Journal of Microbiology

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Physiological roles of catalases Cat1 and Cat2 in Myxococcus xanthus: Kimura Yoshio , Yuri Yoshioka , Kie Toshikuni; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1168-1177. Published online October 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2277-7

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Catalases are key antioxidant enzymes in aerobic organisms. Myxococcus xanthus expresses two monofunctional catalases, small-subunit Cat1 and large-subunit Cat2. The Km of H2O2 for recombinant Cat1 and Cat2 were 14.0 and 9.0 mM, respectively, and the catalytic efficiency of Cat2 (kcat/Km = 500 sec-1 mM-1) was 4-fold higher than that of Cat1. The activity ratio of Cat1 to Cat2 in the exponential growth phase of M. xanthus was 1 to 3–4. A Cat1-deficient strain was constructed, whereas a Cat2-deficient strain could not be produced. In H2O2-supplemented medium, the cat1 mutant exhibited marked growth retardation and a longer generation time than the wild-type (wt) strain. After 2 h of incubation in 0.5 mM H2O2-supplemented medium, the catalase activity of the wt strain significantly increased (by 64-fold), but that of the cat1 mutant strain did not. Under starvation-induced developmental conditions, catalase activity was induced by approximately 200-fold in both wt and cat1 strains, although in the mutant the activity increase as well as spore formation occurred one day later, indicating that the induction of catalase activity during starvation was due to Cat2. In wt starved cells, catalase activity was not induced by H2O2. These results suggest that Cat2 is the primary housekeeping catalase during M. xanthus growth and starvation-induced development, whereas Cat1 may have a complementary role, being responsible for the rapid degradation of H2O2 in proliferating vegetative cells subjected to oxidative stress.

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Enzymatic characterization of five thioredoxins and a thioredoxin reductase from Myxococcus xanthus
Ryota Tanifuji, Yoshio Kimura
FEMS Microbiology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Overexpression of cat2 restores antioxidant properties and production traits in degenerated strains of Volvariella volvacea
Jianing Zhu, Wenpei Wang, Wanhe Sun, Yuanxi Lei, Qiangfei Tan, Gahong Zhao, Jianmin Yun, Fengyun Zhao
Free Radical Biology and Medicine.2024; 215: 94. CrossRef
Alleviation of H2O2 toxicity by extracellular catalases in the phycosphere of Microcystis aeruginosa
Yerim Park, Wonjae Kim, Yeji Cha, Minkyung Kim, Woojun Park
Harmful Algae.2024; 137: 102680. CrossRef
Cis-3-Indoleacrylic Acid: A Nematicidal Compound from Streptomyces youssoufiensis YMF3.862 as V-ATPase Inhibitor on Meloidogyne incognita
Min Chen, Ying Huang, Li Ma, Jian-Jin Liu, Yi Cao, Pei-Ji Zhao, Ming-He Mo
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2024; 72(44): 24347. CrossRef
Broad-spectrum ROS autonomous scavenging polysaccharide-based vehicle to improve the bioactivity of blueberry anthocyanidins through intestinal synergistic mucoadhesion
Jingwen Xu, Yue Zhang, Xiaolin Yao, Sijuan Wang, Guangwen Luo, Kaiqiang Lv, Yongkang Zhang, Guoliang Li
Food Hydrocolloids.2024; 152: 109899. CrossRef
Polyphosphate Plays a Significant Role in the Maturation of Spores in Myxococcus xanthus
Daiki Harita, Hiroka Matsukawa, Yoshio Kimura
Current Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Discovery of 2-Naphthol from the Leaves of Actephila merrilliana as a Natural Nematicide Candidate
Xi Zhang, Zhan Hu, Shuai Wang, Fengman Yin, Yuyang Wei, Jia Xie, Ranfeng Sun
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2023; 71(36): 13209. CrossRef

Paraflavitalea soli gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil: Jun Heo , Hang-Yeon Weon , Hayoung Cho , Seung-Beom Hong , Jeong-Seon Kim , Soo-Jin Kim , Soon-Wo Kwon; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):17-23. Published online November 23, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9236-y

