Journal of Microbiology

Journal Articles

Effects of Light and Dark Conditions on the Transcriptome of Aging Cultures of Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322: Ji Hyen Lee, Hyun-Myung Oh; J. Microbiol. 2024;62(4):297-314. Published online April 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-024-00125-0

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Abstract: To elucidate the function of proteorhodopsin in Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum strain IMCC1322, a cultivated representative of SAR116, we produced RNA-seq data under laboratory conditions. We examined the transcriptomes of six different cultures, including sets of expression changes under constant dark (DD), constant light (LL), and diel-cycled (LD; 14 h light: 10 h dark) conditions at the exponential and stationary/death phases. Prepared mRNA extracted from the six samples was analyzed on the Solexa Genome Analyzer with 36 cycles. Differentially expressed genes on the IMCC1322 genome were distinguished as four clusters by K-mean clustering and each CDS (n = 2546) was annotated based on the KEGG BRITE hierarchy. Cluster 0 (n = 1573) covered most constitutive genes including proteorhodopsin, retinoids, and glycolysis/TCA cycle. Cluster 1 genes (n = 754) were upregulated in stationary/death phase under constant dark conditions and included genes associated with bacterial defense, membrane transporters, nitrogen metabolism, and senescence signaling. Cluster 2 genes (n = 197) demonstrated upregulation in exponential phase cultures and included genes involved in genes for oxidative phosphorylation, translation factors, and transcription machinery. Cluster 3 (n = 22) contained light-stimulated upregulated genes expressed under stationary/phases. Stringent response genes belonged to cluster 2, but affected genes spanned various cellular processes such as amino acids, nucleotides, translation, transcription, glycolysis, fatty acids, and cell wall components. The coordinated expression of antagonistic stringent genes, including mazG, ppx/gppA, and spoT/relA may provide insight into the controlled cultural response observed between constant light and constant dark conditions in IMCC1322 cultures, regardless of cell numbers and biomass.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale Against the Milk‑Borne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: Abirami Arasu , Nagaram Prabha , Durga Devi , Praveen Kumar Issac , Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Reem A. Aljeidi , Dina S. Hussein , Magesh Mohan , Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb , Ajay Guru , Jesu Arockiaraj; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(11):993-1011. Published online December 4, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00086-w

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Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis and has a high case fatality rate despite its low incidence. Medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites have been identified as potential antibacterial substances, serving as replacements for synthetic chemical compounds. The present studies emphasize two significant medicinal plants, Allium cepa and Zingiber officinale, and their efficacy against L. monocytogenes. Firstly, a bacterial isolate was obtained from milk and identified through morphology and biochemical reactions. The species of the isolate were further confirmed through 16S rRNA analysis. Furthermore, polar solvents such as methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction of secondary metabolites from A. cepa and Z. officinale. Crude phytochemical components were identified using phytochemical tests, FTIR, and GC–MS. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the crude extract and its various concentrations were tested against L. monocytogenes. Among all, A. cepa in methanolic extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Since, the A. cepa for methanolic crude extract was used to perform autography to assess its bactericidal activity. Subsequently, molecular docking was performed to determine the specific compound inhibition. The docking results revealed that four compounds displayed strong binding affinity with the virulence factor Listeriolysin-O of L. monocytogenes. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the medicinal plant A. cepa has potential antibacterial effects against L. monocytogenes, particularly targeting its virulence.

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Cultural Perspectives on the Sustainable Use and Added Value of Plant-Based Food Dyes—A Case Study from Bulgaria
Mihail Chervenkov, Teodora Ivanova, Yulia Bosseva, Dessislava Dimitrova
Sustainability.2024; 16(20): 9049. CrossRef

Review

Mycobacterial Regulatory Systems Involved in the Regulation of Gene Expression Under Respiration‑Inhibitory Conditions: Yuna Oh , Ha-Na Lee , Eon-Min Ko , Ji-A Jeong , Sae Woong Park , Jeong-Il Oh; J. Microbiol. 2023;61(3):297-315. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-023-00026-8

