Journal of Microbiology

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Those Nematode‑Trapping Fungi That are not Everywhere: Hints Towards Soil Microbial Biogeography: Wei Deng , Fa Zhang , Davide Fornacca , Xiao-Yan Yang , Wen Xiao; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(5):511-523. Published online April 6, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00043-7

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The existence of biogeography for microorganisms is a raising topic in ecology and researchers are employing better distinctions between single species, including the most rare ones, to reveal potential hidden patterns. An important volume of evidence supporting heterogeneous distributions for bacteria, archaea and protists is accumulating, and more recently a few efforts have targeted microscopic fungi. We propose an insight into this latter kingdom by looking at a group of soil nematode-trapping fungi whose species are well-known and easily recognizable. We chose a pure culture approach because of its reliable isolation procedures for this specific group. After morphologically and molecularly identifying all species collected from 2250 samples distributed in 228 locations across Yunnan province of China, we analyzed occurrence frequencies and mapped species, genera, and richness. Results showed an apparent cosmopolitan tendency for this group of fungi, including species richness among sites. However, only four species were widespread across the region, while nonrandom heterogeneous distributions were observed for the remaining 40 species, both in terms of statistical distribution of species richness reflected by a significant variance-to-mean ratio, as well as in terms of visually discernible spatial clusters of rare species and genera on the map. Moreover, several species were restricted to only one location, raising the question of whether endemicity exists for this microbial group. Finally, environmental heterogeneity showed a marginal contribution in explaining restricted distributions, suggesting that other factors such as geographical isolation and dispersal capabilities should be explored. These findings contribute to our understanding of the cryptic geographic distribution of microorganisms and encourage further research in this direction.

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Linking watershed formation with the phylogenetic distribution of a soil microscopic fungus in Yunnan Province, China
Davide Fornacca, Wei Deng, Yaoquan Yang, Fa Zhang, Xiaoyan Yang, Wen Xiao
BMC Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of Nuclear Dynamics in Nematode-Trapping Fungi Based on Fluorescent Protein Labeling
Liang Zhou, Zhiwei He, Keqin Zhang, Xin Wang
Journal of Fungi.2023; 9(12): 1183. CrossRef

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Clades of γ-Glutamyltransferases (GGTs) in the Ascomycota and Heterologous Expression of Colletotrichum graminicola CgGGT1, a Member of the Pezizomycotina-only GGT Clade: Marco H. Bello , Lynn Epstein; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(1):88-99. Published online March 2, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-2434-0

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Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT, EC 2.3.2.2) cleaves the γ-glutamyl linkage in glutathione (GSH). Ascomycetes in either the Saccharomycotina or the Taphrinomycotina have one to three GGTs, whereas members of the Pezizomycotina have two to four GGTs. A Bayesian analysis indicates there are three well-supported main clades of GGTs in the Ascomycota. 1) A Saccharomycotina and a Taphrinomycotinaspecific GGT sub-clade form a yeast main clade. This clade has the three relatively well-characterized fungal GGTs: (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CIS2 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe Ggt1 and Ggt2) and most of its members have all 14 of the highly conserved and critical amino acids that are found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. 2) In contrast, a main clade (GGT3) differs in 11 of the 14 highly conserved amino acids that are found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. All of the 44 Pezizomycotina analyzed have either one or two GGT3s. 3) There is a Pezizomycotina-only GGT clade that has two wellsupported sub-clades (GGT1 and GGT2); this clade differs in only two of the 14 highly conserved amino acids found in GGTs in the other kingdoms. Because the Pezizomycotina GGTs differ in apparently critical amino acids from the crosskingdom consensus, a putative GGT from Colletotrichum graminicola, a member of the Pezizomycotina, was cloned and the protein product was expressed as a secreted protein in Pichia pastoris. A GGT enzyme assay of the P. pastoris supernatant showed that the recombinant protein was active, thereby demonstrating that CgGGT1 is a bona fide GGT.