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Abstract

A bacterial strain designated 5GH32-13T was isolated from greenhouse soil in Yongin-city, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile rods of two different shapes. The strain was catalase-positive and oxidasenegative. Flexirubin-like pigments were not detected. β-Carotene was produced. The strain grew in the range of 10–37°C (optimum of 28–30°C) and pH 6–8 (optimum of pH 7) and tolerated up to 1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum of 0%). According to the 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison, strain 5GH32- 13T shared a sequence similarity of less than 96.0% with all validly named taxa, having the highest sequence similarity with Pseudoflavitalea soli KIS20-3T (95.8%), Pseudoflavitalea rhizosphaerae T16R-265T (95.4%), Flavitalea gansuensis JCN-23T (95.3%), Pseudobacter ginsenosidimutans Gsoil 221T (95.3%), and Flavitalea populi HY-50RT (95.2%). A phylogenetic tree showed that strain 5GH32-13T was not grouped consistently into any specific genus. Its only polyamine was homospermidine, and its major fatty acids (> 10% of total fatty acids) were iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and iso-C15:1 G. The strain’s only respiratory quinone was MK-7, and its polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, six unidentified aminolipids and four unidentified lipids. Its DNA G + C content was 47.5 mol%. The results from chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strain 5GH32-13T represents a novel species of a novel genus of the family Chitinophagaceae, and the name Paraflavitalea soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5GH32-13T (= KACC 17331T = JCM 33061T).

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Polysaccharide utilization loci encoded DUF1735 likely functions as membrane‐bound spacer for carbohydrate active enzymes
Lisanne Hameleers, Lucie A. Gaenssle, Salvador Bertran‐Llorens, Tjaard Pijning, Edita Jurak
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Paraflavitalea pollutisoli sp. nov., Pollutibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., Polluticoccus soli gen. nov. sp. nov., and Terrimonas pollutisoli sp. nov., four new members of the family Chitinophagaceae from polluted soil
Ze-Shen Liu, Xiao-Kang Wang, Ke-Huan Wang, Mei-Ling Yang, De-Feng Li, Shuang-Jiang Liu
Systematic and Applied Microbiology.2024; 47(2-3): 126503. CrossRef
Paraflavisolibacter caeni gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from sludge
Cansheng Yuan, Bin Liu, Lin Wang, Weihua Long, Zhuang Ke, Jian He
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Longitalea arenae gen. nov., sp. nov. and Longitalea luteola sp. nov., two new members of the family Chitinophagaceae isolated from desert soil
Shuai Li, Lei Dong, Jia-Rui Han, Guo-Yuan Shi, Chun-Yan Lu, Lu Xu, Wen-Hui Lian, Dalal Hussien M. Alkhalifah, Wael N. Hozzein, Wen-Jun Li
Archives of Microbiology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimizing the bacterial community structure and function in rhizosphere soil of sesame continuous cropping by the appropriate nitrate ammonium ratio
Ruiqing Wang, Zhihua Zhang, Fengjuan Lv, Hongxin Lin, Lingen Wei, Yunping Xiao
Rhizosphere.2022; 23: 100550. CrossRef
Paraflavitalea devenefica sp. nov., isolated from urban soil
Xiaoxiao Hou, Hongliang Liu, Yumang Shang, Sidi Mao, Shucheng Li, Feng Sang, Hongkuan Deng, Lijuan Wang, Ling Kong, ChunYang Zhang, Zhongfeng Ding, Yan Gao, Shuzhen Wei, Zhiwei Chen
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2021;[Epub] CrossRef
List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published
Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.2020; 70(5): 2960. CrossRef

Identification and characterization of a marine-derived chitinolytic fungus, Acremonium sp. YS2-2: Dawoon Chung , Kyunghwa Baek , Seung Seob Bae , Jaejoon Jung; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(5):372-380. Published online February 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8469-0