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Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of tuberculosis. M. tuberculosis can survive in a dormant state within the granuloma, avoiding the host-mounting immune attack. M. tuberculosis bacilli in this state show increased tolerance to antibiotics and stress conditions, and thus the transition of M. tuberculosis to the nonreplicating dormant state acts as an obstacle to tuberculosis treatment. M. tuberculosis in the granuloma encounters hostile environments such as hypoxia, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, low pH, and nutrient deprivation, etc., which are expected to inhibit respiration of M. tuberculosis. To adapt to and survive in respiration-inhibitory conditions, it is required for M. tuberculosis to reprogram its metabolism and physiology. In order to get clues to the mechanism underlying the entry of M. tuberculosis to the dormant state, it is important to understand the mycobacterial regulatory systems that are involved in the regulation of gene expression in response to respiration inhibition. In this review, we briefly summarize the information regarding the regulatory systems implicated in upregulation of gene expression in mycobacteria exposed to respiration-inhibitory conditions. The regulatory systems covered in this review encompass the DosSR (DevSR) two-component system, SigF partner switching system, MprBA-SigE-SigB signaling pathway, cAMP receptor protein, and stringent response.

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Host Immune Pathways to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Eun-Jin Park, Insoo Kim, Eun-Kyeong Jo
Journal of Bacteriology and Virology.2024; 54(3): 167. CrossRef
Bacterial Regulatory Mechanisms for the Control of Cellular Processes: Simple Organisms’ Complex Regulation
Jin-Won Lee
Journal of Microbiology.2023; 61(3): 273. CrossRef

Journal Articles

Construction of high-density transposon mutant library of Staphylococcus aureus using bacteriophage ϕ11: Wonsik Lee; J. Microbiol. 2022;60(12):1123-1129. Published online November 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-022-2476-2

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Abstract

Transposon mutant libraries are an important resource to study bacterial metabolism and pathogenesis. The fitness analysis of mutants in the libraries under various growth conditions provides important clues to study the physiology and biogenesis of structural components of a bacterial cell. A transposon library in conjunction with next-generation sequencing techniques, collectively named transposon sequencing (Tnseq), enables high-throughput genome profiling and synthetic lethality analysis. Tn-seq has also been used to identify essential genes and to study the mode of action of antibacterials. To construct a high-density transposon mutant library, an efficient delivery system for transposition in a model bacterium is essential. Here, I describe a detailed protocol for generating a high-density phage-based transposon mutant library in a Staphylococcus aureus strain, and this protocol is readily applicable to other S. aureus strains including USA300 and MW2.

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Optimizing phage-based mutant recovery and minimizing heat effect in the construction of transposon libraries in Staphylococcus aureus
Sally W. Yousief, Nader Abdelmalek, Bianca Paglietti
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Influence of dragon bamboo with different planting patterns on microbial community and physicochemical property of soil on sunny and shady slopes: Weiyi Liu , Fang Wang , Yanmei Sun , Lei Yang , Huihai Chen , Weijie Liu , Bin Zhu , Chaomao Hui , Shiwei Wang; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(11):906-914. Published online October 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-0082-8

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Abstract

Dragon bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) is a giant sympodial bamboo species widely distributed in Asia. However, it remains unclear how dragon bamboo and soil microbes interact to affect soil properties. In this study, we investigated the planting patterns (semi-natural and artificial) on different slopes (sunny and shady) to determine the effects on soil properties and microbial community. The results showed that the soil in which dragon bamboo was grown was acidic, with a pH value of ~5. Also, the soil organic matter content, nitrogen hydrolysate concentration, total nitrogen, available potassium, and total potassium of the dragon bamboo seminatural forest significantly improved, especially on the sunny slope. In contrast, the available phosphorus level was higher in the artificial bamboo forest, probably owing to the phosphate fertilizer application. The bacterial and fungal diversity and the bacterial abundance were all higher on the sunny slope of the semi-natural forest than those in the other samples. The microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) shared between the shady and sunny slopes accounted for 47.8–62.2%, but the core OTUs of all samples were only 24.4– 30.4% of each sample, suggesting that the slope type had a significant effect on the microbial community. Some acidophilic microbes, such as Acidobacteria groups, Streptomyces and Mortierella, became dominant in dragon bamboo forest soil. A PICRUSt analysis of the bacterial functional groups revealed that post-translational modification, cell division, and coenzyme transport and metabolism were abundant in the semi-natural forest. However, some microorganisms with strong stress resistance might be activated in the artificial forest. Taken together, these results illustrated the influence of dragon bamboo growth on soil physicochemical property and microbial community, which might help understand the growth status of dragon bamboo under different planting patterns.

