Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Rasiella rasia gen. nov. sp. nov. within the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from seawater recirculating aquaculture system: Seong-Jin Kim , Young-Sam Kim , Sang-Eon Kim , Hyun-Kyoung Jung , Jeeeun Park , Min-Ju Yu , Kyoung-Ho Kim; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(11):1070-1076. Published online October 17, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2099-7

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A novel bacterium designated RR4-40T was isolated from a biofilter of seawater recirculating aquaculture system in Busan, South Korea. Cells are strictly aerobic, Gram-negative, irregular short rod, non-motile, and oxidase- and catalase-negative. Growth was observed at 15–30°C, 0.5–6% NaCl (w/v), and pH 5.0–9.5. The strain grew optimally at 28°C, 3% salinity (w/v), and pH 8.5. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RR4-40T was most closely related to Marinirhabdus gelatinilytica NH83T (94.16% of 16S rRNA gene similarity) and formed a cluster with genera within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The values of the average nucleotide identity (ANI), digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH), and average amino acid identity (AAI) between genomes of strain RR4-40T and M. gelatinilytica NH83T were 72.91, 18.2, and 76.84%, respectively, and the values against the strains in the other genera were lower than those. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 (31.34%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (13.65%), iso-C16:0 3-OH (10.61%), and iso-C15:1 G (10.38%). The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, aminolipid, glycolipid, and sphingolipid. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and the DNA G + C content of strain RR4-40T was 37.4 mol%. According to the polyphasic analysis, strain RR4-40T is considered to represent a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Rasiella rasia gen. nov, sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RR4-40T (= KCTC 52650T = MCCC 1K04210T).

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Rhodobacteraceae are Prevalent and Ecologically Crucial Bacterial Members in Marine Biofloc Aquaculture
Meora Rajeev, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(11): 985. CrossRef
Validation List no. 215. Valid publication of new names and new combinations effectively published outside the IJSEM
Aharon Oren, Markus Göker
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Role of melatonin in murine “restraint stress”-induced dysfunction of colonic microbiota: Rutao Lin , Zixu Wang , Jing Cao , Ting Gao , Yulan Dong , Yaoxing Chen; J. Microbiol. 2021;59(5):500-512. Published online February 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-021-0305-7

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Abstract

Intestinal diseases caused by physiological stress have become a severe public health threat worldwide. Disturbances in the gut microbiota-host relationship have been associated with irritable bowel disease (IBD), while melatonin (MT) has antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which MT-mediated protection mitigated stress-induced intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation. We successfully established a murine restraint stress model with and without MT supplementation. Mice subjected to restraint stress had significantly elevated corticosterone (CORT) levels, decreased MT levels in their plasma, elevated colonic ROS levels and increased bacterial abundance, including Bacteroides and Tyzzerella, in their colon tract, which led to elevated expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4, p-P65 and p-IκB. In contrast, supplementation with 20 mg/kg MT reversed the elevation of the plasma CORT levels, downregulated the colon ROS levels and inhibited the changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by restraint stress. These effects, in turn, inhibited the activities of TLR2 and TLR4, p-P65 and p-IκB, and decreased the inflammatory reaction induced by restraint stress. Our results suggested that MT may mitigate “restraint stress”-induced colonic microbiota dysbiosis and intestinal inflammation by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB pathway.