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Abstract

Chitin is the most abundant biopolymer in marine environments. To facilitate its utilization, our laboratory screened marine-derived fungal strains for chitinolytic activity. One chitinolytic strain isolated from seawater, designated YS2-2, was identified as Acremonium species based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses. Acremonium species are cosmopolitan fungi commonly isolated from both terrestrial and marine environments, but their chitinolytic activity is largely unknown. The extracellular crude enzyme of YS2-2 exhibited optimum chitinolytic activity at pH 6.0–7.6, 23–45°C, and 1.5% (w/v) NaCl. Degenerate PCR revealed the partial cDNA sequence of a putative chitinase gene, chiA, in YS2-2. The expression of chiA was dramatically induced in response to 1% (w/v) colloidal chitin compared to levels under starvation, chitin powder, and glucose conditions. Moreover, the chiA transcript levels were positively correlated with chitinolytic activities under various colloidal chitin concentrations, suggesting that ChiA mediates chitinolytic activity in this strain. Our results provide a basis for additional studies of marinederived chitinolytic fungi aimed at improving industrial applications.

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Tao Liu, Ziying Zhao, Haiyun Li, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Dmitry B. Kosolapov, Tongchao Ni, Ben Ma, Xiaoyan Liu, Xiang Liu, Wei Zhi, Haihan Zhang
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Jong Min Oh, Qian Gao, Woong-Hee Shin, Eun-Young Lee, Dawoon Chung, Grace Choi, Sang-Jip Nam, Hoon Kim
Applied Biological Chemistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential of degrading natural chitinous wastes to oligosaccharides by chitinolytic enzymes from two Talaromyces sp. isolated from rotten insects (Hermetia illucens) under solid state fermentation
Xunfan Wei, Zhuoxiao Sui, Mengyuan Guo, Sicong Chen, Zongqi Zhang, Jin Geng, Jinhua Xiao, Dawei Huang
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology.2023; 54(1): 223. CrossRef
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Deepali Thakur, Anjali Chauhan, Prakriti Jhilta, Rajesh Kaushal, Bhawna Dipta
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An overview of fungal chitinases and their potential applications
Deepali Thakur, Aarti Bairwa, Bhawna Dipta, Prakriti Jhilta, Anjali Chauhan
Protoplasma.2023; 260(4): 1031. CrossRef
Characterization and Biological Activities of Yeasts Isolated from Marine Environments
Woon-Jong Yu, Dawoon Chung, Seung Seob Bae, Yong Min Kwon, Eun-Seo Cho, Grace Choi
Microbiology Research.2023; 14(4): 1984. CrossRef
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Abhaya Dayini Behera, Surajit Das
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Xue-Bing Ren, Yan-Ru Dang, Sha-Sha Liu, Ke-Xuan Huang, Qi-Long Qin, Xiu-Lan Chen, Yu-Zhong Zhang, Yan-Jun Wang, Ping-Yi Li
Marine Drugs.2022; 20(3): 165. CrossRef
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Bin He, Liyan Yang, Dengfeng Yang, Minguo Jiang, Chengjin Ling, Hailan Chen, Feng Ji, Lixia Pan
Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficient production of GlcNAc in an aqueous-organic system with a Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 mutant
Zhi-kui Hao, Jian-song Li, Dan-hua Wang, Fei He, Jing-shi Xue, Liang-hong Yin, Hua-bao Zheng
Biotechnology Letters.2022; 44(4): 623. CrossRef
Polyextremophilic Chitinolytic Activity by a Marine Strain (IG119) of Clonostachys rosea
Marcella Pasqualetti, Susanna Gorrasi, Valeria Giovannini, Martina Braconcini, Massimiliano Fenice
Molecules.2022; 27(3): 688. CrossRef
Characterization of Chitinolytic and Antifungal Activities in Marine-Derived Trichoderma bissettii Strains
Dawoon Chung, Yong Min Kwon, Ji Yeon Lim, Seung Sub Bae, Grace Choi, Dae-Sung Lee
Mycobiology.2022; 50(4): 244. CrossRef
A Broad-Specificity Chitinase from Penicillium oxalicum k10 Exhibits Antifungal Activity and Biodegradation Properties of Chitin
Xing-Huan Xie, Xin Fu, Xing-Yu Yan, Wen-Fang Peng, Li-Xin Kang
Marine Drugs.2021; 19(7): 356. CrossRef
Marine-Derived Fungi in Korea
Yong Min Kwon, Seung Sub Bae, Grace Choi, Ji Yeon Lim, Yoon-Hee Jung, Dawoon Chung
Ocean Science Journal.2021; 56(1): 1. CrossRef
Telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of asparaginase-producing Trichoderma simmonsii
Dawoon Chung, Yong Min Kwon, Youngik Yang
BMC Genomics.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Soil biochemical properties and microbial composition in aged and non‐aged apple (Malus domestica) orchards in Luochuan County, Loess Plateau, China
Jia Tian, Chao Sun, Pengpeng Lu, Fei Li, Yiqing Shangguan, Fan Qi
Soil Use and Management.2021; 37(4): 879. CrossRef
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Ahlem Maamar, Marie-Elisabeth Lucchesi, Stella Debaets, Nicolas Nguyen van Long, Maxence Quemener, Emmanuel Coton, Mohammed Bouderbala, Gaëtan Burgaud, Amaria Matallah-Boutiba
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Yong Min Kwon, Hyun Seok Choi, Ji Yeon Lim, Hyeong Seok Jang, Dawoon Chung
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High Production of Chitinolytic Activity in Halophilic Conditions by a New Marine Strain of Clonostachys rosea
Marcella Pasqualetti, Paolo Barghini, Valeria Giovannini, Massimiliano Fenice
Molecules.2019; 24(10): 1880. CrossRef

Mucibacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Chitinophagaceae producing mucin: Min-Kyeong Kim , Sewook Park , Tae-Su Kim , Yochan Joung , Ji-Hye Han , Seung Bum Kim; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(5):356-361. Published online February 22, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8512-1

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Abstract

A Gram-stain-negative, mucus-forming, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming and short rod-shaped bacterial strain designated R1-15T was isolated from soil and its taxonomic position was evaluated using a polyphasic approach. Strain R1-15T grew at 15–37°C (optimum, 30°C), at pH 6–7 (optimum, pH 6) and in the presence of 0–1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%) on 0.1X TSA. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the novel strain was assigned to the family Chitinophagaceae of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and its closest related taxa were species of the genera Taibaiella (88.76– 90.02% sequence similarity), Lacibacter (89.24–90.00%), Chitinophaga (88.61–89.76%), and Terrimonas (89.04%). Flexirubin- type pigments were produced. The only isoprenoid quinone was MK-7, and the major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on whole genome comparisons between the strain R1-15T and the type strains of relatives, the orthologous average nucleotide identity values were 66.9– 67.0%. The DNA G+C content of strain R1-15T was 43.8 mol%. The combination of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data clearly supported separation of strain R1-15T from related taxa, and thus the name Mucibacter soli gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R1-15T (= KCTC 62274T = JCM 31190T).

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Simplicispira sedimenti sp. nov., isolated from a sediment of drainage ditch in winery
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Keyu Yao, Guanghao Wang, Wen Zhang, Qiang Liu, Jian Hu, Mao Ye, Xin Jiang
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Mercedes Martín-Cereceda, Amaya de Cos-Gandoy, Richard A. J. Williams, David Elliott, Andrea Serrano-Bellón, Blanca Pérez-Uz, Abel Sanchez-Jimenez
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Nocardioides euryhalodurans sp. nov., Nocardioides seonyuensis sp. nov. and Nocardioides eburneiflavus sp. nov., isolated from soil
Su Gwon Roh, Chan Lee, Min-Kyeong Kim, Hye-Jeong Kang, Yeong Seok Kim, Min Ji Kim, Adeel Malik, Seung Bum Kim
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2020; 70(4): 2682. CrossRef
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Yeong Seok Kim, Su Gwon Roh, Seung Bum Kim
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List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Flavisolibacter swuensis sp. nov. Isolated from Soil: Eun Sun Joo , Seho Cha , Myung Kyum Kim , Weonhwa Jheong , Taegun Seo , Sathiyaraj Srinivasan; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(7):442-447. Published online June 27, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5241-y

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Abstract

A Gram-staining-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, and rod-shaped bacterium designated as strain SR2-4-2T was isolated from soil in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SR2-4-2T revealed that it belonged to the genus of Flavisolibacter, family of Chitinophagaceae, and class of Sphingobacteriia. It shared sequence similarities with Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643T (96.4%), Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492T (96.3%), and Flavisolibacter rigui 02SUJ3T (93.0%). Chemotaxonomic data revealed that its predominant fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (26.4%) and iso-C17:0 3OH (10.7%). Its major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and its predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the strain SR2-4-2T DNA was 45.0%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic data, the strain SR2-4-2T (=JCM 19974T =KEMB 9004-156T) is classified as a type strain of a novel species for which the name of Flavisolibacter swuensis sp. nov. is proposed.

