Dengue, caused by four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is the most prevalent and widely mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been reported in over 100 countries, and approximately half of the world's population is now at risk. The paucity of universally licensed DENV vaccines highlights the urgent need to address this public health concern. Action and atten-tion to antibody-dependent enhancement increase the difficulty of vaccine development. With the worsen-ing dengue fever epidemic, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Qdenga® (TAK-003) have been approved for use in specific populations in affected areas. However, these vaccines do not provide a balanced immune response to all four DENV serotypes and the vaccination cannot cover all populations. There is still a need to develop a safe, broad-spectrum, and effective vaccine to address the increasing number of dengue cases worldwide. This review provides an overview of the existing DENV vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on DENV vaccine development, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in the field.
Helicobacter pylori, present in the stomach lining, is a Gramnegative
bacterium that causes various gastrointestinal diseases,
including gastritis and peptic ulcers. Propolis is a natural
resinous substance collected from a variety of plants,
and contains several natural bioactive substances. The aim of
this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative
effects of Korean propolis on H. pylori-induced damage
in the human adenocarcinoma gastric cell line. The propolis
used in this study was obtained from the Korea Beekeeping
Association in South Korea. The expression of pro-inflammatory
interleukins (ILs), such as IL-8, IL-12, IL-1β, tumor
necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible
nitric oxide synthase, which was increased after H. pylori infection,
significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner
upon pretreatment with Korean propolis, because of the suppression
of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear
factor κB pathway. The anti-oxidative activity of propolis was
assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free
radical assay. Korean propolis showed significant anti-oxidative
effects via reactive oxygen species scavenging. In addition,
pretreatment with Korean propolis upregulated the
expression of anti-oxidant enzymes through Nrf2 signaling
activation. These findings indicate that the use of Korean propolis,
which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects,
can be promising for the prevention of H. pylori-induced gastric
damage.
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