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Necrotrophic fungal infection affects indolic glucosinolate metabolism in Brassica rapa
Tahereh A. Aghajanzadeh, Mutsumi Watanabe, Takayuki Tohge, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Alisdair R. Fernie, Rainer Hoefgen, J. Theo M. Elzenga, Luit J. De Kok
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Stress Responses Elicited by Glucose Withdrawal in Aspergillus fumigatus
Tamás Emri, Károly Antal, Barnabás Gila, Andrea P. Jónás, István Pócsi
Journal of Fungi.2022; 8(11): 1226. CrossRef
Isolation and characterization of a salt-tolerant γ-glutamyl transpeptidase from xerophilic Aspergillus sydowii
Arisa Nishikawa, Hironori Senba, Yukihiro Kimura, Satoko Yokota, Mikiharu Doi, Shinji Takenaka
3 Biotech.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Antifungal mechanisms of a plant defensin MtDef4 are not conserved between the ascomycete fungi Neurospora crassa and Fusarium graminearum
Kaoutar El‐Mounadi, Kazi T. Islam, Patricia Hernández‐Ortiz, Nick D. Read, Dilip M. Shah
Molecular Microbiology.2016; 100(3): 542. CrossRef
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GgtA) of Aspergillus nidulans is not necessary for bulk degradation of glutathione
Zsolt Spitzmüller, Nak-Jung Kwon, Melinda Szilágyi, Judit Keserű, Viktória Tóth, Jae-Hyuk Yu, István Pócsi, Tamás Emri
Archives of Microbiology.2015; 197(2): 285. CrossRef
Immunolabeling of gamma-glutamyl transferase 5 in normal human tissues reveals that expression and localization differ from gamma-glutamyl transferase 1
Marie H. Hanigan, Elizabeth M. Gillies, Stephanie Wickham, Nancy Wakeham, Celeste R. Wirsig-Wiechmann
Histochemistry and Cell Biology.2015; 143(5): 505. CrossRef

Tularemia Progression Accompanied with Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Alteration in Spleen and Liver of BALB/c Mice: Miroslav Pohanka , Oto Pavlis , Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky , Jiri Sochor , Jakub Sobotka , Jiri Pikula , Vojtech Adam , Rene Kizek; J. Microbiol. 2012;50(3):401-408. Published online June 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-012-1621-8

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Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. It is an intracellular pathogen with the ability to survive within phagosomes and induce pyroptotic cell death. In this study, we attempted to prove whether oxidative imbalance plays a significant role in tularemia pathogenesis. In our experimental model, we subcutaneously infected female BALB/c mice (dose 105 CFU of F. tularensis LVS). Liver, spleen, and blood were collected from mice at regular intervals from days 1–15 after infection. The bacterial burden was assessed by a cultivation test. The burden was unchanging from the 2nd to 6th day after infection. The bacterial burden corresponded to the plasmatic level of IFN-γ, IL-6, and liver malondialdehyde. After the phase of acute bacteraemia and the innate immunity reaction, the levels of reduced glutathione and total low molecular weight antioxidants decreased significantly and the activity of caspase-3 increased in the liver. The level of reduced glutathione decreased to 25% of the original level, and the total level of low molecular weight antioxidants was less than 50% of the initial amount. The demonstrated effects of tularemia-induced pathology had a more extensive impact on the liver than on the spleen.