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Annual bacterial community cycle in a seasonally ice‐covered river reflects environmental and climatic conditions
Perrine Cruaud, Adrien Vigneron, Marie‐Stéphanie Fradette, Caetano C. Dorea, Alexander I. Culley, Manuel J. Rodriguez, Steve J. Charette
Limnology and Oceanography.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Influence of terminal electron-accepting conditions on the soil microbial community and degradation of organic contaminants of emerging concern
Yida Fang, Gary Vanzin, Alison M. Cupples, Timothy J. Strathmann
Science of The Total Environment.2020; 706: 135327. CrossRef
Flavisolibacter nicotianae sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Nicotiana tabacum L.
Yuan-Dong Li, Xing-Kui Zhou, Ming-He Mo, Jian-Yu Jiao, Deng-Qiang Yang, Wen-Jun Li, Ti-Kun Zhang, Shi-Chun Qin, Yan-Qing Duan
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.2019; 69(7): 2082. CrossRef
Flavisolibacter aluminii sp. nov., a novel member of the genus Flavisolibacter isolated from an automotive air conditioning system
Hyosun Lee, Dong-Uk Kim, Suyeon Lee, Song-Gun Kim, A-Young Park, Jae-Hyung Ahn, Jong-Ok Ka
Journal of Microbiology.2019; 57(1): 18. CrossRef
Vegetation succession influences soil carbon sequestration in coastal alkali-saline soils in southeast China
Niu Li, Tianyun Shao, Tingshuo Zhu, Xiaohua Long, Xiumei Gao, Zhaopu Liu, Hongbo Shao, Zed Rengel
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Flaviaesturariibacter luteus sp. nov., isolated from an agricultural floodplain soil, and emended description of the genus Flaviaesturariibacter
Javier Pascual, Bärbel U. Foesel, Alicia Geppert, Katharina J. Huber, Jörg Overmann
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology.2017; 67(6): 1727. CrossRef
Long-Term Enrichment of Stress-Tolerant Cellulolytic Soil Populations following Timber Harvesting Evidenced by Multi-Omic Stable Isotope Probing
Roland C. Wilhelm, Erick Cardenas, Hilary Leung, András Szeitz, Lionel D. Jensen, William W. Mohn
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Interactions of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and soil factors in two leguminous plants
Xiao Xiao, Miaochun Fan, Entao Wang, Weimin Chen, Gehong Wei
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Diversity of vaginal microbiota increases by the time of labor onset
Ekaterina Avershina, Silje Slangsvold, Melanie Rae Simpson, Ola Storrø, Roar Johnsen, Torbjørn Øien, Knut Rudi
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Flavisolibacter tropicus sp. nov., isolated from tropical soil
Jae-Jin Lee, Myung-Suk Kang, Gyung Soon Kim, Chang Soek Lee, Sangyong Lim, Jidam Lee, Si Hyeon Roh, Hyerin Kang, Jung Min Ha, Sojung Bae, Hee-Young Jung, Myung Kyum Kim
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2016; 66(9): 3413. CrossRef

Functional Characterization of Extracellular Chitinase Encoded by the YlCTS1 Gene in a Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica: Jeong-Nam Park , Chang Pyo Han , Dong-Jik Lee , Seon Ah Cheon , Hyun Ah Kang; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(4):284-291. Published online March 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4070-8