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Characteristic Analysis of the Soil Bacterial Community Structure of Dendrocalamus brandisii from Seven Geographical Provenances in Yunnan Province
Qian Chen, Manyun Zhang, Negar Omidvar, Zhihong Xu, Shahla Hosseini Bai, Chaomao Hui, Weiyi Liu
Agronomy.2024; 14(9): 2010. CrossRef
Unveiling the impacts moso bamboo invasion on litter and soil properties: A meta-analysis
Weixue Luo, Qingyu Zhang, Peng Wang, Jie Luo, Chunyan She, Xuman Guo, Jiajia Yuan, Yuhong Sun, Ruming Guo, Zongfeng Li, Jinchun Liu, Jianping Tao
Science of The Total Environment.2024; 909: 168532. CrossRef
Transport, pollution, and health risk of heavy metals in “soil-medicinal and edible plant-human” system: A case study of farmland around the Beiya mining area in Yunnan, China
Jiayi Hu, Xiaofang Yang, Huajian Chi, Xin Liu, Ning Lu, Ya Liu, Shengchun Yang, Xiaodong Wen
Microchemical Journal.2024; 207: 111958. CrossRef
Microbial control of soil DOM transformation during the vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau
Wenxin Chen, Qianqian Gao, Huaying Hu, Tingwei Shao, Chuifan Zhou
Plant and Soil.2024; 504(1-2): 385. CrossRef
Soil Bacterial Community Response to Fire Varies with Slope Aspect at Zhenshan Mountain, East China
Ping Zhu, Wenyan Liu, Zhongyuan Sun, Xinfu Bai, Jianqiang Song, Nan Wu, Yuping Hou
Eurasian Soil Science.2023; 56(5): 599. CrossRef
Structural characteristics and diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial communities of wild Fritillaria przewalskii Maxim. in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Zhijia Cui, Ran Li, Fan Li, Ling Jin, Haixu Wu, Chunya Cheng, Yi Ma, Zhenheng Wang, Yuanyuan Wang
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of different planting durations of Dendrocalamus brandisii on the soil bacterial community
Shuhong Zhu, Xiuting Zhao, Chaomao Hui, Zhongfu Zhang, Ruli Zhang, Weihan Su, Weiyi Liu
Journal of Soils and Sediments.2023; 23(11): 3891. CrossRef
Correlates of Rhizosphere Soil Properties, Fungal Community Composition, and Active Secondary Metabolites in Cornus officinalis in Different Regions of China
Haoqiang Sun, Binkai Han, Xiaolin Yang, Changfen He, Ke Zhao, Ting Wang, Shujing An, Xiaochang Xue, Jiefang Kang
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition.2023; 23(1): 514. CrossRef
Microbial inoculants and garbage fermentation liquid reduced root-knot nematode disease and As uptake in Panax quinquefolium cultivation by modulating rhizosphere microbiota community
Pei Cao, Xuemin Wei, Gang Wang, Xiaochen Chen, Jianping Han, Yuan Li
Chinese Herbal Medicines.2022; 14(1): 58. CrossRef
Heterotrophic Bacteria Play an Important Role in Endemism of Cephalostachyum pingbianense (Hsueh & Y.M. Yang ex Yi et al.) D.Z. Li & H.Q. Yang, 2007, a Full-Year Shooting Woody Bamboo
Tize Xia, Lushuang Li, Bin Li, Peitong Dou, Hanqi Yang
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Light affects picocyanobacterial grazing and growth response of the mixotrophic flagellate Poterioochromonas malhamensis: Thomas Weisse , Michael Moser; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(4):268-278. Published online January 28, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9567-8

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Abstract

We measured the grazing and growth response of the mixotrophic chrysomonad flagellate Poterioochromonas malhamensis on four closely related picocyanobacterial strains isolated from subalpine lakes in central Europe. The picocyanobacteria represented different pigment types (phycoerythrin- rich, PE, and phycocyanin-rich, PC) and phylogenetic clusters. The grazing experiments were conducted with laboratory cultures acclimated to 10 μmol photon/m2/sec (low light, LL) and 100 μmol photon/m2/sec (moderate light, ML), either in the dark or at four different irradiances ranging from low (6 μmol photon/m2/sec) to high (1,500 μmol photon/m2/ sec) light intensity. Poterioochromonas malhamensis preferred the larger, green PC-rich picocyanobacteria to the smaller, red PE-rich picocyanobacterial, and heterotrophic bacteria. The feeding and growth rates of P. malhamensis were sensitive to the actual light conditions during the experiments; the flagellate performed relatively better in the dark and at LL conditions than at high light intensity. In summary, our
results
found strain-specific ingestion and growth rates of the flagellate; an effect of the preculturing conditions, and, unexpectedly, a direct adverse effect of high light levels. We conclude that this flagellate may avoid exposure to high surface light intensities commonly encountered in temperate lakes during the summer.

