínez-Meléndez, Rayo Morfin-Otero, Licet Villarreal-Treviño, Simon D. Baines, Adrián Camacho-Ortíz, Elvira Garza-González
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Hugo Mathé-Hubert, Rafika Amia, Mikaël Martin, Joël Gaffé, Dominique Schneider
Antibiotics.2022; 11(4): 451. CrossRef
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Mohit Yadav, Jitendra Singh Rathore
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Larissa Vieira Costa, Janaina Marcela Assunção Rosa Moreira, Isabela de Godoy Menezes, Valéria Dutra, Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida
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Adrián Martínez-Meléndez, Rayo Morfin-Otero, Licet Villarreal-Treviño, Simon D. Baines, Adrián Camacho-Ortíz, Elvira Garza-González
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Characterization of the Bacterial Biofilm Communities Present in Reverse-Osmosis Water Systems for Haemodialysis
Juan-Pablo Cuevas, Ruben Moraga, Kimberly Sánchez-Alonzo, Cristian Valenzuela, Paulina Aguayo, Carlos T. Smith, Apolinaria García, Ítalo Fernandez, Víctor L Campos
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Danfeng Zhang, Yuanqing Hu, Qiuqiang Zhu, Jiafu Huang, Yiyun Chen
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Treatment strategies targeting persister cell formation in bacterial pathogens
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Journal Article

Comparative analysis of bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of tomato by culture-dependent and -independent approaches: Shin Ae Lee , Jiyoung Park , Bora Chu , Jeong Myeong Kim , Jae-Ho Joa , Mee Kyung Sang , Jaekyeong Song , Hang-Yeon Weon; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(12):823-831. Published online November 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6410-3

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Abstract

The microbiome in the rhizosphere–the region surrounding plant roots–plays a key role in plant growth and health, enhancing nutrient availability and protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. To assess bacterial diversity in the tomato rhizosphere, we performed two contrasting approaches: culture-dependent and -independent. In the culturedependent approach, two culture media (Reasoner’s 2A agar and soil extract agar) were supplemented with 12 antibiotics for isolating diverse bacteria from the tomato rhizosphere by inhibiting predominant bacteria. A total of 689 bacterial isolates were clustered into 164 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at 97% sequence similarity, and these were found to belong to five bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, and Firmicutes). Of these, 122 OTUs were retrieved from the antibiotic-containing media, and 80 OTUs were recovered by one specific antibiotic-containing medium. In the culture-independent approach, we conducted Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and obtained 19,215 high-quality sequences, which clustered into 478 OTUs belonging to 16 phyla. Among the total OTUs from the MiSeq dataset, 22% were recovered in the culture collection, whereas 41% of OTUs in the culture collection were not captured by MiSeq sequencing. These
results
showed that antibiotics were effective in isolating various taxa that were not readily isolated on antibiotic-free media, and that both contrasting approaches provided complementary information to characterize bacterial diversity in the tomato rhizosphere.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] Nontraditional Therapies to Treat Helicobacter pylori Infection: Morris O. Makobongo , Jeremy J. Gilbreath , D. Scott Merrell; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(4):259-272. Published online March 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3603-5

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Abstract

The Gram-negative pathogen Helicobacter pylori is increasingly more resistant to the three major antibiotics (metronidazole, clarithromycin and amoxicillin) that are most commonly used to treat infection. As a result, there is an increased rate of treatment failure; this translates into an overall higher cost of treatment due to the need for increased length of treatment and/or the requirement for combination or sequential therapy. Given the rise in antibiotic resistance, the complicated treatment regime, and issues related to patient compliance that stem from the duration and complexity of treatment, there is clearly a pressing need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat H. pylori infection. As such, researchers are actively investigating the utility of antimicrobial peptides, small molecule inhibitors and naturopathic therapies. Herein we review and discuss each of these novel approaches as a means to target this important gastric pathogen.