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Abstract

The hemiascomycetes yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic yeast with alternating yeast and mycelia forms. Bioinformatic analysis revealed the presence of three putative chitinase genes, YlCTS1, YlCTS2, and YlCTS3, in the Y. lipolytica genome. Here, we demonstrated that the protein of YlCTS1 (YlCts1p), which contains an N-terminal secretion signal peptide, a long C-terminal Ser/Thr-rich domain, and a chitin-binding domain, is a homologue to Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase 1 (ScCts1p). Deletion of YlCTS1 remarkably reduced extracellular endochitinase activity in the culture supernatant of Y. lipolytica and enhanced cell aggregation, suggesting a role of YlCts1p in cell separation as ScCts1p does in S. cerevisiae. However, loss of YlCts1p function did not affect hyphal formation induced by fetal bovine serum addition. The mass of YlCts1p was dramatically decreased by jack bean α-mannosidase digestion but not by PNGase F treatment, indicating that YlCts1p is modified only by Omannosylation without N-glycosylation. Moreover, the O-glycan profile of YlCts1p was identical to that of total cell wall mannoproteins, supporting the notion that YlCts1p can be used as a good model for studying O-glycosylation in this dimorphic yeast.

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Journal Articles

Note] Antifungal Chitinase against Human Pathogenic Yeasts from Coprinellus congregatus: Yeeun Yoo Hyoung T. Choi; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(5):441-443. Published online February 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-3257-3

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Abstract

The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces mushrooms which become autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets, in which no cell wall is detected by microscopy. A chitinase (Chi2) which is synthesized during the autolytic phase of C. congregatus inhibits the growths of Candida al-bicans and Cryptococcus neoformans up to 10% at the con-centration of 10 μg/ml, about 50% at concentration of 20 μg/ml, and up to 95% at the concentration of 70 μg/ml. Upon treatment these yeast cells are observed to be severely de-formed, with the formation of large holes in the cell wall. The two yeast species show no growth inhibition at the concen-tration of 5 μg/ml, which means the minimum inhibitory concentrations for both yeast species are 10 μg/ml under these experimental conditions.

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Biochemical Characterization of Chitinase 2 Expressed during the Autolytic Phase of the Inky Cap, Coprinellus congregatus: Yuri Kang , Hyewon Kim , Hyoung T. Choi; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):189-193. Published online April 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2535-9

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Abstract: Fungal cell walls consist of various glucans and chitin. The inky cap, Coprinellus congregatus, produces mushrooms at 25°C in a regime of 15 h light/9 h dark, and then the mushroom is autolyzed rapidly to generate black liquid droplets in which no cell walls are detected by microscopy. Chitinase cDNA from the mature mushroom tissues of C. congregatus, which consisted of 1,622 nucleotides (chi2), was successfully cloned using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction technique. The deduced 498 amino acid sequence of Chi2 had a conserved catalytic domain as in other fungal chitinase family 18 enzymes. The Chi2 enzyme was purified from the Pichia pastoris expression system, and its estimated molecular weight was 68 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature of Chi2 was pH 4.0 and 35°C, respectively when 4-nitrophenyl N,N’-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside was used as the substrate. The Km value and Vmax for the substrate A, 4-nitrophenyl N,N’-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside, was 0.175 mM and 0.16 OD min-1unit-1, respectively.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Construction of a Streptomyces lydicus A01 Transformant with a chit42 Gene from Trichoderma harzianum P1 and Evaluation of Its Biocontrol Activity against Botrytis cinerea: Qiong Wu , Linquan Bai , Weicheng Liu , Yingying Li , Caige Lu , Yaqian Li , Kehe Fu , Chuanjin Yu , Jie Chen; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(2):166-173. Published online April 27, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2321-8

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Abstract: Streptomyces lydicus A01 and Trichoderma harzianum P1 are potential biocontrol agents of fungal diseases in plants. S. lydicus A01 produces natamycin to bind the ergosterol of the fungal cell membrane and inhibits the growth of Botrytis cinerea. T. harzianum P1, on the other hand, features high chitinase activity and decomposes the chitin in the cell wall of B. cinerea. To obtain the synergistic biocontrol effects of chitinase and natamycin on Botrytis cinerea, this study transformed the chit42 gene from T. harzianum P1 to S. lydicus A01. The conjugal transformant (CT) of S. lydicus A01 with the chit42 gene was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associated chitinase activity and natamycin production were examined using the 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, respectively. The S. lydicus A01-chit42 CT showed substantially higher chitinase activity and natamycin production than its wild type strain (WT). Consequently, the biocontrol effects of S. lydicus A01-chit42 CT on B. cinerea, including inhibition to spore germination and mycelial growth, were highly improved compared with those of the WT. Our research indicates that the biocontrol effect of Streptomyces can be highly improved by transforming the exogenous resistance gene, i.e. chit42 from Trichoderma, which not only enhances the production of antibiotics, but also provides a supplementary function by degrading the cell walls of the pathogens.

