Dengue, caused by four serotypes of dengue viruses (DENV-1 to DENV-4), is the most prevalent and widely mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans. Dengue virus (DENV) infection has been reported in over 100 countries, and approximately half of the world's population is now at risk. The paucity of universally licensed DENV vaccines highlights the urgent need to address this public health concern. Action and atten-tion to antibody-dependent enhancement increase the difficulty of vaccine development. With the worsen-ing dengue fever epidemic, Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) and Qdenga® (TAK-003) have been approved for use in specific populations in affected areas. However, these vaccines do not provide a balanced immune response to all four DENV serotypes and the vaccination cannot cover all populations. There is still a need to develop a safe, broad-spectrum, and effective vaccine to address the increasing number of dengue cases worldwide. This review provides an overview of the existing DENV vaccines, as well as potential candidates for future studies on DENV vaccine development, and discusses the challenges and possible solutions in the field.
Dengue virus (DENV), from the Flaviviridae family, is the causative agent of dengue fever and poses a significant global health challenge. The virus primarily affects the vascular system and liver; however, a growing body of evidence suggests its involvement in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributing to clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. However, the mechanisms underlying DENV infection in the digestive system remain largely unexplored. Prior research has detected viral RNA in the GI tissue of infected animals; however, whether the dengue virus can directly infect human enterocytes remains unclear. In this study, we examine the infectivity of human intestinal cell lines to the dengue virus and their subsequent response. We report that the Caco-2 cell line, a model of human enterocytes, is susceptible to infection and capable of producing viruses. Notably, differentiated Caco-2 cells exhibited a lower infection rate yet a higher level of virus production than their undifferentiated counterparts. These findings suggest that human intestinal cells are a viable target for the dengue virus, potentially elucidating the GI symptoms observed in dengue fever and offering a new perspective on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the virus.
Subtercola boreus K300T
is a novel psychrophilic strain that was isolated from permanently cold groundwater in Finland
and has also been found in several places in Antarctica including lake, soil, and rocks. We performed genomic and transcriptomic
analyses of 5 strains from Antarctica and a type strain to understand their adaptation to different environments.
Interestingly, the isolates from rocks showed a low growth rate and smaller genome size than strains from the other isolation
sources (lake, soil, and groundwater). Based on these habitat-dependent characteristics, the strains could be classified
into two ecotypes, which showed differences in energy production, signal transduction, and transcription in the clusters of
orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) functional category. In addition, expression pattern changes revealed differences
in metabolic processes, including uric acid metabolism, DNA repair, major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters, and
xylose degradation, depending on the nutritional status of their habitats. These findings provide crucial insights into the
environmental adaptation of bacteria, highlighting genetic diversity and regulatory mechanisms that enable them to thrive
in the cryosphere.
Helicobacter pylori, present in the stomach lining, is a Gramnegative
bacterium that causes various gastrointestinal diseases,
including gastritis and peptic ulcers. Propolis is a natural
resinous substance collected from a variety of plants,
and contains several natural bioactive substances. The aim of
this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative
effects of Korean propolis on H. pylori-induced damage
in the human adenocarcinoma gastric cell line. The propolis
used in this study was obtained from the Korea Beekeeping
Association in South Korea. The expression of pro-inflammatory
interleukins (ILs), such as IL-8, IL-12, IL-1β, tumor
necrosis factor alpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible
nitric oxide synthase, which was increased after H. pylori infection,
significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner
upon pretreatment with Korean propolis, because of the suppression
of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear
factor κB pathway. The anti-oxidative activity of propolis was
assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate free
radical assay. Korean propolis showed significant anti-oxidative
effects via reactive oxygen species scavenging. In addition,
pretreatment with Korean propolis upregulated the
expression of anti-oxidant enzymes through Nrf2 signaling
activation. These findings indicate that the use of Korean propolis,
which has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects,
can be promising for the prevention of H. pylori-induced gastric
damage.
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The currently spreading arbovirus epidemic is having a severe
impact on human health worldwide. The two most common
flaviviruses, dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), are
transmitted through the same viral vector, Aedes spp. mosquitoes.
Since the discovery of DENV in 1943, this virus has
been reported to cause around 390 million human infections
per year, approximately 500,000 of which require hospitalization
and over 20,000 of which are lethal. The present
DENV epidemic is primarily concentrated in Southeast Asia.
ZIKV, which was discovered in 1952, is another important
arthropod-borne flavivirus. The neurotropic role of ZIKV
has been reported in infected newborns with microcephaly
and in adults with Guillain-Barre syndrome. Despite DENV
and ZIKV sharing the same viral vector, their complex pathogenic
natures are poorly understood, and the infections they
cause do not have specific treatments or effective vaccines.
Therefore, this review will describe what is currently known
about the clinical characteristics, pathogenesis mechanisms,
and transmission of these two viruses. Better understanding
of the interrelationships between DENV and ZIKV will provide
a useful perspective for developing an effective strategy
for controlling both viruses in the future.
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