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Microbial melatonin metabolism in the human intestine as a therapeutic target for dysbiosis and rhythm disorders
Petra Zimmermann, Salome Kurth, Benoit Pugin, Nicholas A. Bokulich
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Toll-like receptor 4 plays a vital role in irritable bowel syndrome: a scoping review
Xuemeng Wan, Liyuan Wang, Zhiling Wang, Chaomin Wan
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Christensenella minuta mitigates behavioral and cardiometabolic hallmarks of social defeat stress
A. Agusti, GV. Molina-Mendoza, M. Tamayo, V. Rossini, MC. Cenit, C. Frances-Cuesta, V. Tolosa-Enguis, EM. Gómez Del Pulgar, A. Flor-Duro, Y. Sanz
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 180: 117377. CrossRef
The impact of acute and chronic stress on gastrointestinal physiology and function: a microbiota–gut–brain axis perspective
Sarah‐Jane Leigh, Friederike Uhlig, Lars Wilmes, Paula Sanchez‐Diaz, Cassandra E. Gheorghe, Michael S. Goodson, Nancy Kelley‐Loughnane, Niall P. Hyland, John F. Cryan, Gerard Clarke
The Journal of Physiology.2023; 601(20): 4491. CrossRef
Melatonin as a Mediator of the Gut Microbiota–Host Interaction: Implications for Health and Disease
María-Ángeles Bonmatí-Carrión, Maria-Angeles Rol
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INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF STRESS IN MALE INFERTILITY AND THE EFFECT OF CURRENT MELATONIN HORMONE TREATMENTS
İshak GÖKÇEK, Leyla AYDIN
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The double burden of malnutrition and environmental enteric dysfunction as potential factors affecting gut-derived melatonin in children under adverse environments
Alane N. Bezerra, Caroline L. Peixoto, Synara C. Lopes, Veralice M. S. Bruin, Pedro Felipe C. Bruin, Reinaldo B. Oriá
Frontiers in Nutrition.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Melatonin: Both a Messenger of Darkness and a Participant in the Cellular Actions of Non-Visible Solar Radiation of Near Infrared Light
Dun-Xian Tan, Russel J. Reiter, Scott Zimmerman, Ruediger Hardeland
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Glucocorticoids coordinate the bladder peripheral clock and diurnal micturition pattern in mice
Ichiro Chihara, Hiromitsu Negoro, Jin Kono, Yoshiyuki Nagumo, Haruki Tsuchiya, Kosuke Kojo, Masanobu Shiga, Ken Tanaka, Shuya Kandori, Bryan J. Mathis, Hiroyuki Nishiyama
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The Microbiota-Dependent Worsening Effects of Melatonin on Gut Inflammation
Jefferson Luiz da Silva, Lia Vezenfard Barbosa, Camila Figueiredo Pinzan, Viviani Nardini, Irislene Simões Brigo, Cássia Aparecida Sebastião, Jefferson Elias-Oliveira, Vânia Brazão, José Clóvis do Prado Júnior, Daniela Carlos, Cristina Ribeiro de Barros C
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The Effects of Stress and Diet on the “Brain–Gut” and “Gut–Brain” Pathways in Animal Models of Stress and Depression
Mauritz F. Herselman, Sheree Bailey, Larisa Bobrovskaya
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(4): 2013. CrossRef
Intestinal microbiota and melatonin in the treatment of secondary injury and complications after spinal cord injury
Yiwen Zhang, Rui Lang, Shunyu Guo, Xiaoqin Luo, Huiting Li, Cencen Liu, Wei Dong, Changshun Bao, Yang Yu
Frontiers in Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Protective Effects and Mechanisms of Melatonin on Stress Myocardial Injury in Rats
Jia-yao Chen, Ting Li, Jiao-ling Wang, Zhan-le Wang, Yun Zhang, Lin-quan Zang
Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.2022; 80(3): 417. CrossRef
Rescue of social deficits by early-life melatonin supplementation through modulation of gut microbiota in a murine model of autism
Xia Liu, Yi Cui, Yuhan Zhang, Guo Xiang, Meng Yu, Xianshu Wang, Bin Qiu, Xin-gang Li, Wei Liu, Di Zhang
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2022; 156: 113949. CrossRef
Roles of PRR-Mediated Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Diseases
Pengwei Li, Mingxian Chang
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Cot kinase plays a critical role in Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-8 expression: Sungil Jang , Jinmoon Kim , Jeong-Heon Cha; J. Microbiol. 2017;55(4):311-317. Published online March 31, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-017-7052-9

