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- Bacterial regulatory mechanisms for the control of complex cellular mechanisms (2023)
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Special Issues
- Pioneering strategies for overcoming bacterial drug resistance (2026)
- Advancing microbial engineering through synthetic biology (2025)
- Host-associated microbiome (2024)
- Bacterial regulatory mechanisms for the control of complex cellular mechanisms (2023)
- Two years into COVID-19 pandemic: Where are we? (2022)
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- Extracellular vesicles in human fungal pathogens: Biogenesis, functions, and translational applications
- Catia Mota, Heeyoun Hwang, Hyun Ah Kang
- J. Microbiol. 2026;64(7):e2606008. Published online July 31, 2026
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2606008
- 696 View
- 36 Download
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Abstract
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Fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical mediators of fungal physiology, virulence, and host–pathogen interactions. Since their first description in Cryptococcus neoformans, EVs have been identified in several fungal species and shown to transport a broad repertoire of bioactive cargo. Increasing evidence indicates that fungal EVs participate in multiple biological processes, including cell wall remodeling, stress adaptation, biofilm formation, antifungal resistance, and modulation of host immune responses. Recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy, multi-omics approaches, and functional genetics have substantially expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing EV biogenesis, cargo selection, and extracellular trafficking. These studies have further revealed that EV cargo loading is a highly regulated process linked to intracellular proteostasis, glycosylation, lipid homeostasis, and environmental adaptation. In parallel, the intrinsic immunogenicity and structural stability of fungal EVs have highlighted their translational potential as diagnostic biomarkers, vaccine platforms, therapeutic targets, and nanoscale delivery systems. Given the increasing global burden of invasive fungal infections, this review focuses on EVs derived from clinically relevant human fungal pathogens. We summarize recent advances in EV biogenesis, cargo regulation, their roles in pathogenesis, highlight emerging translational applications, and discuss key unresolved questions and future research directions in the field.
- Extracellular vesicles of Gram-negative and Gram-positive probiotics
- Yangyunqi Wang, Chongxu Duan, Xiaomin Yu
- J. Microbiol. 2025;63(7):e2506005. Published online July 31, 2025
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.71150/jm.2506005
- 7,973 View
- 280 Download
- 8 Web of Science
- 8 Crossref
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Abstract
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Extracellular vesicles derived from probiotics have received considerable attention for their pivotal role in bacterial‒host communication. These nanosized, bilayer-encapsulated vesicles carry diverse bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and metabolites. Currently, ample evidence has emerged that probiotic extracellular vesicles may modulate several processes of host physiological hemostasis and offer therapeutic benefits. This review examines the biogenesis, composition, and immunomodulatory functions of probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles in probiotic–host interactions, highlighting the therapeutic potential of probiotic extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. We further summarize the techniques for the separation and purification of extracellular vesicles, providing a methodological foundation for future research and applications. Although the field of probiotic extracellular vesicle research is still in its infancy, the prospects for their application in the biomedical field are broad, potentially emerging as a novel therapeutic approach.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Advances in Biological Functions and Applications of Feeding Microorganism-derived Extracellular Vesicles
Yuanyuan Zhu, Xiaofang Zhang, Xin Feng, Yanyan Huang, Langhong Wang, Huihua Zhang, Xinan Zeng, Zhonglin Tang, Qien Qi
Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins.2026; 18(4): 5145. CrossRef - Decoding bacterial extracellular vesicles: A review on isolation and characterization techniques
Malatesh S. Devati, Apoorva Jnana, Stephen P. Kidd, Slade O. Jensen, T. G. Satheesh Babu, Dinesh Upadhya, Thokur S. Murali
Archives of Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - The supernatant of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 25 is more effective than extracellular vesicles in alleviating ulcerative colitis and improving intestinal barrier function
Shuang Gong, Xin Li, Qiong Zhang, Rui Wang, Ruixia Zeng, Yibo Zhang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Bacterial outer membrane vesicles as intrinsically immunogenic and highly modifiable nanocarriers for precision tumor therapy
Xue-mei Zhang, Hai-ling Wang, Ahequeli Gemingnuer, Yuan Tian, Xin Meng
Molecular Biology Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - The role and prospects of extracellular vesicles in advanced drug and vaccine delivery
Defa Huang, Haibin Shen, Qing Jin, Tao Chen, Yuhuan Xie, Dingyu Rao, Meijin Liu
Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Bacterial-derived extracellular vesicles as master regulators of intestinal barrier function, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic health
Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Abd Ullah, Abdul Qadeer, Yan Li, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Abdulwahab Abuderman, Qingshan Ma, Changfa Wang
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2026; 122: 108466. CrossRef - Food-derived extracellular vesicles modulate ferroptosis: Implications for functional food development and healthy aging
Lin Zhang, Wangying Qiu, Mingrun Lu, Shuting Lan, Zuokai Lv, Haiyan Zhang, Yue Pang, Xingcan Zhang, Wenjing Xu, Haitao Wang, Jiahui Liu, Jiahui Ma, Chenzhe Gao
Food Research International.2026; 242: 119899. CrossRef - Standardizing Bacterial Extracellular Vesicle Purification: A Call for Consensus
Dongsic Choi, Eun-Young Lee
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
- Advances in Biological Functions and Applications of Feeding Microorganism-derived Extracellular Vesicles
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections