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The Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and Oxidative Stress Interaction
Charles Emene, Irina E. Kravchenko, Maxim V. Zamergrad, Albert A. Rizvanov
BioNanoScience.2017; 7(1): 233. CrossRef
Organs of BALB/c mice can be injured in course of tularemia
Oto Pavlis, Eva Kusakova, Ladislav Novotny, Miroslav Pohanka
Biomedical Papers.2014; 158(4): 557. CrossRef
Are Reactive Oxygen Species Always Detrimental to Pathogens?
Claudia N. Paiva, Marcelo T. Bozza
Antioxidants & Redox Signaling.2014; 20(6): 1000. CrossRef
Investigating the influence of taurine on thiol antioxidant status in Wistar rats with a multi-analytical approach
Jiri Sochor, Lukas Nejdl, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, Andrea Bezdekova, Katerina Lukesova, Ondrej Zitka, Natalia Cernei, Petr Mares, Miroslav Pohanka, Vojtech Adam, Petr Babula, Miroslava Beklova, Ladislav Zeman, Rene Kizek
Journal of Applied Biomedicine.2014; 12(2): 97. CrossRef
Tacrine can suppress immune response to tularemia in BALB/c mouse model
Miroslav Pohanka, Oto Pavlis
Journal of Applied Biomedicine.2013; 11(3): 187. CrossRef
Estimation of Thiol Compounds Cysteine and Homocysteine in Sources of Protein by Means of Electrochemical Techniques
Mojmir Baron, Jiri Sochor
International Journal of Electrochemical Science.2013; 8(9): 11072. CrossRef
Role of oxidative stress in infectious diseases. A review
Miroslav Pohanka
Folia Microbiologica.2013; 58(6): 503. CrossRef
Electrochemistry as a Tool for Studying Antioxidant Properties
Jiri Sochor, Jiri Dobes, Olga Krystofova, Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky, Petr Babula, Miroslav Pohanka, Tunde Jurikova, Ondrej Zitka, Vojtech Adam, Borivoj Klejdus, Rene Kizek
International Journal of Electrochemical Science.2013; 8(6): 8464. CrossRef
Polyphenolic Profile and Biological Activity of Chinese Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) Fruits
Tunde Jurikova, Jiri Sochor, Otakar Rop, Jiri Mlcek, Stefan Balla, Ladislav Szekeres, Vojtech Adam, Rene Kizek
Molecules.2012; 17(12): 14490. CrossRef

Overexpression of Bacterioferritin Comigratory Protein (Bcp) Enhances Viability and Reduced Glutathione Level in the Fission Yeast Under Stress: Ga-Young Kang , Eun-Hee Park , Kyunghoon Kim , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2009;47(1):60-67. Published online February 20, 2009; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-008-0077-3

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The structural gene encoding bacterioferritin comigratory protein (Bcp) was amplified using PCR from the genomic DNA of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and transferred into the shuttle vector pRS316 to generate the recombinant plasmid pBCP10. The bcp+ mRNA level in the pBCP10-containing yeast cells was significantly higher than that in the control yeast cells, indicating that the cloned gene is functioning. The S. pombe cells harboring the plasmid pBCP10 exhibited higher survival on the solid minimal media with hydrogen peroxide, tert-BOOH or cadmium than the control yeast cells. They also exhibited enhanced cellular viability in the liquid media containing the stressful agents. The increased viabilities of the fission yeast cells harboring the plasmid pBCP10 were also obtained with 0.4% glucose or 0.4% sucrose as a sole carbon source, and nitrogen starvation, compared with those of the control yeast cells. The total glutathione (GSH) content and total GSH/GSSG ratio were significantly higher in the yeast cells harboring the plasmid pBCP10 than in the control yeast cells. In brief, the S. pombe Bcp plays a protective role in the defensive response to oxidative stress possibly via up-regulation of total and reduced glutathione levels.

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A unique thioredoxin reductase plays defensive roles against oxidative, nitrosative and nutritional stresses in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Dam-Jung Ji, Chang-Jin Lim, Kyunghoon Kim
The Korean Journal of Microbiology.2016; 52(1): 1. CrossRef
Thermoresistant properties of bacterioferritin comigratory protein against high temperature stress in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
In Wang Ryu, Su Hee Lee, Hye-Won Lim, Kisup Ahn, Kwanghark Park, Jae-Hoon Sa, Kyung Jin Jeong, Chang-Jin Lim, Kyunghoon Kim
The Korean Journal of Microbiology.2016; 52(4): 398. CrossRef
Role of bacterioferritin comigratory protein and glutathione peroxidase-reductase system in promoting bentazone tolerance in a mutant of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942
Palash Kumar Das, Suvendra Nath Bagchi
Protoplasma.2012; 249(1): 65. CrossRef
Proteomic profiling of Rhizobium tropiciPRF 81: identification of conserved and specific responses to heat stress
Douglas Fabiano Gomes, Jesiane Stefânia da Silva Batista, Aline Luiza Schiavon, Diva Souza Andrade, Mariangela Hungria
BMC Microbiology.2012;[Epub] CrossRef
Distinct functional roles of peroxiredoxin isozymes and glutathione peroxidase from fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Ji-Sun Kim, Mi-Ae Bang, Song-Mi Lee, Ho-Zoon Chae, Kang-Hwa Kim
BMB Reports .2010; 43(3): 170. CrossRef
Thiol and Sulfenic Acid Oxidation of AhpE, the One-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Kinetics, Acidity Constants, and Conformational Dynamics
Martín Hugo, Lucía Turell, Bruno Manta, Horacio Botti, Gisele Monteiro, Luis E. S. Netto, Beatriz Alvarez, Rafael Radi, Madia Trujillo
Biochemistry.2009; 48(40): 9416. CrossRef