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Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is a major pathogen causing various gastric diseases including gastric cancer. Infection of H. pylori induces pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 expression in gastric epithelial cells in the initial inflammatory process. It has been known that H. pylori can modulate Ras-Raf-Mek-Erk signal pathway for IL-8 induction. Recently, it has been shown that another signal molecule, cancer Osaka thyroid oncogene/tumor progression locus 2 (Cot/Tpl2) kinase, activates Mek and Erk and plays a role in the Erk pathway, similar to MAP3K signal molecule Raf kinase. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether Cot kinase might be involved in IL-8 induction caused by H. pylori infection. AGS gastric epithelial cells were infected by H. pylori strain G27 or its isogenic mutants lacking cagA or type IV secretion system followed by treatment with Cot kinase inhibitor (KI) or siRNA specific for Cot kinase. Activation of Erk was assessed by Western blot analysis and expression of IL-8 was measured by ELISA. Treatment with Cot KI reduced both transient and sustained Erk activation. It also reduced early and late IL-8 secretion in the gastric epithelial cell line. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of Cot inhibited early and late IL-8 secretion induced by H. pylori infection. Taken together, these results suggest that Cot kinase might play a critical role in H. pylori type IV secretion apparatus-dependent early IL-8 secretion and CagA-dependent late IL-8 secretion as an alternative signaling molecule in the Erk pathway.

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Duanrui Liu, Xiaoli Ma, Fei Yang, Dongjie Xiao, Yanfei Jia, Yunshan Wang
Cancer Gene Therapy.2020; 27(6): 473. CrossRef
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Antifungal activity of violacein purified from a novel strain of Chromobacterium sp. NIIST (MTCC 5522): Anju Sasidharan , Nishanth Kumar Sasidharan , Dileepkumar Bhaskaran Nair Saraswathy Amma , Radhakrishnan Kokkuvayil Vasu , Anupama Vijaya Nataraja , Krishnakumar Bhaskaran; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(10):694-701. Published online October 2, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5173-6

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Abstract

A novel strain of Chromobacterium sp. NIIST (MTCC 5522) producing high level of purple blue bioactive compound violacein was isolated from clay mine acidic sediment. During 24 h aerobic incubation in modified Luria Bertani medium, around 0.6 g crude violacein was produced per gram of dry weight biomass. An inexpensive method for preparing crystalline, pure violacein from crude pigment was developed (12.8 mg violacein/L) and the pure compound was characterized by different spectrometric methods. The violacein prepared was found effective against a number of plant and human pathogenic fungi and yeast species such as Cryptococcus gastricus, Trichophyton rubrum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium expansum, and Candida albicans. The best activity was recorded against Trichophyton rubrum (2 μg/ml), a human pathogen responsible for causing athlete’s foot infection. This is the first report of antifungal activity of purified violacein against pathogenic fungi and yeast.

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An endophytic Coniochaeta velutina producing broad spectrum antimycotics: Jie Xie , Gary A. Strobel , Tao Feng , Huishuang Ren , Morgan T. Mends , Zeyang Zhou , Brad Geary; J. Microbiol. 2015;53(6):390-397. Published online May 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-5105-5

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Abstract

An endophyte (PC27-5) was isolated from stem tissue of Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in a Pacific Northwest temperate rainforest. Phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS- 5.8S rDNA and 18S rDNA sequence data, combined with cultural and morphological analysis showed that endophyte PC27-5 exhibited all characteristics of a fungus identical to Coniochaeta velutina. Furthermore, wide spectrum antimycotics were produced by this endophyte that were active against such plant pathogens as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Pythium ultimum, and Verticillium dahliae and lethal to Phythophthora cinnamomi, Pythium ultimum, and Phytophthora palmivora in plate tests. The bioactive components were purified through organic solvent extraction, followed by silica column chromatography, and finally preparative HPLC. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the active fraction to Pythium ultimum, which was gained from preparative HPLC, was 11 ?/ml. UPLC-HRMS analysis showed there were two similar components in the antimycotic fraction. Their molecular formulae were established as C30H22O11 (compound I) and C30H22O10 (compound II) respectively, and preliminary spectral results indicate that they are anthroquinone glycosides. Other non ?biologically active compounds were identified in culture fluids of this fungus by spectral means as emodin and chrysophanol - anthroquinone derivatives. This is the first report that Coniochaeta velutina as an endophyte produces bioactive antifungal components.