NOTE] Chitinibacter suncheonensis sp. nov., a Chitinolytic Bacterium from a Mud Flat in Suncheon Bay: Sung Kyum Kim , Yong Ho Kim , Yu Seok Jeong , Han Beur Na , Jungho Kim , Keun Sik Baik , Han Dae Yun , Jung-Kul Lee , Hoon Kim; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(6):1058-1062. Published online December 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2333-9

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Abstract: A chitinolytic bacterium, designated strain SK16T, was isolated from a mud flat in Suncheon Bay, Republic of Korea. Strain SK16T is Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by a polar flagellum, and short rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain belonged to the genus Chitinibacter and was most closely related to Chitinibacter tainanensis S1T (98.2% similarity). DNA-DNA hybridization analyses showed a low association value of 20.45±4.08% between them. The major cellular fatty acids, the G+C content of the genomic DNA, and the predominant quinone of the strain were summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2-OH and/or C16:1 ω7c; 50.5%) and C12:0 (12.5%), 52.26 mol%, and Q-8, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic properties, strain SK16T represents a novel species of the genus Chitinibacter, for which the name Chitinibacter suncheonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SK16T (=KCTC 23839T =DSM 25421T).

Selection of a Streptomyces Strain Able to Produce Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes and Active against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: Adriana Fróes , Andrew Macrae , Juliana Rosa , Marcella Franco , Rodrigo Souza , Rosângela Soares , Rosalie Coelho; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):798-806. Published online November 4, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2060-2

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19 Scopus

Abstract: Control of plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is an ongoing challenge because of its wide host range and the persistence of its sclerotia in soil. Fungicides are the most commonly used method to control this fungus but these can have ecotoxicity impacts. Chitinolytic Streptomyces strains isolated from Brazilian tropical soils were capable of inhibiting S. sclerotiorum growth in vitro, offering new possibilities for integrated pest management and biocontrol, with a new approach to dealing with an old problem. Strain Streptomyces sp. 80 was capable of irreversibly inhibiting fungal growth. Compared to other strains, its crude enzymes had the highest chitinolytic levels when measured at 25°C and strongly inhibited sclerotia from S. sclerotiorum. It produced four hydrolytic enzymes involved in fungal cell wall degradation when cultured in presence of the fungal mycelium. The best production, obtained after three days, was 0.75 U/ml for exochitinase, 0.9 U/ml for endochitinase, 0.16 U/ml for glucanase, and 1.78 U/ml for peptidase. Zymogram analysis confirmed two hydrolytic bands of chitinolytic activity with apparent molecular masses of 45.8 and 206.8 kDa. One glucanase activity with an apparent molecular mass of 55 kDa was also recorded, as well as seven bands of peptidase activity with apparent molecular masses ranging from 15.5 to 108.4 kDa. Differential interference contrast microscopy also showed alterations of hyphal morphology after co-culture. Streptomyces sp. 80 seems to be promising as a biocontrol agent against S. sclerotiorum, contributing to the development of new methods for controlling plant diseases and reducing the negative impact of using fungicides.

NOTE] Antifungal Activity of Extracellular Hydrolases Produced by Autolysing Aspergillus nidulans Cultures: Melinda Szilágyi , Fruzsina Anton , Katalin Forgács , Jae-Hyuk Yu , István Pócsi , Tamás Emri; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(5):849-854. Published online November 4, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2001-0

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Abstract: Carbon-starving Aspergillus nidulans cultures produce high activities of versatile hydrolytic enzymes and, among these, ChiB endochitinase and EngA β-1,3-endoglucanase showed significant antifungal activity against various fungal species. Double deletion of engA and chiB diminished the antifungal activity of the fermentation broths and increased conidiogenesis and long-term viability of A. nidulans, but decreased the growth rate on culture media containing weak carbon sources. Production of ChiB and EngA can influence fungal communities either directly due to their antifungal properties or indirectly through their effects on vegetative growth. Our data suggest saprophytic fungi as promising future candidates to develop novel biocontrol technologies.