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A systematic review of the predatory contaminant Poterioochromonas in microalgal culture
Mingyang Ma, Chaojun Wei, Wenjie Huang, Yue He, Yingchun Gong, Qiang Hu
Journal of Applied Phycology.2023; 35(3): 1103. CrossRef
Transcriptional profile reveals the physiological responses to prey availability in the mixotrophic chrysophyte Poterioochromonas malhamensis
Mingyang Ma, Wentao Yang, Hong Chen, Wanwan Ke, Yingchun Gong, Qiang Hu
Frontiers in Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Microbial consortia in an ice‐covered high‐altitude lake impacted by additions of dissolved organic carbon and nutrients
Flavia Dory, Laurent Cavalli, Evelyne Franquet, Magalie Claeys‐Bruno, Benjamin Misson, Thierry Tatoni, Céline Bertrand
Freshwater Biology.2021; 66(8): 1648. CrossRef
Picoplankton feeding by the ciliate Vorticella similis in comparison to other peritrichs emphasizes their significance in the water purification process
Thomas Weisse, Jitka Jezberova, Michael Moser
Ecological Indicators.2021; 121: 106992. CrossRef

Identification and characterization of a novel light-induced promoter for recombinant protein production in Pleurotus ostreatus: Chaomin Yin , Xiuzhi Fan , Kun Ma , Zheya Chen , Defang Shi , Fen Yao , Hong Gao , Aimin Ma; J. Microbiol. 2020;58(1):39-45. Published online November 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-020-9230-4

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Abstract

A lectin gene (plectin) with a high level of expression was previously identified by comparative transcriptome analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus. In this study, we cloned a 733-bp DNA fragment from the start codon of the plectin gene. Sequence analysis showed that the plectin promoter (Plp) region contained several eukaryotic transcription factor binding motifs, such as the TATA-box, four possible CAAT-box, light responsiveness motifs and MeJA-responsiveness motifs. To determine whether the Plp promoter was a light-regulated promoter, we constructed an expression vector with the fused egfp-hph fragment under the control of the Plp promoter and transformed P. ostreatus mycelia via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed the Plpegfp- hph fragment was integrated into the chromosomal DNA of transformants. qRT-PCR, egfp visualization, and intracellular egfp determination experiments showed the Plp promoter could be a light-induced promoter that may be suitable for P. ostreatus genetic engineering. This study lays the foundation for gene homologous expression in P. ostreatus.

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The GATA transcription factor BcWCL2 regulates citric acid secretion to maintain redox homeostasis and full virulence in Botrytis cinerea
Weiheng Ren, Chen Qian, Dandan Ren, Yunfei Cai, Zhaohui Deng, Ning Zhang, Congcong Wang, Yiwen Wang, Pinkuan Zhu, Ling Xu, Regine Kahmann
mBio.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Isolation, cultivation, and genome analysis of proteorhodopsincontaining SAR116-clade strain Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322: Junhak Lee , Kae Kyoung Kwon , Seung-Il Lim , Jaeho Song , Ah Reum Choi , Sung-Hyun Yang , Kwang-Hwan Jung , Jung-Hyun Lee , Sung Gyun Kang , Hyun-Myung Oh , Jang-Cheon Cho; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(8):676-687. Published online June 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-9001-2

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Abstract

Strain IMCC1322 was isolated from a surface water sample from the East Sea of Korea. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, IMCC1322 was found to belong to the OCS28 sub-clade of SAR116. The cells appeared as short vibrioids in logarithmicphase culture, and elongated spirals during incubation with mitomycin or in aged culture. Growth characteristics of strain IMCC1322 were further evaluated based on genomic information; proteorhodopsin (PR), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)-utilizing enzymes. IMCC1322 PR was characterized as a functional retinylidene protein that acts as a light-driven proton pump in the cytoplasmic membrane. However, the PR-dependent phototrophic potential of strain IMCC1322 was only observed under CO-inhibited and nutrient-limited culture conditions. A DMSP-enhanced growth response was observed in addition to cultures grown on C1 compounds like methanol, formate, and methane sulfonate. Strain IMCC1322 cultivation analysis revealed biogeochemical processes characteristic of the SAR116 group, a dominant member of the microbial community in euphotic regions of the ocean. The polyphasic taxonomy of strain IMCC1322 is given as Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum, and was confirmed by chemotaxonomic tests, in addition to 16S rRNA phylogeny and cultivation analyses.