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Review

MINIREVIEW] The Potential Hazards of Aspergillus sp. in Foods and Feeds, and the Role of Biological Treatment: A Review: Sheikh Imranudin Sheikh-Ali , Akil Ahmad , Siti-Hamidah Mohd-Setapar , Zainul Akmal Zakaria , Norfahana Abdul-Talib , Aidee Kamal Khamis , Md Enamul Hoque; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(10):807-818. Published online October 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-4294-7

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Abstract

The contamination of food and feed by Aspergillus has become a global issue with a significant worldwide economic impact. The growth of Aspergillus is unfavourable to the development of food and feed industries, where the problems happen mostly due to the presence of mycotoxins, which is a toxic metabolite secreted by most Aspergillus groups. Moreover, fungi can produce spores that cause diseases, such as allergies and asthma, especially to human beings. High temperature, high moisture, retarded crops, and poor food storage conditions encourage the growth of mold, as well as the development of mycotoxins. A variety of chemical, biological, and physical strategies have been developed to control the production of mycotoxins. A biological approach, using a mixed culture comprised of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus resulted in the inhibition of the growth of fungi when inoculated into fermented food. The
results
reveal that the mixed culture has a higher potential (37.08%) to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus flavus (producer of Aflatoxin) compared to either single culture, L. rhamnosus NRRL B-442 and S. cerevisiae, which inhibit the growth by 63.07% and 64.24%, respectively.

Citations

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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'ts

Lysinibacillus tabacifolii sp. nov., a Novel Endophytic Bacterium Isolated from Nicotiana tabacum Leaves: Yan-Qing Duan , Song-Tao He , Qing-Qing Li , Ming-Feng Wang , Wen-Yuan Wang , Wei Zhe , Yong-Hong Cao , Ming-He Mo , Yu-Long Zhai , Wen-Jun Li; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):289-294. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2338-z

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Abstract: A Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic, endospore-forming rod bacterium, designated K3514T, was isolated from the leaves of Nicotiana tabacum. The strain was able to grow at temperatures of 8–40°C, pH 5.0–10.0 and NaCl concentrations of 0–7%. The predominant quinones (>30%) of this strain were MK-7(H2) and MK-7. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain K3514T was affiliated to the genus Lysinibacillus, with its closest relatives being Lysinibacillus mangiferihumi (98.3% sequence similarity), Lysinibacillus sphaericus (97.9% sequence similarity), Lysinibacillus fusiformis (97.4% sequence similarity), and Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus (97.3% sequence similarity). However, low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness values suggested that the isolate was distinct from the other closest Lysinibacillus species. Additionally, based on analysis of morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, the isolate could be differentiated from the closest known relatives. Therefore, based on polyphasic taxonomic data, the novel isolate likely represents a novel species, for which the name Lysinibacillus tabacifolii sp. nov. and the type strain K3514T (=KCTC 33042T =CCTCC AB 2012050T) are proposed.

Novel and Highly Diverse Fungal Endophytes in Soybean Revealed by the Consortium of Two Different Techniques: Tiago de Souza Leite , Andréia Cnossen-Fassoni , Olinto Liparini Pereira , Eduardo Seiti Gomide Mizubuti , Elza Fernandes de Araújo , Marisa Vieira de Queiroz; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):56-69. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2356-x

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40 Scopus

Abstract: Fungal endophytes were isolated from the leaves of soybean cultivars in Brazil using two different isolation techniques – fragment plating and the innovative dilution-to-extinction culturing – to increase the species richness, frequency of isolates and diversity. A total of 241 morphospecies were obtained corresponding to 62 taxa that were identified by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The Phylum Ascomycota predominated, representing 99% and 95.2% of isolates in the Monsoy and Conquista cultivars, respectively, whereas the Phylum Basidiomycota represented 1% and 4.8% of isolates, respectively. The genera Ampelomyces, Annulohypoxylon, Guignardia, Leptospora, Magnaporthe, Ophiognomonia, Paraconiothyrium, Phaeosphaeriopsis, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, and Xylaria for the first time were isolated from soybean; this suggests that soybean harbours novel and highly diverse fungi. The yeasts genera Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces (subphylum Pucciniomycotina) represent the Phylum Basidiomycota. The species richness was greater when both isolation techniques were used. The diversity of fungal endophytes was similar in both cultivars when the same isolation technique was used except for Hill’s index, N1. The use of ITS region sequences allowed the isolates to be grouped according to Order, Class and Phylum. Ampelomyces, Chaetomium, and Phoma glomerata are endophytic species that may play potential roles in the biological control of soybean pathogens. This study is one of the first to apply extinction-culturing to isolate fungal endophytes in plant leaves, thus contributing to the development and improvement of this technique for future studies.