Citations

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Isolation and Identification of Lipopeptide Antibiotics from Paenibacillus elgii B69 with Inhibitory Activity Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Rui Ding , Xue-Chang Wu , Chao-Dong Qian , Yi Teng , Ou Li , Zha-Jun Zhan , Yu-Hua Zhao; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(6):942-949. Published online December 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1153-7

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Abstract: Two lipopeptide antibiotics, pelgipeptins C and D, were isolated from Paenibacillus elgii B69 strain. The molecular masses of the two compounds were both determined to be 1,086 Da. Mass-spectrometry, amino acid analysis and NMR spectroscopy indicated that pelgipeptin C was the same compound as BMY-28160, while pelgipeptin D was identified as a new antibiotic of the polypeptin family. These two peptides were active against all the tested microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Time-kill assays demonstrated that pelgipeptin D exhibited rapid and effective bactericidal action against MRSA at 4×MIC. Based on acute toxicity test, the intraperitoneal LD50 value of pelgipeptin D was slightly higher than that of the structurally related antimicrobial agent polymyxin B. Pelgipeptins are highly potent antibacterial and antifungal agents, particularly against MRSA, and warrant further investigation as possible therapeutic agents for bacteria infections resistant to currently available antibiotics.

Journal Article

Macrolide Resistance and In Vitro Selection of Resistance to Antibiotics in Lactobacillus Isolates: Lorenzo Drago , Roberto Mattina , Lucia Nicola , Valentina Rodighiero , Elena De Vecchi; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(4):651-656. Published online September 2, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0470-1

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Abstract: Spreading of resistance to antibiotics is of great concern due to the increasing rate of isolation of multiresistant pathogens. Since commensal bacteria may transfer determinants of resistance to pathogens, studies on development of resistance should include also lactobacilli. Resistance to macrolides, penicillins and tetracycline was determined in 40 isolates of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactobacillus casei isolated from faeces of apparently healthy volunteers. Frequency of mutation and changes in susceptibility after serial exposure to these antibiotics at concentrations of 4× and 8× MIC were evaluated in susceptible isolates. Acquired resistance was defined as an increment in MIC values of at least four times in respect to the pre-selection values. Resistance to macrolides and/or tetracycline was identified in 14 and 4 isolates, respectively. ermB gene and A2058G mutation in 23S rRNA were detected in macrolide resistant isolates. Frequencies of mutation of susceptible isolates (n=26) were lower for ampicillin and erythromycin than for tetracycline. Serial exposure to antibiotics led to selection of resistant mutants. However, acquired resistance was rather unstable and was lost after subcultures in antibiotic-free medium in most mutants. Resistance to erythromycin was associated to a A2058G mutation in 23S rRNA. In conclusion,
results
indicate that resistance to macrolides and tetracycline is present among intestinal lactobacilli. Decrease in susceptibility following serial exposure to antibiotics might occur in lactobacilli, in a strain- and antibiotic- dependent way. Since lactobacilli are often used as probiotics, their ability to acquire resistance should be evaluated for isolates candidate to be included in probiotics based products.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Modulation of Secreted Virulence Factor Genes by Subinhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Lixin Shen , Ying Shi , Dan Zhang , Jinhua Wei , Michael G. Surette , Kangmin Duan; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(4):441-447. Published online August 31, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0054-x

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Abstract: Recent studies have shown that subinhibitory antibiotics play important roles in regulating bacterial genes including virulence factor genes. In this study, the expression of 13 secreted virulence related gene clusters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important opportunistic pathogen, was examined in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of 4 antibiotics: vancomycin, tetracycline, ampicilin and azithromycin. Activation of gene expression was observed with phzA1, rhlAB, phzA2, lasB, exoY, and exoS. Subinhibitory concentrations of vancomycin resulted in more than 10-fold increase of rhlAB and phzA2 transcription. Both rhamnolipid production and pyocyanin production were significantly elevated, correlating phenotypes with the increased transcription. P. aeruginosa swarming and swimming motility also increased. Similar results were observed with subinhibitory tetracycline, azithromycin and ampicillin. These results indicate that the antibiotics at low concentrations can up-regulate virulence factors and therefore influence bacterial pathogenesis.

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