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Effects of Light and Dark Conditions on the Transcriptome of Aging Cultures of Candidatus Puniceispirillum marinum IMCC1322
Ji Hyen Lee, Hyun-Myung Oh
Journal of Microbiology.2024; 62(4): 297. CrossRef
Identification of Structural and Morphogenesis Genes of Sulfitobacter Phage ΦGT1 and Placement within the Evolutionary History of the Podoviruses
Stephen C. Hardies, Byung Cheol Cho, Gwang Il Jang, Zhiqing Wang, Chung Yeon Hwang
Viruses.2023; 15(7): 1475. CrossRef
Seasonal niche differentiation among closely related marine bacteria
Adrià Auladell, Albert Barberán, Ramiro Logares, Esther Garcés, Josep M Gasol, Isabel Ferrera
The ISME Journal.2022; 16(1): 178. CrossRef
Cultivation of Dominant Freshwater Bacterioplankton Lineages Using a High-Throughput Dilution-to-Extinction Culturing Approach Over a 1-Year Period
Suhyun Kim, Md. Rashedul Islam, Ilnam Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Frontiers in Microbiology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Towards culturing the microbe of your choice
J. Cameron Thrash
Environmental Microbiology Reports.2021; 13(1): 36. CrossRef
Seasonal and annual changes in the microbial communities of Ofunato Bay, Japan, based on metagenomics
Atsushi Kobiyama, Jonaira Rashid, Md. Shaheed Reza, Yuri Ikeda, Yuichiro Yamada, Toshiaki Kudo, Nanami Mizusawa, Saki Yanagisawa, Daisuke Ikeda, Shigeru Sato, Takehiko Ogata, Kazuho Ikeo, Shinnosuke Kaga, Shiho Watanabe, Kimiaki Naiki, Yoshimasa Kaga, Sat
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Aequoribacter fuscus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Halieaceae, isolated from coastal seawater
Shan-Hui Li, Jaeho Song, Ilnam Kang, Juchan Hwang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2020; 58(6): 463. CrossRef
Functional Seasonality of Free-Living and Particle-Associated Prokaryotic Communities in the Coastal Adriatic Sea
Paul A. Steiner, Javier Geijo, Eduard Fadeev, Aleix Obiol, Eva Sintes, Thomas Rattei, Gerhard J. Herndl
Frontiers in Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
High-throughput cultivation based on dilution-to-extinction with catalase supplementation and a case study of cultivating acI bacteria from Lake Soyang
Suhyun Kim, Miri S. Park, Jaeho Song, Ilnam Kang, Jang-Cheon Cho
Journal of Microbiology.2020; 58(11): 893. CrossRef
Advantages outweigh concerns about using genome sequence as type material for prokaryotic taxonomy
Konstantinos T. Konstantinidis, Ramon Rosselló‐Móra, Rudolf Amann
Environmental Microbiology.2020; 22(3): 819. CrossRef
Expanding the Diversity of Bacterioplankton Isolates and Modeling Isolation Efficacy with Large-Scale Dilution-to-Extinction Cultivation
Michael W. Henson, V. Celeste Lanclos, David M. Pitre, Jessica Lee Weckhorst, Anna M. Lucchesi, Chuankai Cheng, Ben Temperton, J. Cameron Thrash, Robert M. Kelly
Applied and Environmental Microbiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

Biofilm characterization of Fusarium solani keratitis isolate: increased resistance to antifungals and UV light: Itzel Margarita Córdova-Alcántara , Diana Laura Venegas-Cortés , María Ángeles Martínez-Rivera , Néstor Octavio Pérez , Aida Verónica Rodriguez-Tovar; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(6):485-497. Published online May 27, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8637-2