NOTE] Quantification of Toxic Effects of the Herbicide Metolachlor on Marine Microalgae Ditylum brightwellii (Bacillariophyceae), Prorocentrum minimum (Dinophyceae), and Tetraselmis suecica (Chlorophyceae): Vinitha Ebenezer , Jang-Seu Ki; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):136-139. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2114-0

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Abstract: Toxic effects of the herbicide metolachlor (MC) were evaluated for three marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica (chlorophyte), Ditylum brightwellii (diatom), and Prorocentrum minimum (dinoflagellate). MC showed a significant reduction in cell counts and chlorophyll a levels. Median effective concentration (EC50) was calculated based on chlorophyll a levels after a 72-h MC exposure. EC50 values for T. suecica, D. brightwellii, and P. minimum were 21.3, 0.423, and 0.07 mg/L, respectively. These values showed that the dinoflagellate was most sensitive when exposed to the herbicide, at a concentration comparable to freshwater algae, suggesting its potential as an appropriate model organism for ecotoxicity assessments in marine environments.

Zygomycota Associated with Traditional Meju, a Fermented Soybean Starting Material for Soy Sauce and Soybean Paste: Seung-Beom Hong , Dae-Ho Kim , Mina Lee , Seong-Yeol Baek , Soon-wo Kwon , Jos Houbraken , Robert A. Samson; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):386-393. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1437-6

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Abstract: Various zygomycota species were detected during a study of the mycobiota of meju, a brick of dried fermented soybeans, used in Korean cuisine. Two hundred and sixty-eight strains were isolated from 98 finished meju products collected in various regions of Korea from 2009 to 2011, and 96 strains were isolated from in-process meju on various farms from 2010 to 2011. The isolated zygomycota were identified using phenotypic characteristics combined with DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions of ribosomal DNA and the D1/D2 nuclear ribosomal large subunit. Of 364 zygomycota strains, 108 were identified as Mucor circinelloides, 96 as M. racemosus, 60 as Lichtheimia ramosa, 22 as Rhizopus stolonifer, 16 as Lichtheimia corymbifera, and the other 62 strains comprised 10 other species. The psychrotrophic species, Mucor circinelloides and M. racemosus were predominantly present during low temperature fermentation (LTF) and the thermotolerant species Lichtheimia ramosa and Rhizomucor species were predominant during high temperature fermentation (HTF). The results suggest that temperature has a large influence on the zygomycota composition during the fermentation process of meju.

Heat- and Cold-Shock Responses in Fusarium graminearum 3 Acetyl- and 15 Acetyl-Deoxynivalenol Chemotypes: Vladimir Vujanovic , Yit Kheng Goh , Prasad Daida; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):97-102. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1381-5

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Abstract: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary cause of Fusarium head blight (FHB) in North America. Chemically distinct F. graminearum sub-populations can be identified based on the type or composition of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin derivatives, including 3-acetyl (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl (15-ADON). The evaluation of randomly selected 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates, collected from spring wheat throughout Canada, was performed using thin layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ice-nucleation activity (INA), and heat and cold tolerance tests conducted within a temperature range of -70°C to 65°C. The results indicated that the 3-ADON sub-population, which is responsible for the highest disease severity and has rapidly displaced the 15-ADON sub-population, produces more DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the 15-ADON sub-population when exposed to heat and cold. Following exposures (1 and 2 h) to extremely high or low temperatures, 3-ADON isolates exhibited faster mycelial growth than 15-ADON isolates. In addition, the warmest temperature at which INA activity occurred was in 3-ADON (-3.6°C) vs. 15-ADON (-5.1°C). Taken together, these features suggest that the newly emerging 3-ADON sub-population is more resilient than the resident 15-ADON sub-population. Overall, the differences between the two sub-populations could provide new insights into FHB epidemiology and if validated under field conditions, may provide important information for predicting future FHB epidemics.