- Woosung Shim, Anjae Lee, Jung-Hyun Lee
- J. Microbiol. 2024;62(6):419-427. Published online June 25, 2024
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00144-x
- 1,032 View
- 11 Download
- 3 Web of Science
- 1 Crossref
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Abstract
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- Extracellular vesicles (EVs), of diverse origin and content, are membranous structures secreted by a broad range of cell types. Recent advances in molecular biology have highlighted the pivotal role of EVs in mediating intercellular communication, facilitated by their ability to transport a diverse range of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and metabolites. A striking feature of EVs is their ability to exert dual effects during viral infections, involving both proviral and antiviral effects. This review explores the dual roles of EVs, particularly in the context of pandemic viruses such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. On the one hand, EVs can enhance viral replication and exacerbate pathogenesis by transferring viral components to susceptible cells. On the other hand, they have intrinsic antiviral properties, including activation of immune responses and direct inhibition of viral infection. By exploring these contrasting functions, our review emphasizes the complexity of EV-mediated interactions in viral pathogenesis and highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. The insights obtained from investigating EVs in the context of HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 provide a deeper understanding of viral mechanisms and pathologies, and offer a new perspective on managing and mitigating the impact of these global health challenges.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
Tae-Hun Kim, Sojung Bae, Jinjong Myoung
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2024; 34(12): 2506. CrossRef
- Differential Impact of Spike Protein Mutations on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity and Immune Evasion: Insights from Delta and Kappa Variants
- Phenotypic characterization of a conserved inner membrane protein YhcB in Escherichia coli
- Chul Gi Sung , Umji Choi , Chang-Ro Lee
- J. Microbiol. 2020;58(7):598-605. Published online April 22, 2020
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0078-4
- 790 View
- 1 Download
- 9 Web of Science
- 8 Crossref
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Abstract
PDF
- Although bacteria have diverse membrane proteins, the function of many of them remains unknown or uncertain even in Escherichia coli. In this study, to investigate the function of hypothetical membrane proteins, genome-wide analysis of phenotypes of hypothetical membrane proteins was performed under various envelope stresses. Several genes responsible for adaptation to envelope stresses were identified. Among them, deletion of YhcB, a conserved inner membrane protein of unknown function, caused high sensitivities to various envelope stresses and increased membrane permeability, and caused growth defect under normal growth conditions. Furthermore, yhcB deletion resulted in morphological aberration, such as branched shape, and cell division defects, such as filamentous growth and the generation of chromosome- less cells. The analysis of antibiotic susceptibility showed that the yhcB mutant was highly susceptible to various anti-folate antibiotics. Notably, all phenotypes of the yhcB mutant were completely or significantly restored by YhcB without the transmembrane domain, indicating that the localization of YhcB on the inner membrane is dispensable for its function. Taken together, our results demonstrate that YhcB is involved in cell morphology and cell division in a membrane localization-independent manner.
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Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by- YhcB mediates growth-phase control of fatty acid biosynthesis through regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Hannah M. Stanley, M. Stephen Trent, K. Heran Darwin
mBio.2026;[Epub] CrossRef - Inhibition of cardiolipin biosynthesis partially suppresses the sensitivity of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking OmpC to envelope stress
Dae-Beom Ryu, Umji Choi, Gyubin Han, Chang-Ro Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2025; 63(11): e2507004. CrossRef - Identification of Genetic and Environmental Factors Suppressing the Lethality and Antibiotic Susceptibility Mediated by Depletion of LptD, a Lipopolysaccharide Transport Protein
Umji Choi, Ji Eun Son, Gyubin Han, Chang-Ro Lee
Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef - Co-ordinated assembly of the multilayered cell envelope of Gram-negative bacteria
Elayne M Fivenson, Laurent Dubois, Thomas G Bernhardt
Current Opinion in Microbiology.2024; 79: 102479. CrossRef - Loss of YhcB results in overactive fatty acid biosynthesis
Hannah M. Stanley, M. Stephen Trent, K. Heran Darwin
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - A New Factor LapD Is Required for the Regulation of LpxC Amounts and Lipopolysaccharide Trafficking
Alicja Wieczorek, Anna Sendobra, Akshey Maniyeri, Magdalena Sugalska, Gracjana Klein, Satish Raina
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(17): 9706. CrossRef - Loss of YhcB results in dysregulation of coordinated peptidoglycan, LPS and phospholipid synthesis during Escherichia coli cell growth
Emily C. A. Goodall, Georgia L. Isom, Jessica L. Rooke, Karthik Pullela, Christopher Icke, Zihao Yang, Gabriela Boelter, Alun Jones, Isabel Warner, Rochelle Da Costa, Bing Zhang, James Rae, Wee Boon Tan, Matthias Winkle, Antoine Delhaye, Eva Heinz, Jean-F
PLOS Genetics.2021; 17(12): e1009586. CrossRef - The inner membrane protein LapB is required for adaptation to cold stress in an LpxC-independent manner
Han Byeol Lee, Si Hyoung Park, Chang-Ro Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2021; 59(7): 666. CrossRef
- YhcB mediates growth-phase control of fatty acid biosynthesis through regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- A split face study on the effect of an anti-acne product containing fermentation products of Enterococcus faecalis CBT SL-5 on skin microbiome modification and acne improvement
- Hye Sung Han , Sun Hye Shin , Bo-Yun Choi , Nayeon Koo , Sanghyun Lim , Dooheon Son , Myung Jun Chung , Kui Young Park , Woo Jun Sul
- J. Microbiol. 2022;60(7):766-766.
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-1682-2
- 883 View
- 5 Download
- 1 Crossref
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