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Abstract

Fusarium solani has drawn phytopathogenic, biotechnological, and medical interest. In humans, it is associated with localized infections, such as onychomycosis and keratomycosis, as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. One pathogenicity factor of filamentous fungi is biofilm formation. There is still only scarce information about the in vitro mechanism of the formation and composition of F. solani biofilm. In this work, we describe the biofilm formed by a clinical keratomycosis isolate in terms of its development, composition and susceptibility to different antifungals and ultraviolet light (UV) at different biofilm formation stages. We found five biofilm formation stages using scanning electron microscopy: adherence, germination, hyphal development, maturation, and cell detachment. Using epifluorescence microscopy with specific fluorochromes, it was elucidated that the extracellular matrix consists of carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Specific inhibitors for these molecules showed significant biofilm reductions. The antifungal susceptibility against natamycin, voriconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B was evaluated by metabolic activity and crystal violet assay, with the F. solani biofilm preformation to 24 h increased in resistance to natamycin, voriconazole, and caspofungin, while the biofilm preformation to 48 h increased in resistance to amphotericin B. The preformed biofilm at 24 h protected and reduced UV light mortality. F. solani isolate could produce a highly structured extra biofilm; its cellular matrix consists of carbohydrate polymers, proteins, and eDNA. Biofilm confers antifungal resistance and decreases its susceptibility to UV light. The fungal biofilm functions as a survival strategy against antifungals and environmental factors.

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Blue-Red LED wavelength shifting strategy for enhancing beta-carotene production from halotolerant microalga, Dunaliella salina: Sang-Il Han , Sok Kim , Changsu Lee , Yoon-E Choi; J. Microbiol. 2019;57(2):101-106. Published online September 28, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-019-8420-4

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Abstract

In the present study, to improve the photosynthetic betacarotene productivity of Dunaliella salina, a blue-red LED wavelength-shifting system (B-R system) was investigated. Dunaliella salina under the B-R system showed enhanced density and beta-carotene productivity compared to D. salina cultivated under single light-emitting diode light wavelengths (blue, white, and red light-emitting diode). Additionally, we developed blue light-adapted D. salina (ALE-D. salina) using an adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) approach. In combination with the B-R system applied to ALE-D. salina (ALE B-R system), the beta-carotene concentration (33.94 ± 0.52 μM) was enhanced by 19.7% compared to that observed for the non-ALE-treated wild-type of D. salina (intact D. salina) under the B-R system (28.34 ± 0.24 μM).

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Effects of blue light on pigment biosynthesis of Monascus: Di Chen , Chunmao Xue , Mianhua Chen , Shufen Wu , Zhenjing Li , Changlu Wang; J. Microbiol. 2016;54(4):305-310. Published online April 1, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-016-6011-1

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Abstract

The influence of different illumination levels of blue light on the growth and intracellular pigment yields of Monascus strain M9 was investigated. Compared with darkness, constant exposure to blue light of 100 lux reduced the yields of six pigments, namely, rubropunctatamine (RUM), monascorubramine (MOM), rubropunctatin (RUN), monascorubrin (MON), monascin (MS), and ankaflavin (AK). However, exposure to varying levels of blue light had different effects on pigment production. Exposure to 100 lux of blue light once for 30 min/day and to 100 lux of blue light once and twice for 15 min/day could enhance RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production and reduce RUN and MON compared with non-exposure. Exposure to 100 lux twice for 30 min/day and to 200 lux once for 45 min/day decreased the RUM, MOM, MS, and AK yields and increased the RUN and MON. Meanwhile, the expression levels of pigment biosynthetic genes were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Results indicated that gene MpPKS5, mppR1, mppA, mppB, mmpC, mppD , MpFasA, MpFasB, and mppF were positively correlated with the yields of RUN and MON, whereas mppE and mppR2 were associated with RUM, MOM, MS, and AK production.

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NOTE] Effects of Light Intensity on Components and Topographical Structures of Extracellular Polysaccharides from the Cyanobacteria Nostoc sp.: Hongmei Ge , Ling Xia , Xuping Zhou , Delu Zhang , Chunxiang Hu; J. Microbiol. 2014;52(2):179-183. Published online February 1, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-014-2720-5

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Abstract

A study on the effects of light intensity (40 and 80 μE/m2/sec) on the components and topographical structures of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) was carried out in cyanobacteria Nostoc sp.. EPS yield increased with light intensity. However, light intensity did not significantly affect the EPS fractions and monosaccharide composition. Higher light intensity generally resulted in higher protein content of EPS in similar fractions. The topographical structure of EPS, investigated by atomic force microscopy, appeared as spherical lumps, chains and networks. The long chains were observed at higher light intensity. Thus, light intensity affected the yield and nature of EPS.