Journal Article

Effects of Nicotine on the Growth and Protein Expression of Porphyromonas gingivalis: Orson Baek , Weidong Zhu , Hyeong C. Kim Kim , Seok-Woo Lee Lee; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(1):143-148. Published online February 27, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1212-8

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Abstract: Tobacco smoking is considered one of the most significant environmental risk factors for destructive periodontal disease. The effect of smoking on periodontopathic microbiota has not yet been elucidated, as previous studies failed to identify a concrete relationship between periodontopathic microorganisms and smoking. However, it is likely that smoking, as an environmental stress factor, may affect the behavior of dental plaque microorganisms, ultimately leading to alteration of the host-parasite interaction. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of nicotine, a major component of tobacco, on the growth and protein expression of the crucial periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The growth of P. gingivalis 381 was measured after bacterial cells were cultivated in liquid broth containing various nicotine concentrations. First, P. gingivalis cells were allowed to grow in the presence of a single dose of nicotine (the single exposure protocol) at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/L, respectively. Second, P. gingivalis cells were exposed to five consecutive doses of nicotine (the multiple exposure protocol) at 0, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively. Bacterial growth was measured by optical density and protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoresis. In the single nicotine exposure protocol, it was observed that the growth of P. gingivalis 381 was inhibited by nicotine in a dose-dependent manner. In the multiple nicotine exposure protocol, the growth rate of P. gingivalis increased with each subsequent nicotine exposure, even though bacterial growth was also inhibited in a dose dependent fashion. SDS-PAGE and 2-D gel electrophoresis analyses revealed a minor change in the pattern of protein expression, showing differences in proteins with low molecular weights (around 20 kDa) on exposure to nicotine. The results of this study suggest that nicotine exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of P. gingivalis, and has a potential to modulate protein expression in P. gingivalis.

Review

Heterotrimeric G protein signaling and RGSs in Aspergillus nidulans: Jae-Hyuk Yu; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(2):145-154.; DOI: https://doi.org/2371 [pii]

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Abstract: Heterotrimeric G proteins (G proteins) are conserved in all eukaryotes and are crucial components sensing and relaying external cues into the cells to elicit appropriate physiological and biochemical responses. Basic units of the heterotrimeric G protein signaling system include a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), a G protein composed of α, β, and γ subunits, and variety of effectors. Sequential sensitization and activation of these G protein elements translates external signals into gene expression changes, resulting in appropriate cellular behaviors. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGSs) constitute a crucial element of appropriate control of the intensity and duration of G protein signaling. For the past decade, G protein signaling and its regulation have been intensively studied in a number of model and/or pathogenic fungi and outcomes of the studies provided better understanding on the upstream regulation of vegetative growth, mating, development, virulence/pathogenicity establishment, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in fungi. This review focuses on the characteristics of the basic upstream G protein components and RGS proteins, and their roles controlling various aspects of biological processes in the model filamentous ascomycete fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In particular, their functions in controlling hyphal proliferation, asexual spore formation, sexual fruiting, and the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin production are discussed.

Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Identification of Genes for Mycothiol Biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): Joo-Hong Park , Chang-Jun Cha , Jung-Hye Roe; J. Microbiol. 2006;44(1):121-125.; DOI: https://doi.org/2327 [pii]

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Abstract: Mycothiol is a low molecular weight thiol compound produced by a number of actinomycetes, and has been suggested to serve both anti-oxidative and detoxifying roles. To investigate the metabolism and the role of mycothiol in Streptomyces coelicolor, the biosynthetic genes (mshA, B, C, and D) were predicted based on sequence homology with the mycobacterial genes and confirmed experimentally. Disruption of the mshA, C, and D genes by PCR targeting mutagenesis resulted in no synthesis of mycothiol, whereas the mshB mutation reduced its level to about 10% of the wild type. The results indicate that the mshA, C, and D genes encode non-redundant biosynthetic enzymes, whereas the enzymatic activity of MshB (acetylase) is shared by at least one other gene product, most likely the mca gene product (amidase).

Comparative Enzyme Production by Fungi from Diverse Lignocellulosic Substrates: Marie K. W. Sin , Kevin D. Hyde , Stephen B. Pointing; J. Microbiol. 2002;40(3):241-244.

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Abstract: Fungi commonly encountered on monocotyledonous substrates were evaluated for their in vitro ability to produce enzymes involved in lignocellulose breakdown. Most were capable of structural polysaccharide utilization, but few produced enzymes associated with lignin breakdown. None of the monocotyledon-inhabiting fungi produced reactions as strongly as wood decay fungi.

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