Molecular Screening of Streptomyces Isolates for Antifungal Activity and Family 19 Chitinase Enzymes: Youssuf Gherbawy , Hesham Elhariry , Abdulla Altalhi , Bahig El-Deeb , Ghada Khiralla; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):459-468. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-2095-4

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33 Scopus

Abstract: Thirty soil-isolates of Streptomyces were analyzed to determine their antagonism against plant-pathogenic fungi including Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aristosporum, Colletotrichum gossypii, and Rhizoctonia solani. Seven isolates showed antifungal activity against one or more strain of the tested fungi. Based on the 16S rDNA sequence analysis, these isolates were identified as Streptomyces tendae (YH3), S. griseus (YH8), S. variabilis (YH21), S. endus (YH24), S. violaceusniger (YH27A), S. endus (YH27B), and S. griseus (YH27C). The identity percentages ranged from 98 to 100%. Although some isolates belonged to the same species, there were many differences in their cultural and morphological characteristics. Six isolates out of seven showed chitinase activity according to a chitinolytic activity test and on colloidal chitin agar plates. Based on the conserved regions among the family 19 chitinase genes of Streptomyces sp. two primers were used for detection of the chitinase (chiC) gene in the six isolates. A DNA fragment of 1.4 kb was observed only for the isolates YH8, YH27A, and YH27C. In conclusion, six Streptomyces strains with potential chitinolytic activity were identified from the local environment in Taif City, Saudi Arabia. Of these isolates, three belong to family 19 chitinases. To our knowledge, this is the first reported presence of a chiC gene in S. violaceusniger YH27A.

Journal Article

Chitinase Production by Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus licheniformis: Their Potential in Antifungal Biocontrol: Eman Zakaria Gomaa; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):103-111. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1343-y

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136 Scopus

Abstract: Thirty bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of plants collected from Egypt and screened for production of chitinase enzymes. Bacillus thuringiensis NM101-19 and Bacillus licheniformis NM120-17 had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. The production of chitinase by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1.5% colloidal chitin, with casein as a nitrogen source, at 30°C after five days of incubation. An enhancement of chitinase production by the two species was observed by addition of sugar substances and dried fungal mats to the colloidal chitin media. The optimal conditions for chitinase activity by B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis were at 40°C, pH 7.0 and pH 8.0, respectively. Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Ca2+ caused enhancement of enzyme activities whereas they were markedly inhibited by Zn2+, Hg2+, and Ag+. In vitro, B. thuringiensis and B. licheniformis chitinases had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested. The addition of B. thuringiensis chitinase was more effective than that of B. licheniformis in increasing the germination of soybean seeds infected with various phytopathogenic fungi.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

NOTE] Functional Analysis of a Hansenula polymorpha MNN2-2 Homologue Encoding a Putative UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Transporter Localized in the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Jeong-Nam Park , Jinho Choo , Hyun Ah Kang; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(6):1012-1017. Published online December 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-1520-4

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Abstract: The Kluyveromyces lactis UDP-GlcNAc transporter (KlMnn2-2p) is responsible for the biosynthesis of N-glycans containing N-acetylglucosamine. A putative gene of Hansenula polymorpha encoding a KlMnn2-2p homologue, HpMNN2-2, was identified and investigated for its function. The deletion mutant strain of HpMNN2-2 (Hpmnn2-2Δ) showed increased sensitivity to geneticin, hygromycin B, and tunicamycin. However, the Hpmnn2-2Δ strain exhibited increased resistance to Calcofluor white, an inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis, along with a reduced chitin content. The localization of HpMnn2-2p at the endoplasmic reticulum-enriched membrane, different from the Golgi localization of a K. lactis homologue, further supports the involvement of HpMnn2-2p in cell wall chitin biosynthesis.

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