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Quantification of Rice Sheath Blight Progression Caused by Rhizoctonia solani: Mukhamad Su’udi , Jong-Mi Park , Woo-Ri Kang , Duk-Ju Hwang , Soonok Kim , Il-Pyung Ahn; J. Microbiol. 2013;51(3):380-388. Published online June 28, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3274-7

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Abstract: Rhizoctonia solani has a wide host range, including almost all cultivated crops and its subgroup anastomosis group (AG)-1 IA causes sheath blight in rice. An accurate measurement of pathogen’s biomass is a convincing tool for enumeration of this disease. Mycological characteristics and molecular diagnosis simultaneously supported that all six strains in this study were R. solani AG-1 IA. Heterokaryons between strains Rs40104, Rs40105, and Rs45811 were stable and viable, whereas Rs40103 and Rs40106 did not form viable fused cells, except for the combination of Rs40106 and Rs40104. A primer pair was highly specific to RsAROM gene of R. solani strains and the amplified fragment exists as double copies within fungal genome. The relationship between crossing point (CP) values and the amount of fungal DNA was reliable (R2>0.99). Based on these results, we determined R. solani’s proliferation within infected stems through real time PCR using a primer pair and a Taqman probe specific to the RsAROM gene. The amount of fungal DNA within the 250 ng of tissue DNA from rice cv. Dongjin infected with Rs40104, Rs40105, and Rs45811 were 7.436, 5.830, and 5.085 ng, respectively. In contrast, the fungal DNAs within the stems inoculated with Rs40103 and Rs40106 were 0.091 and 0.842 ng. The sheath blight symptom progression approximately coincided with the amount of fungal DNA within the symptoms. In summary, our quantitative evaluation method provided reliable and objective results reflecting the amount of fungal biomass within the infected tissues and would be useful for evaluation of resistance germplasm or fungicides and estimation of inoculum potential.

Effect of Light and Reductones on Differentiation of Pleurotus ostreatus: Seung-Rock Lee , Woo-Jeong Joo , Yong-Un Baek , Inyoung Kim , Kee-Oh Chay , Seung-Hyun Cho , Seung-Jae Lee , Sa-Ouk Kang; J. Microbiol. 2011;49(1):71-77. Published online March 3, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-011-0507-5

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Abstract: Vegetative mycelia of Pleurotus ostreatus were differentiated into primordia and subsequently into fruit bodies in synthetic sucrose-asparagine medium when exposed to light at low temperature. During photomorphogenesis, L-ascorbic acid-like substances called reductones were produced. L-Ascorbic acid, D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-O-(α-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid, 5-methyl-5-O-(α-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid and 5-methyl-5-O-(α-D-xylopyranosyl)-D-erythroascorbic acid were accumulated initially in the illuminated mycelia before the initiation of fruiting. The content of glycosides of erythroascorbic acid and their methylated compounds increased again in the primordia and the fruit bodies. Exogenous L-ascorbic acid induced the formation of primordia from the mycelia in the dark in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, this suggests that these reductones might play a role in mediating the light stimulus in photomorphogenesis.

The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins that Bind to the Human HnRNPA1 Winner RNA: Kim , Jeong Kook; J. Microbiol. 1997;35(4):327-333.

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Abstract: Although extensively characterized in human cells, no heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein(hnRNP) has been found in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe which is amenable to genetic studies and more similar to mammals than Saccharomyces cerevisiae is in terms of RNA processing. As a first step to characterize hnRNPs from S. pombe, attempt was made to find human hnRNP A1 homologs from S. pombe. The RNA molecule (A1 winner) containing the consensus high-affinity hnRNP A1 binding site (UAGGGA/U) was synthesized in vitro and used in an ultraviolet(UV) light-induced protein-RNA cross-linking assay. A number of S, pombe proteins bound to the A1 winner RNA. An approximately 50-kDa protein(p50) cross-linked more efficiently to the A1 winner RNA than other proteins. The p50 protein did not cross-link to a nonspecific RNA, but rather to the A1-5’ SS RNA in which the consensus 5’ splice junction sites of S. pombe introns were abolished. This suggests that the p50 protein, however, did not bind to the single-stranded DNA to shich the human hnRNP A1 could bind and be eluted with 0.5M NaCl. Further analysis should reveal more features of this RNA-binding protein.

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