Transcriptional Regulation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Gene Encoding Glutathione S-Transferase I by a Transcription Factor Pap1: Hong-Gyum Kim , Byung-Chul Kim , Kyunghoon Kim , Eun-Hee Park , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(4):353-356.; DOI: https://doi.org/2099 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: In a previous study, a gst gene was isolated from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This gene was dubbed gst I, and was characterized using the gstI-lacZ fusion plasmid pYSH2000. In this work, four additional fusion plasmids, pYSHSD1, pYSHSD2, pYSHSD3 and pYSHSD4, were constructed, in order to carry (respectively) 770, 551, 358 and 151 bp upstream regions from the translational initiation point. The sequence responsible for induction by aluminum, mercury and hydrogen peroxide was located in the range between -1,088 and -770 bp upstream of the S. pombe gst I gene. The same region was identified to contain the nucleotide sequence responsible for regulation by Pap1, and has one putative Pap1 binding site, TTACGTAT, located in the range between -954 ~ -947 bp upstream of the gst I gene. Negatively acting sequences are located between -1,088 and -151 bp. These findings imply that the Pap1 protein is involved in basal and inducible transcription of the gst I gene in the fission yeast S. pombe.

Transcriptional Regulation of the Gene Encoding g-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase from the Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Su-Jung Kim , Hong-Gyum Kim , Byung-Chul Kim , Kyunghoon Kim , Eun-Hee Park , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(3):233-238.; DOI: https://doi.org/2083 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: Transcriptional regulation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) gene was examined using the two GCS-lacZ fusion plasmids pUGCS101 and pUGCS102, which harbor 607 bp and 447 bp upstream regions, respectively. The negatively-acting sequence was located in the -607 ~ -447 bp upstream region of the GCS gene. The upstream sequence responsible for induction by menadione (MD) and L-buthionine-(S, R)-sulfoximine (BSO) resides in the -607 ~ -447 bp region, whereas the sequence which codes for nitric oxide induction is located within the -447 bp region, measured from the translational initiation point. Carbon source-dependent regulation of the GCS gene appeared to be dependent on the nucleotide sequence within -447 bp region. The transcription factor Pap1 is involved in the induction of the GCS gene by MD and BSO, but not by nitric oxide. Induction of the GCS gene occurring due to low glucose concentration does not depend on the presence of Pap1. These data imply that induction by MD and BSO may be mediated by the Pap1 binding site, probably located in the -607 ~ -447 region, and also that the nitric oxide-mediated regulation of the S. pombe GCS gene may share a similar mechanism with its carbon-dependent induction.

Chlorothalonil-Biotransformation by Glutathione S-Transferase of Escherichia coli: Young-Mog Kim , Kunbawui Park , Soon-Hyun Jung , Jun-Ho Choi , Won-Chan Kim , Gil-Jae Joo , In-Koo Rhee; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(1):42-46.; DOI: https://doi.org/2002 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: It has recently been reported that one of the most important factors of yeast resistance to the fungicide chlorothalonil is the glutathione contents and the catalytic efficiency of glutathione S-transferase (GST) (Shin et al., 2003). GST is known to catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to a wide variety of xenobiotics, resulting in detoxification. In an attempt to elucidate the relation between chlorothalonil detoxification and GST, the GST of Escherichia coli was expressed and purified. The drug hypersensitive E. coli KAM3 cells harboring a plasmid for the overexpression of the GST gene can grow in the presence of chlorothalonil. The purified GST showed chlorothalonil-biotransformation activity in the presence of glutathione. Thus, chlorothalonil is detoxified by the mechanism of glutathione conjugation catalyzed by GST.

Optimal Fermentation Conditions for Enhanced Glutathione Production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8: Jae-Young Cha , Jin-Chul Park , Beong-Sam Jeon , Young-Choon Lee , Young-Su Cho; J. Microbiol. 2004;42(1):51-55.; DOI: https://doi.org/2000 [pii]

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Abstract PDF: The influence of feedstock amino acids, salt, carbon and nitrogen sources on glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae FF-8 was investigated. Glucose, yeast extract, KH_2PO_4, and L-cysteine were found to be suitable feedstock. Highest glutathione production was obtained after cultivation with shaking for 72 h in a medium containing glucose 3.0% (w/v), yeast extract 3.0%, KH_2PO_4 0.06% and L-cysteine 0.06%. The glutathione concentration achieved using this medium increased 2.27-fold to 204 mg/l compared to YM basal medium.

Nitrogen Depletion Causes Up-Regulation of Glutathione Content and γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe: Seung-Hyun Song , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2008;46(1):70-74.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-007-0244-y

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This work aims to elucidate the relationship between nitrogen depletion and Glutathione (GSH) level in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The total GSH level was much higher in the Pap1-positive KP1 cells than in the Pap1-negative TP108-3C cells, suggesting that synthesis of GSH is dependent on Pap1. When the Pap1-positive KP1 cells were transferred to the nitrogen-depleted medium, total GSH level significantly increased up to 6 h and then slightly declined after 9 h. Elevation of the total GSH level was observed to be much less with the Pap1-negative cells. However, glucose deprivation was not able to enhance the GSH level in the KP1 cells. Activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GT), an enzyme in the first step of GSH catabolism, also increased during nitrogen depletion. The total GSH level was more significantly enhanced in the KP1 cells overexpressing γ-GT2 than γ-GT1 during nitrogen starvation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were not changed during nitrogen starvation in both Pap1-positive and Pap1-negative cells. Collectively, nitrogen depletion causes up-regulation of GSH synthesis and γ-GT in a Pap1-dependent manner.

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Noushina Iqbal, Shahid Umar, Tasir S. Per, Nafees A. Khan
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Tomáš Pluskal, Mitsuhiro Yanagida
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols.2016; 2016(12): pdb.top079921. CrossRef
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Xuan Ni, Yimeng Gao, Zhitao Wu, Leilei Ma, Chen Chen, Le Wang, Yunfei Lin, Lijian Hui, Guoyu Pan
Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
γ-Glutamyltransferases (GGT) in Colletotrichum graminicola: mRNA and enzyme activity, and evidence that CgGGT1 allows glutathione utilization during nitrogen deficiency
Marco H. Bello, Dexter Morin, Lynn Epstein
Fungal Genetics and Biology.2013; 51: 72. CrossRef
Clades of γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs) in the ascomycota and heterologous expression of Colletotrichum graminicola CgGGT1, a member of the pezizomycotina-only GGT clade
Marco H. Bello, Lynn Epstein
Journal of Microbiology.2013; 51(1): 88. CrossRef
Glutathione Degradation Is a Key Determinant of Glutathione Homeostasis
Peggy Baudouin-Cornu, Gilles Lagniel, Chitranshu Kumar, Meng-Er Huang, Jean Labarre
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2012; 287(7): 4552. CrossRef
Expression of the atf1+ gene is upregulated in fission yeast under nitrosative and nutritional stresses
S.-H. Song, B.-M. Kim, C.-J. Lim, Y.S. Song, E.-H. Park
Canadian Journal of Microbiology.2009; 55(11): 1323. CrossRef

Glutathione Content and the Activities of GlutathioneSynthesizing Enzymes in Fission Yeast are Modulated by Oxidative Stress: Yuk-Young Lee , Su-Jung Kim , Eun-Hee Park , Chang-Jin Lim; J. Microbiol. 2003;41(3):248-251.

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Abstract PDF: Glutathione (GSH) is an important factor in determining tolerance against oxidative stress in living organisms. It is synthesized in two sequential reactions catalyzed by [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS) in the presence of ATP. In this work, the effects of three different oxidative stresses were examined on GSH content and GSH-related enzyme activities in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. GSH content in S. pombe was significantly enhanced by treatment with hydrogen peroxide, [beta]-naphthoflavone (BNF) and tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ). Simultaneously, they greatly induced GCS and GS activity. However, they did not have any effects on glutathione reductase activity. These results suggest that GCS and GS activities in S. pombe are upregulated by oxidative stress.

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